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Typhoon Krathon

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For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Julian.
Typhoon Krathon (Julian)
Krathon at peak intensity while entering the South China Sea on October 1
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 26, 2024
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Category 4-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds240 km/h (150 mph)
Lowest pressure927 hPa (mbar); 27.37 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities4
Injuries131
Missing5
Damage>$12.9 million (2024 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines, Taiwan
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2024 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Krathon, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Julian, is a powerful and erratic tropical cyclone that is currently meandering along the coasts of Taiwan and the Philippines in late September and early October 2024. The eighteenth named storm and the second violent typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Krathon, which means Sandoricum koetjape, developed into a tropical depression near Kadena Air Base, Japan, on September 26, and was classified as a tropical storm by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) on September 28 as it moved southwestward along the southeastern periphery. Krathon reached minimal typhoon status on September 29 after developing a broad, ragged-eye. The typhoon moved north-northwestward between two subtropical high before shifting west-northwestward and passing near Sabtang, Batanes. Early on October 1, the JMA reported that the storm had reached its peak intensity, with ten-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg). It subsequently peaked as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson scale, with one-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph). As Krathon moved into the northern South China Sea, an eyewall replacement cycle began, which was evident in radar imagery, with the secondary eyewall nearly encircling the inner eye. Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Krathon began warming cloud tops and displayed a weakened cloud-filled eye feature that caused upwelling and a decrease in ocean heat content, and it was moving southwest of Taiwan, located between a subtropical ridge to the east and another ridge over southern China and northern Vietnam. The following day, satellite imagery revealed that the system remained symmetrical; however, warming cloud tops became exposed due to increasing vertical wind shear. On October 3, Krathon made landfall over Siaogang District in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Ahead of the storm, a Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal was issued for various areas in the Philippines, with a red alert for Calayan and Santa Ana in Cagayan; during this period, the PAGASA station in Basco, Batanes recorded 727.8 millimetres (28.7 in) of rain—exceeding two months' worth for September and surpassing the previous record of 616.4 millimetres (24.3 in) set by Typhoon Ruth in 1991. Krathon resulted in at least two deaths, three people missing, and eight injured in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Taiwan's Central Weather Administration issued maritime warnings for the Bashi Channel, leading to the evacuation of nearly 10,000 people and the mobilization of nearly 40,000 soldiers for rescue efforts. At least 123 people in the island were injured by the storm, while two others were reported missing and two people died. Krathon left at least US$12.9 million in damages.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Krathon can be traced back to September 26, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported a tropical depression 250 km (155 mi) south-southwest of Kadena Air Base, Japan,[1] characterised by a partially exposed low-level circulation centre with persistent deep convection in the southern semicircle and formative banding to the north.[2][3] The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on September 27, noting that convective banding was wrapping into the centre and that the environmental analysis indicated a favourable environment for development due to low vertical wind shear, good equatorward outflow aloft, and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F).[4] On that same day, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) announced that the system had developed into a tropical depression named Julian, as it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility;[5] the depression was moving slowly south-southwestward due to weak steering flow.[6]

Krathon off the northeastern coast of Luzon on September 30

At 09:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the tropical depression, designating the system as 20W, noting an obscured low-level circulation centre that was assumed to be in the centre of rotating bands of convection organising into vortical hot towers.[7] Satellite imagery indicated that the storm was steadily consolidating, with spiral bands of deep convection extending across three quadrants of the system and encircling the low-level circulation centre.[8] On September 28, the depression intensified into a tropical storm named Krathon by the JMA, fueled by low vertical wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content, while moving southwestward along the southeastern periphery of a mid-level subtropical high;[9] however, Krathon slowed down over the last six hours and was located within a col region between two deep-layer subtropical high,[10] with satellite imagery indicating an improving appearance due to the development of a central dense overcast feature over the circulation centre.[11] At around 18:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm, utilizing the Dvorak technique to assess its intensity based on satellite imagery.[12] Krathon displayed strong equatorward outflow alongside a weaker polar channel, while the observed cirrus cloud suggested that a more radial outflow was beginning to develop as the system intensified.[13]

Early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon after it had opened a broad, raggedly-defined eye,[14][15] which had since become cloud-filled, and the system was moving north-northwestward between two mid-level subtropical high.[16] On September 30, the eye of the typhoon, measuring 23 miles (37 km) in diameter, was visible on infrared satellite imagery,[17] surrounded by warm temperatures of 54–57 °F (12–14 °C),[18] as the storm gradually moved west-northwestward and passed near Sabtang, Batanes.[19] The typhoon displayed a distinct circular shape in the cloud tops across the eyewall region, with a contracting eye that was obscured in the center.[20] At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC reported that the system had peaked as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon after Krathon attained 1-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph).[21] Early on October 1, the JMA upgraded Krathon to a violent typhoon, estimating its peak intensity with a minimum central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) and 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph).[22] As it moved into the northern area of the South China Sea,[23] the cloud top temperatures of Krathon sharply decreased over the past six hours amid warm conditions.[24] An eyewall replacement cycle became apparent in radar imagery, with the secondary eyewall almost completely encircling the inner eye.[25] Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Krathon began warming cloud tops and displayed a weakened cloud-filled eye feature that caused upwelling and a decrease in ocean heat content,[26] and it was moving southwest of Taiwan, located between a subtropical ridge to the east and another ridge over southern China and northern Vietnam.[27] The following day, satellite imagery revealed that the system remained symmetrical; however, warming cloud tops became exposed due to increasing vertical wind shear.[28] On October 3, Krathon made landfall over Siaogang District in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.[29]

Preparations and impact

Philippines

Shortly after PAGASA upgraded the storm, Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1 was issued for Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, the eastern and central portions of Mountain Province, the eastern portion of Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, the northern portion of Ilocos Sur, the northern portion of Aurora,[30] northern and eastern Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, La Union, Quirino, Benguet, and the Polillo Islands.[31] As Krathon intensified into a severe tropical storm, Signal No. 2 was raised for the northeastern portion of Cagayan and the eastern portion of the Babuyan Islands.[32] As the storm continued to intensify, PAGASA raised Signal No. 3 for the northeastern portion of the Babuyan Islands[33] On September 29, various local government units announced the suspension of classes on September 30 because of inclement weather caused by the storm,[34] while PAGASA raised Signal No. 4 in Batanes and in Babuyan and Calayan Islands.[31] The Commission on Elections ordered an extension of voters' registration for the 2025 Philippine general election, which was due to end on September 30, in areas affected by the storm.[35][36]

Around 1,110 people were evacuated across Cagayan Valley.[37] A red alert warning was declared in the municipalities of Calayan and Santa Ana in Cagayan.[38] The Ambuklao, Binga and Magat Dams opened their gates in anticipation of an increase in water levels due to the storm.[39] Krathon caused flooding in Batanes,[40] Ilocos Norte, where one person was repored missing,[41] and Ilocos Sur, where one person drowned and another was reported missing due to strong sea currents.[42] One person also went missing after being carried away by strong river currents in Abra.[43] One person died in Cagayan after being hit by a fallen electric cable knocked down by strong winds.[44] Two families were displaced due to landslides in Baguio,[45] while 26 families were displaced by floods in Abra.[46] Landslides also blocked roads in La Union, Abra, Apayao[47] and Mountain Province.[48] Five airports suspended operations in northern Luzon. Two light aircraft parked at Basco Airport were damaged by strong winds, while Laoag International Airport sustained minor damage. Flooding also affected the runways of Lingayen and Vigan Airports. Operations were also suspended at Baguio and San Fernando Airports due to clouds and low visibility.[49][50] Seven seaports also suspended operations, while 105 sections of road and three bridges were rendered impassable.[51]

As of October 3, 2024, the NDRRMC reported that a total of 211,000 people were affected, with 4,745 displaced from their homes. Power outages occurred in 20 cities and municipalities, 363 houses were damaged, and eight people were injured.[51][52] Governor Marilou Cayco announced that around 60% of the 2,463 affected homes are completely damaged, while 40% are partially damaged in Batanes.[53] Between September 30 and October 1, the PAGASA station in Basco, Batanes recorded 727.8 millimetres (28.7 in) of rain, exceeding two months' worth for September and breaking the previous record for the wettest cyclone in the area, which was 616.4 millimetres (24.3 in) during Typhoon Ruth (Trining) in 1991.[54] A state of calamity was declared in Ilocos Norte and Batanes due to the severe impact of the storm.[55] At least ₱600 million (US$12.18 million) in damages were recorded in Batanes,[56] while at least 147 hectares (360 acres) of crops were destroyed in the province,[57] along with 526.7 hectares (1,302 acres) of crops valued at ₱35.21 million (US$714,912.5) in the Ilocos Region. The National Irrigation Administration also said that it had recorded damage to infrastructure worth ₱1.54 million (US$31,269.04).[51]

Taiwan

President Lai Ching-te inspected the Central Disaster Response Center and held a video conference with Pingtung County Mayor Chou Chun-mi

The Central Emergency Operation Center advised against traveling to coastal and mountainous areas, while several schools, beaches, national parks and ferry services were closed across the island. All 25 water retention basins in Kaohsiung were emptied in anticipation of the storm.[58][59] Warnings on shipping were raised by the Central Weather Administration in the Bashi Channel and the Taiwan Strait,[60] followed by a land warning for Typhoon Krathon as the storm approached Taiwan.[61] All schools and government offices in the island were ordered closed on October 2[62] and 3,[63] while all domestic[64] and at least 250 international flights were cancelled.[65] Nearly 10,000 people were evacuated,[66] while nearly 40,000 soldiers were mobilized for rescue efforts.[67]

The outer rain bands of Krathon triggered mudslides that blocked parts of the Suhua Highway in Hualien County on September 30.[68] A cargo vessel ran aground near Orchid Island, raising fears of an oil spill. All 19 crew were rescued.[69] A temple was damaged in a mudslide in New Taipei City.[70] One person died in Hualien County from a fall while trimming trees[65] while another died in Taitung County after his vehicle crashed into fallen rocks.[71] At least 123 people were injured,[70] while two people are missing.[72] A total of 176,506 households lost electricity.[73]

See also

References

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