Lihat sumber bagi Diazepam

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{{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=443634166|image=Diazepam structure.svg|width=200|image2=Diazepam ball-and-stick model.png

<!--Names-->|pronounce={{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ˈ|æ|z|ᵻ|p|æ|m}}|tradename=Valium, Vazepam, Valtoco dan lain-lain<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/diazepam.htm |title=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheet- Diazepam |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327233605/https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/INJURY/research/job185drugs/diazepam.htm |archive-date=2017-03-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=7-Kloro-1,3-dihidro-1-metil-5-fenil-3''H''-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-satu<ref name="auto" />

<!--Clinical data-->|pregnancy_AU=C|routes_of_administration=[[Pemberian oral|Melalui mulut]], [[Suntikan intraotot|suntikan otot]], [[Terapi dalam vena|suntikan pembuluh darah]], [[Pemberian rektum|dubur]], [[semburan hidung]]<ref name="valtoco" />|onset=|duration_of_action=|dependency_liability=Tinggi<ref>{{cite book |last1= Edmunds |first1= Marilyn |last2= Mayhew |first2= Maren |date= 17 April 2013 |title= Pharmacology for the Primary Care Provider |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8FwdEsvnw8oC&pg=PA545 |edition= ke-4 |publisher= Mosby |page= 545 |isbn= 9780323087902 |access-date= 31 Julai 2020 |archive-date= 1 Ogos 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020420/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FwdEsvnw8oC&pg=PA545 |url-status= live }}</ref>|addiction_liability=Sederhana<ref>{{cite book|title=Clinical Addiction Psychiatry|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139491693|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD-R7Z27UBEC&pg=PA156|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135445/https://books.google.com/books?id=xD-R7Z27UBEC&pg=PA156|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ries|first1=Richard K.|title=Principles of addiction medicine.|date=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781774772|page=106|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6GGBud8DXcC&pg=PA106|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135444/https://books.google.com/books?id=j6GGBud8DXcC&pg=PA106|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref>

<!--External links-->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|diazepam}}|MedlinePlus=a682047|DailyMedID=Diazepam|licence_US=Diazepam

<!-- Legal status -->|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Jadual IV|legal_DE=Rx sahaja/Anlage III|legal_NZ=Kelas C|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=<ref name="Diazepam SmPC">{{cite web | title=Diazepam Tablets BP 10mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) | website=(emc) | date=16 September 2019 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4522/smpc | access-date=25 July 2020 | archive-date=25 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725234327/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4522/smpc | url-status=live }}</ref>|legal_US=Jadual IV|legal_UN=Jadual psikotropik IV|legal_status=Rx sahaja

<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=76% (64–97%) melalui mulut, 81% (62–98%) dubur<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhillon S, Oxley J, Richens A | title = Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration in adult epileptic patients | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 427–32 | date = Mac 1982 | pmid = 7059446 | pmc = 1402110 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01397.x }}</ref>|metabolism=[[Hati]]—[[CYP2B6]] (haluan minor) kepada [[desmetildiazepam]], [[CYP2C19]] (haluan major) kepada metabolit tidak aktif, [[CYP3A4]] (haluan major) kepada desmetildiazepam|elimination_half-life=(50 jam); 20 – 100 jam (36 – 200 jam untuk metabolit aktif utama desmetildiazepam)<ref name="Valium label" /><ref name="Diazepam SmPC" />|excretion=[[Buah pinggang]]

<!--Chemical data-->|C=16|H=13|Cl=1|N=2|O=1|SMILES=CN1C2=C(C(C3=CC=CC=C3)=NCC1=O)C=C(Cl)C=C2|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C16H13ClN2O/c1-19-14-8-7-12(17)9-13(14)16(18-10-15(19)20)11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-9H,10H2,1H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}

'''Diazepam''', awalnya dipasarkan sebagai '''Valium''', merupakan ubat daripada keluarga benzodiazepin yang biasanya memberi kesan penenang.<ref name="Cal2014">{{Cite journal|date=April 2014|title=Classics in chemical neuroscience: diazepam (valium)|journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience|volume=5|issue=4|pages=253–60|doi=10.1021/cn5000056|pmc=3990949|pmid=24552479}}</ref> Ia digunakan untuk merawat pelbagai penyakit, seperti [[Kecelaruan keresahan|keresahan]], [[sawan]], sindrom sarak alkohol, sindrom sarak benzodiazepin, kekejangan otot, [[Insomnia|masalah tidur]] dan [[sindrom kaki resah]]. <ref name="Cal2014" /> Ia juga boleh digunakan untuk menyebabkan [[Amnesia|hilang ingatan]] dalam prosedur perubatan tertentu.<ref name="PubChem">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3016|title=Diazepam|year=2006|website=[[PubChem]]|publisher=National Institute of Health: National Library of Medicine|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630021019/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3016|archive-date=2015-06-30|access-date=2006-03-11}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/diazepam.html|title=Diazepam|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630144220/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/diazepam.html|archive-date=2015-06-30|access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref> Ia boleh diberikan melalui mulut, dimasukkan ke dalam dubur, [[Suntikan intraotot|disuntik ke dalam otot]], [[Terapi dalam vena|disuntik ke dalam vena]] atau digunakan sebagai semburan hidung.<ref name="valtoco">{{cite web | title=Valtoco- diazepam spray | website=DailyMed | date=13 January 2020 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1a8bcc90-68fa-474d-832c-0df01e825f39 | access-date=13 Februari 2020 | archive-date=1 Ogos 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111151/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1a8bcc90-68fa-474d-832c-0df01e825f39 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015" /> Apabila diberikan melalui vena, kesannya bermula dalam satu hingga lima minit dan kekal sehingga satu jam.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Jika melalui mulut, kesan bermula selepas 15 hingga 60 minit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|vauthors=Dhaliwal JS, Saadabadi A|date=2019|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapter=Diazepam|pmid=30725707|access-date=2019-10-13|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537022/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201231/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537022/|archive-date=8 Mac 2021}}</ref>

Antara kesan sampingan yang biasa ialah mengantuk dan masalah koordinasi.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Valium label">{{cite web | title=Valium- diazepam tablet | website=DailyMed | date=8 November 2019 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=554baee5-b171-4452-a50a-41a0946f956c | access-date=30 December 2019 | archive-date=28 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628202244/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=554baee5-b171-4452-a50a-41a0946f956c | url-status=live }}</ref> Kesan sampingan yang serius jarang berlaku.<ref name="Cal2014" /> Antaranya ialah [[bunuh diri]], sesak nafas dan peningkatan risiko sawan jika digunakan terlalu kerap oleh seseorang yang menghidap [[epilepsi]].<ref name="Cal2014" /><ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2017|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|pmid=28257172|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kadangkala, debar atau kegelisahan mungkin berlaku.<ref name="Riss-2008">{{Cite journal|date=August 2008|title=Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics|journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica|volume=118|issue=2|pages=69–86|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x|pmid=18384456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&pg=PA862|title=Pediatric hospital medicine : textbook of inpatient management|last=Perkin|first=Ronald M.|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781770323|edition=2nd|location=Philadelphia|page=862|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013856/https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&pg=PA862|archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Penggunaan jangka panjang boleh mengakibatkan tolerans, kebergantungan dan gejala sarak apabila dos dikurangkan.<ref name="Cal2014" /> Memberhentikannya secara tiba-tiba selepas penggunaan jangka panjang boleh menjadi berbahaya.<ref name="Cal2014" /> Selepas berhenti, masalah [[Kognisi|kognitif]] mungkin akan berterusan selama enam bulan atau lebih.<ref name="Riss-2008" /> Ia tidak digalakkan untuk wanita mengandung atau menyusu.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mekanisme tindakannya adalah dengan meningkatkan kesan neurotransmiter [[asid gama-aminobutirik]] (GABA).<ref name="Riss-2008" />

Diazepam dipatenkan pada tahun 1959 oleh [[Roche|Hoffmann-La Roche]].<ref name="Cal2014" /><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA535|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=535|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020341/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA535|archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent|country=US}}</ref> Ia merupakan salah satu ubat yang paling kerap dipreskripsikan di dunia sejak ia dilancarkan pada tahun 1963.<ref name="Cal2014" /> Di Amerika Syarikat, ia merupakan ubat terlaris antara 1968 dan 1982, dengan lebih daripada dua bilion tablet dijual pada tahun 1978 sahaja.<ref name="Cal2014" /> Pada tahun 2017, ia ubat ke-135 yang paling kerap dipreskripsikan di Amerika Syarikat, lebih daripada lima juta preskripsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|title=The Top 300 of 2020|website=ClinCalc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|archive-date=12 February 2021|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Diazepam|title=Diazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004604/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Diazepam|archive-date=12 April 2020|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> Pada tahun 1985, paten itu luput dan kini terdapat lebih daripada 500 jenama yang ada di pasaran.<ref name="Cal2014" /> Ia berada dalam [[Senarai Model Ubat Penting WHO|Senarai Ubat Penting Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia]] sebagai alternatif kepada [[lorazepam]]. <ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2019|location=Geneva|hdl=10665/325771|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|author-link=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Kos borongnya di [[negara membangun]] adalah kira-kira AS$0.01 per dos setakat tahun 2015. <ref name="MSH2015">{{Cite web|url=https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=250&searchYear=2015|title=Diazepam|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328203935/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=250&searchYear=2014|archive-date=28 March 2017|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> Di Amerika Syarikat, harganya kira-kira AS$0.40 setiap dos.<ref name="AHFS2015" />

== Rujukan ==
<references />

==Pautan luar==
{{Commons category|Diazepam}}
* {{cite web | title=Diazepam Nasal Spray | website=MedlinePlus | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a620026.html }}
* {{cite web| url = https://www.chemwatch.net/resource-center/diazepam/ | publisher = Chemwatch | work = Resource Center | title = Diazepam }}

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