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Anthropologist Ian Condry also suggests following moe discourse in Japan that such an emotion is not a confusion of the real and the virtual but rather an attempt to reconsider the relation or the border between them.^[1]

The relationship between a person and a fictional character is more generally explained by the term "parasocial", which refers to one-sided affection toward a character, celebrity, or other media figure. It can be sometimes platonic, romantic or sexual. Fictionalized romantic relationships with no danger of failure, though breakup or natural end is also the case, may serve as a bridge to real romantic relationships.^[2] In the comparative analysis on parasocial relationship of LGB and heterosexual adolescents by Bond, LGB adolescents reported more preference for fictional personae than heterosexual participants. Difficulty overcoming scenarios in fantasy are projected to their real life experiences, resulting in stronger relationship to the characters for LGB adolescents.^[3] McArthur states that it's effective for those who had trouble with sexual relationship to heal themselves by making a fictional partner.^[4]

Bond, Bradley J. (2018). "Parasocial Relationships with Media Personae: Why They Matter and How They Differ Among Heterosexual, Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents". Media Psychology. 21 (3): 457–485. doi:10.1080/15213269.2017.1416295. ISSN 1521-3269. S2CID 148894661.
Condry, Ian (2011). "Love Revolution: Anime, Masculinity, and the Future". In Frühstück, Sabine; Walthall, Anne (eds.). Recreating Japanese men. pp. 262–283. ISBN 9780520950320. OCLC 759158602.
Gannon, Kathleen (2018). "Parasocial Relationships with Fictional Characters in Therapy". Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses. 77. OCLC 1091059358.

Knotted record

Knotted script is a kind of numeral or mnemonic system seen mainly in societies without letters, using knots as counting or communication device. Quipu in Inca Empire is the most famous example, while similar systems have been observed all over the world.

Ancient knotted records

Historical sources

One of the oldest explicit vestiges of counting knot are seen in the History of Herodotus in 5th century BC. Before the expedition to Scythia, Darius I of Achaemenid Empire showed a leather cord with sixty knots he tied to the allied Greek armies, saying:

Untie one of these knots every day, and remain here and guard the bridge till they are all untied. If I have not returned at the end of that time, sail home.^[5]

Fu Xi, the legendary ruler of Ancient China allegedly invented letters in place of knot writing, according to Yi Jing of the Western Zhou period. An annotation of the scripture in the Tang dynasty explains that "There was no letters in old times, and when they had something to promise, tied a large knot if important, otherwise a small knot, number of them depending to the affairs." Laozi admires uncivilized society of old days, encouraging let people tie knots and not write.

Ritual knots

Prayer beads

Eatern Asia

Warazan in Ryukyu islands, Japan, is another example of knot writing system in Eastern Asia. During the Edo period, ordinary Ryukyu Islanders who are forbidden use of letters by Ryukyu Kingdom, created some counting and writing systems including Suchuma, Kaidā glyphs and Warazan. Warazan witnessed a notable development edpecially in Yaeyama region, the westernmost islands of Japanese Archipelago, where it was also used for some street-corner bulletin signs. Japanese folklorogist Yasusada Tashiro in the Meigi era documented warazan systems in detail for the first time. Ainu people of Hokkaido are also known to have tied knots for a mnemonic use in Edo period.

Oceania

In Hawaiian Islands knots are tied by tax-gatherers. According to English missionaries Tyerman and Benett, Hawaiian gatherers kept very exact accounts of each islander's tax debt on a line of cordage of four to five Fathoms in length. Sinologist Terrien de Lacouperie stated that Marquesas Islands seem to have the most developed knot-writing systems in Polynesia, where knots.^[6]

Africa

Makonde people tie and undo knots to count days on travel. Court historians of Kingdom of Mutapa tied a knot in each accession of new kings from 15th to 20th century. Lagercranz in 1960 documented the destribution of knot-recording culture of Africa.

^ Condry 2011, p. 267.
^ Gannon 2018, pp. 13–14.
^ Bond 2018, pp. 467, 473.
^ Jozuka et al. 2018.
^ Bury, John B. (2018). A history of Greece : to the death of Alexander the Great. Cambridge. p. 240. ISBN 9781316163498. OCLC 911636170.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Selin, Helaine, ed. (2008). Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures (2 ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 9781402044250. OCLC 261324840.

[FOOTNOTECondry2011267-1] Condry 2011, p. 267.

[FOOTNOTEGannon201813–14-2] Gannon 2018, pp. 13–14.

[FOOTNOTEBond2018467,_473-3] Bond 2018, pp. 467, 473.

[FOOTNOTEJozukaSatoChanMulholland2018-4] Jozuka et al. 2018.

[5] Bury, John B. (2018). A history of Greece : to the death of Alexander the Great. Cambridge. p. 240. ISBN 9781316163498. OCLC 911636170.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[6] Selin, Helaine, ed. (2008). Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures (2 ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 9781402044250. OCLC 261324840.

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