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Basmati

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Not to be confused with Bagmati.
Basmati rice
Brown short-grain rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice (right)
SpeciesOryza sativa[1]
Cultivar groupBasmati
CultivarBasmati Sal, Basmati 370, etc.[1]
OriginPunjab
White basmati rice cooked with Burmese fish mint

Basmati (pronounced ['bɑːsmət̪iː]) is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally grown in the Indian subcontinent, mainly India, and Pakistan, as well as some regions of Sri Lanka and Nepal.[2] As of 2019, India accounted for 65% of the international trade in basmati rice, while Pakistan accounted for the remaining 35%.[3][4] Many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops;[5] however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan.[6]

According to the Indian Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), a rice variety is eligible to be called basmati if it has a minimum average precooked milled rice length of 6.61 mm (0.260 in) and average precooked milled rice breadth of up to 2 mm (0.079 in), among other parameters.[7]

History and etymology

Etymology

According to Oxford English Dictionary, the word basmati derives from Hindi bāsmatī, literally, 'fragrant'.[8]

History

Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. The earliest mention of basmati rice was made in the epic Heer Ranjha composed by the Punjabi poet Waris Shah in 1766.[9][10]

Production and cultivation

India accounts for over 70% of the world's basmati rice production.[11] A small portion of that is being grown organically. Organisations such as Kheti Virasat Mission are trying to increase the amount of organic basmati rice that is being grown in the Punjab in India.[12][13]

In India

The areas which have a geographical indication for basmati rice production in India are in the states of Uttarakhand, Bihar,[14] Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh, Odisha and Jammu and Kashmir.[15][unreliable source?]

India's total basmati production for the July 2011 – June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.[16] From April 2018 to March 2019, India exported 4.4 million metric tons of basmati rice.[17] In 2015–2016, Saudi Arabia, Iran and UAE were the three biggest destinations for India's basmati rice exports and exports to these three countries accounted for more than half of India's total basmati exports.[18]

In 2015–2016, basmati rice worth US$3.4 billion was exported from India.[18] From 2018-2021 annual exports have surpassed $4 billion USD[19]

In Pakistan

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Pakistan's original basmati area lies in the Kalar bowl between the Ravi and Chenab rivers. Almost all the cultivation of basmati takes place in the Punjab province where total production was 2.47 million metric tons (2,430,000 long tons; 2,720,000 short tons) in 2010.[20][21][22][23] In fiscal year 2020, basmati exports stood at 890,207 tonnes valuing $790 million.[24] In overall basmati exports, Europe holds a 40% share while the rest are exported to Gulf countries, Australia and US.[24]

In Indonesia

Indonesia produced its own local variant of basmati in West Java and Central Kalimantan, with production capacity estimated to reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.[25] Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007; however, the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The Ministry of Agriculture then managed to produce and cultivate a hybrid between basmati and local rice in 2017.[26]

In Nepal

Basmati rice is produced mainly in the Terai region of Nepal and some parts of Kathmandu valley. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this ban might be lifted.[27]

In Sri Lanka

Small amounts of basmati rice, especially red basmati rice, are being cultivated in the tropical wet zone areas of Sri Lanka.[28][29][30]

Aroma and flavour

Basmati rice has a typical pandan-like (Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf) flavour caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[31] Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times as much as non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive fragrance and flavour.[32] This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruit and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.[33]

During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[34]

Glycemic index

According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a medium glycemic index (between 56 and 69), opposed to jasmine and instant white rice with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for diabetics as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.[35]

Varieties and hybrids

Grain of brown variety, high resolution

There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani basmati rice varieties are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice, and D-98.

Scientists at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called "Todal", because the flower has awns); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

Approved varieties

Dehradun Basmati (Indian)

Dehradun Basmati or traditional basmati rice variety type 3[36] is a group of various Basmati varieties that originated in the present day Dehradun of Uttarakhand, India. From Dehradun the variety was propagated and grown in other regions of Uttarakhand, most notably in Tapovan, Tehri. The Basmati varieties collectively known as Dehradun Basmati are significant because of their higher grain quality, unique 'popcorn' aroma and flavour.[37] The Dehradun Basmati has also been the source of other GMO varieties grown in present day Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.

Despite not all varieties having received official GI certification Dehradun Basmati varieties consistently rank among the highest rated rice varieties in the world and are distinct for their popcorn like aroma. The popcorn aroma is among some of the special properties Basmati exhibits when grown under the agro-climatic conditions of the Himalayan region. The variety is significant to the farmer identity in state of Uttarakhand, for whom it is among the most profitable crops.

Indian varieties

Basmati, P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370 Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121, Pusa 1718, Pusa 1509, Pusa 1692, Pusa 1637, Pusa 1401 and 1121 Basmati.[38]

Pakistani varieties

Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.[39][40]

In Indonesia, the variant of basmati called baroma (basmati aromatik; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.[25] This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.[41]

In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called Texmati is grown in Texas. The rice is produced by Rice Select,[42] previously owned by RiceTec (mentioned below).[43]

In Kenya, a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the Mwea region.[44] The word Pishori is an alteration of the word Peshawari from where the basmati variety used to be exported to the countries of East Africa in the past.[45]

Basmati certification

The Basmati Mark is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).[46]

On 15 February 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered basmati rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).[47]

Adulteration

Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the Food Standards Agency found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.[48] A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.[49]

A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.[50] Exporters of basmati rice use purity certificates based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.[51] Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Lab India has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.[52]

Patent battle

In September 1997, an American company, RiceTec, was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on "basmati rice lines and grains". The patent secured lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of biopiracy. It also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the WTO as a violation of TRIPS, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products basmati.[53] A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.[54][55] The original patent expired in 2019.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kishor, DS; Seo, J; Chin, JH; Koh, HJ (2020). "Evaluation of Whole-Genome Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and Agronomic Traits of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.)". Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 86. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00086. PMC 7046879. PMID 32153645.
  2. ^ Big money in "specialty rices" Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  3. ^ "India Export Statistics". APEDA. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  4. ^ "Pakistani rice: Second to all". Dawn. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  5. ^ Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve Archived 2017-05-21 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg News (13 February 2014)
  6. ^ Madhya Pradesh loses GI tag claim for Basmati; India may ask Pakistan to check farming Archived 2019-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Financial Express (19 March 2018)
  7. ^ "Eligibility of a Rice Variety to be Notified as Basmati" (PDF). APEDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  8. ^ "basmati". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ VP Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. International Rice Research Institute. pp. 135–36. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  10. ^ Daniel F. Robinson (2010). Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates. Earthscan. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84977-471-0.
  11. ^ "Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra". Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  12. ^ "De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand". National Geographic Nederland/België. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  13. ^ "The Price of Basmati". Journalism Grants. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  14. ^ "Directorate of Rice Development".
  15. ^ "MP's Basmati GI Tag Demand – Validity and Concerns". IAS Parliament. 18 July 2020.
  16. ^ "India's to export record basmati rice in 2012/13". Reuters. 6 July 2012. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  17. ^ "India Export Statistics". agriexchange.apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  18. ^ a b "Rice Export from India". drdpat.bih.nic.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  19. ^ "India: Value of rice exports by type 2022".
  20. ^ Rice export: 'Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b' Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 8 February 2012.
  21. ^ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 19 July 2012.
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  25. ^ a b Safitri, Kiki (16 January 2019). Winarto, Yudho (ed.). "Kemtan akan luncurkan varietas beras basmati bernama bamora". Kontan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grahanusa Mediatama. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
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  27. ^ "Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports". Kathmandu Post. 12 July 2016.
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  29. ^ "Sri Lankan Red Basmati Rice 16oz | Snuk Foods, the Global Grocery". Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  30. ^ Ratwatte, Milroy (26 February 2002). "Who says we can't grow Basmathi?". The Island (Opinion). Archived from the original on 25 March 2003.
  31. ^ S. Wongpornchai; T. Sriseadka; S. Choonvisase (2003). "Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (Vallaris glabra Ktze)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2): 457–462. doi:10.1021/jf025856x. PMID 12517110.
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  35. ^ "The Glycemic Index". Canadian Diabetes Association. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
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  37. ^ "गुम हो गई वो महक: कभी विदेशों तक थे देहरादून के बासमती के चर्चे, अब ढूंढने से भी नहीं मिल रहा खेती के लिए बीज". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Retrieved 2024-03-28.
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  41. ^ "Indonesia Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma". Republika. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  42. ^ Fiaz, N; Khalid, F; Sarwar, MA (2013). "Whiff of Pearls". Rice Plus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  43. ^ "RiceTec, Inc". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  44. ^ Sanginga, P. C. (2009). Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers' Livelihoods. London: Earthscan. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-84407-671-0.
  45. ^ Lodhi, A.Y., 2019. "Linguistic and Cultural Contributions of Gujarat in Eastern Africa." In Knowledge and the Indian Ocean (pp. 225-243). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.
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  47. ^ "Basmati Export Development Foundation".
  48. ^ British Retail Consortium (July 2005). Code of practice on Basmati rice Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ Rice, Tim (29 January 2010). "Probe finds fake basmati". This is Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  50. ^ Basmati rice collaborative trial - FA0110 Archived 2016-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. defra.gov.uk
  51. ^ Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). "High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)" and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). doi:10.1021/jf0714517 "Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)"].
  52. ^ Basmati Testing - Basmati Verifiler Kit Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Labindia.
  53. ^ "Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle", The Hindu, 5 November 2006
  54. ^ "India-Pakistan battle on Basmati Rice" Archived 2021-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  55. ^ Rai, Saritha (2001-08-25). "India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
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