Edward Snowden
Edward Snowden | |
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| Kelahiran | Edward Joseph Snowden 21 Jun 1983 |
| Warganegara | American |
| Pendidikan | |
| Pekerjaan | Computer security consultant |
| Majikan |
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| Terkenal kerana | Revealing details of classified United States government surveillance programs |
| Pasangan | Lindsay Mills (k. 2017) |
| Anugerah | Right Livelihood Award |
| Laman web rasmi | Templat:ConditionalURL |
| Tandatangan | |
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Edward Joseph Snowden (lahir 21 Jun 1983) ialah seorang bekas pekerja dan subkontraktor Agensi Perisikan Pusat yang dikenali atas tindakan menyalin dan meniris maklumat sulit tinggi (highly classified information) milik Agensi Keselamatan Negara Amerika Syarikat pada 2013 kepada orang ramai yang membongkarkan banyak program pengintipan global kelolaan agensi tersebut serta Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance dengan kerjasama syarikat telekom yang banyak menimbulkan kerisauan orang ramai terhadap keselamatan negara serta privasi peribadi yang berkaitan dengan pengunaan teknologi komunasi sekitar.
Atas pembongkaran yang dilakukan beliau terhadap maklumat sulit tinggi ini Jabatan Keadilan Amerika Syarikat mendakwa Snowden dua kali tuduhan pecah rahsia melanggar Akta Perisikan 1917 (Espionage Act of 1917) serta tuduhan mencuri harta kerajaan;[1] sehingga pasportnya ditarik balik Jabatan Dalam Negeri Amerika Syarikat.[2] Beliau berlindung di Moscow dengan pemberian suaka kepadanya dalam tempoh setahun yang dilanjutkan sehingga selewat-lewatnya 2020. Beliau berumah tangga dan bermastautin di kota tersebut sejak tahun 2017.[3][4]
Awal hidup dan pendidikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Edward Joseph Snowden lahir pada 21 Jun 1983[5] du Elizabeth City, North Carolina.[6] Kesemua ahli keluarganya ada jawatan penting dalam badan-badan milik pemerintah Amerika Syarikat; ayahnya seorang Pegawai Pantai[7] manakala ibunya Elizabeth seorang kerani dalam Mahkamah Negeri Maryland (U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland).[8][9][10][11][12] Datuknya Edward J. Barrett,[13][14] seorang Pegawai Pantai serta juga seorang pegawai kanan dalam FBI - malah, beliau berada di ditugaskan di Pentagon semasa berlakunya serangan pengganasan pada 11 September 2001.[15]
Kerjaya awal
[sunting | sunting sumber]Beliau menyertai Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat saat meletusnya Perang Iraq.[16] Beliau tidak dapat meneruskan latihan penuhnya[17] apabila disahkan mendapat fraktur tibia,[18][19] beliau disuraikan dari latihannya pada 28 September 2004.[20]
Beliau diupah sebagai pengawal keselamatan Pusat Kajian Lanjut Bahasa Universiti Maryland selama kurang setahun pada 2005 setelah lulus ujian keselamatan; pusat tersebut ditaja Agensi Keselamatan.[21] Beliau kemudiannya menerima suatu pekerjaan dalam Agensi Perisikan Pusat (CIA) setelah menghadiri suatu pameran kerjaya tahun 2006;[22][23] beliau dihantarkan ke bahagian komunikasi global ibupejabat CIA di Langley, Virginia [22]
Penirisan dan pembongkaran maklumat sulit NSA
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pendakwaan pemerintah A.S ke atasnya
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kesuakaan di Rusia
[sunting | sunting sumber]Snowden tiba di Lapangan Terbang Sheremetyevo Moskva dari penerbangan di Hong Kong pada 23 Jun 2013.[24][25][26] Beliau memohon suaka sementara di Rusia selama 1 tahun setelah dimohon pada 1 Ogos.[27] Beliau menerima kebenaran bermastautin sementara selama 3 tahun sebaik tempoh suakanya tamatserta kebenaran bergerak dalam dan luar Rusia selama tiga bulan.[28]
In January 2017, a spokesperson for the Russian foreign ministry wrote on Facebook that Snowden's asylum, which was due to expire in 2017, was extended by "a couple more years".[29][30] Snowden's lawyer Anatoly Kucherena said the extension was valid until 2020.[31] Pada tahun sama juga beliau berkahwin dengan Lindsay Mills, seorang akrobat.
Beliau diberikan status pemastautin tetap pada Oktober 2020.[32][33] Snowden dan isterinya memohon kedwiwarganegaraan Rusia-Amerika Syarikat pada November 2020 dengan terbukanya pembenaran oleh pihak pemerintah Rusia pada April tahun sama[34] agar dapat bersama anak pertama mereka yang bakal lahir pada lewat Disember tahun sama..[35]
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamawapocharges - ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaKerryPassport - ^ Oliphant, Roland (January 18, 2017). "Russia Extends Edward Snowden Asylum until 2020". The Telegraph. Dicapai pada October 23, 2019.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaGuardian130919 - ^ Ackerman, Spencer (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden was not successful in joining the US Army's elite special forces unit". The Guardian. London. Dicapai pada April 11, 2015.
The army did confirm Snowden's date of birth: 21 June 1983.
- ^ "Report: Snowden has document to enter Russia". WVEC. Associated Press. July 24, 2013. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada August 22, 2013. Dicapai pada October 23, 2019.
Edward Snowden, who was born in Elizabeth City, NC, is wanted in the U.S. for espionage" by the FBI et al.
- ^ Itkowitz, Colby; Sheehan, Daniel Patrick (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden's father, stepmother plan to make public statement". The Morning Call. Allentown, PA. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada November 1, 2013. Dicapai pada June 10, 2013.
- ^ Tulumello, Jennifer Skalka (June 11, 2013). "Edward Snowden: Who is he, and what kind of life is he leaving behind?". The Christian Science Monitor. Dicapai pada October 23, 2019.
- ^ Marbella, Jean; Bengali, Shashank; Cloud, David S. (June 10, 2013). "Details about Edward Snowden's life in Maryland emerge". The Baltimore Sun.
- ^ Tracy, Connor (June 10, 2013). "What we know about NSA leaker Edward Snowden". NBC News. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2013-06-13. Dicapai pada October 23, 2019.
- ^ Toppo, Greg (June 10, 2013). "Former neighbor remembers Snowden as 'nice kid'". USA Today. Washington, D.C. Dicapai pada October 23, 2019.
- ^ "Court Information". United States District Court for the District of Maryland. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada April 2, 2015. Dicapai pada March 10, 2015.
- ^ "NSA leaker Edward Snowden has ties to North Carolina". The News & Observer. August 1, 2013. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada October 19, 2014.
- ^ "Rear Admiral Edward J. Barrett". United States Coast Guard. Dicapai pada October 19, 2019.
- ^ Cole, Matthew; Esposito, Richard; Dedman, Bill; Schone, Mark (May 28, 2014). "Edward Snowden's Motive Revealed: He Can 'Sleep at Night'". NBC News. Dicapai pada October 23, 2019.
- ^ "Army Enlisted Job Descriptions and Qualification Factors: 18X – Special Forces Enlistment Option". Dicapai pada April 11, 2015.
- ^ Ackerman, Spencer (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden was not successful in joining the US Army's elite special forces unit". The Guardian. London. Dicapai pada April 11, 2015.
The army did confirm Snowden's date of birth: 21 June 1983.
- ^ "In Declassified Edward Snowden Report, Committee Walks Back Claims About 'Intentional Lying'". US News & World Report. December 22, 2016.
- ^ Snowden, Edward (2019). Permanent Record. UK: Macmillan. m/s. 88. ISBN 978-1-5290-3566-7.
- ^ Ackerman, Spencer (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden did enlist for special forces, US army confirms". The Guardian. Dicapai pada October 23, 2019.
- ^ "University-Affiliated Research Center Laboratories (UARCs)". U.S. Department of Defense. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada June 26, 2018. Dicapai pada May 20, 2016.
- ^ a b Bamford, James (August 13, 2014). "Edward Snowden: The untold story of the most wanted man in the world". Wired.
- ^ Jacob Jijo (October 11, 2013). "Edward Snowden Scandal: CIA Sent Him Home But NSA Hired Him Later". International Business Times. Dicapai pada January 30, 2014.
- ^ Loiko, Sergei L. (June 23, 2013). "Snowden stopping in Moscow en route to Cuba, Russian says". Los Angeles Times. Dicapai pada April 11, 2015.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaNYT: back in the game - ^ Makinen, Julie (June 23, 2013). "Snowden leaves Hong Kong; final destination unclear". Los Angeles Times. Dicapai pada October 24, 2019.
- ^ Fantz, Ashley; Black, Phil; Martinez, Michael (August 2, 2013). "Snowden out of airport, still in Moscow". CNN. Dicapai pada April 11, 2015.
- ^ "Edward Snowden Can Stay in Russia for Three Years, Lawyer Says". NBC News. Associated Press. August 7, 2014. Dicapai pada August 7, 2014.
- ^ Pascaline, Mary (January 18, 2017). "Will Edward Snowden Be Pardoned? Russia Slams Ex-CIA Head's Suggestion That Putin 'Gift' NSA Whistleblower To Trump". International Business Times. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018.
- ^ Onyanga-Omara, Jane; Korte, Gregory (January 18, 2017). "Edward Snowden's residence permit in Russia extended by a 'couple of years'". USA TODAY. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018.
- ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (January 18, 2017). "Russia Extends Edward Snowden's Asylum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018.
- ^ "Snowden received an indefinite residence permit in Russia (In Russian)". Interfax.
- ^ "Edward Snowden gets permanent residency in Russia - lawyer". BBC.
- ^ "Путин подписал закон о получении гражданства без отказа от иностранного". Kommersant (dalam bahasa Rusia). 24 April 2020. Dicapai pada 28 April 2021.
- ^ Roth, Andrew (November 2, 2020). "Edward Snowden applies for Russian citizenship for sake of future son". The Guardian. Dicapai pada November 2, 2020.
- ^ Jessica, Corbett (August 2, 2019). "Edward Snowden Shares His Story in New Memoir That Hits Shelves in September". Common Dreams. Dicapai pada August 2, 2019.
- ^ "Edward Snowden announces memoir 'Permanent Record' for fall release". EW.com. Dicapai pada August 2, 2019.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]| Sumber perpustakaan |
|---|
| Tentang Edward Snowden |
| By Edward Snowden |
- Duns, Jeremy (November 25, 2014). News of Devils: The Media and Edward Snowden. Seattle, Washington: Amazon Digital Services, Inc.
- Greenwald, Glenn (May 13, 2014). No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State. London: Hamish Hamilton.
- Gurnow, Michael (April 1, 2014). The Edward Snowden Affair: Exposing the Media and Politics Behind the NSA Scandal. Indianapolis: Blue River Press.
- Harding, Luke (February 6, 2014). The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man. London: Guardian Faber.
- Lanchester, John. "The Snowden files: why the British public should be worried about GCHQ". The Guardian. Dicapai pada April 11, 2015. October 3, 2013.
- Lucas, Edward (January 23, 2014). The Snowden Operation: Inside the West's Greatest Intelligence Disaster. Amazon Kindle Single.
- Margulies, Joseph. "The Promise of May, the Betrayal of June, and the Larger Lesson of Manning and Snowden." Verdict. Justia. July 17, 2013.
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]| Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang Edward Snowden di Wikipedia: | |
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Imej dan media dari Commons |
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Berita dari Wikiberita |
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Petikan dari Wikipetikan |
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Teks sumber dari Wikisumber |
- Edward Snowden di Twitter
- "NSA leaks: a timeline". Al Jazeera. Dicapai pada April 11, 2015. November 1, 2013
- "The NSA Files". The Guardian. London. June 5, 2013. Dicapai pada April 11, 2015. (Index of articles)
- Nakashima, Ellen (June 9, 2013). "NSA Secrets". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2015-04-24. Dicapai pada April 11, 2015. (Index of articles)
- "Global Surveillance" An annotated and categorized "overview of the revelations following the leaks by the whistleblower Edward Snowden. There are also some links to comments and followups." By Oslo University Library
- "The NSA Archive": pangkalan data dokumen NSA ditiriskan Snowden antara 5 Jun 2013 dan 6 Mei 2014 dikendalikan American Civil Liberties Union
- Book documents 107 additional pages from the Snowden archive released on May 13, 2014, in conjunction with publication of Glenn Greenwald's No Place to Hide
- Dokumen-dokumen tirisan Snowden di Internet Archive
- Edward Snowden di TED
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