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{{float |right=0 |top=-4.0em |{{TOC right|limit=2}}}}
''[[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]''

{{resize|120%|'''''[[/ Specific template instances]]'''''}}

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== [[Template:Hegelianism]] ==

''(Version awaiting implementation of [[Module talk:Sidebar#contentNclass|Sidebar contentNclass parameters]])''

<pre>

{{Sidebar
| name = Hegelianism
| class = plainlist
| titleclass = navbox-title
| titlestyle = display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;
| title = [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Hegelianism]]
| topimage = [[File:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel00.jpg|185px|Portrait of Hegel by an unidentified artist]]
| headingclass = navbox-abovebelow

| heading1 = Forerunners
| content1class = hlist
| content1 =
* [[Aristotle]]
* [[Jakob Böhme|Böhme]]
* [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]]
* [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]
* [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]]
* [[Friedrich Hölderlin|Hölderlin]]
* [[Friedrich Schelling|Schelling]]

| heading2 = Successors
| content2class = hlist
| content2 =
* [[Ludwig Feuerbach|Feuerbach]]
* [[Karl Marx|Marx]]
* [[György Lukács|Lukács]]
* [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty|{{nowrap|Merleau-Ponty}}]]
* [[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno]]
* [[Hans-Georg Gadamer|Gadamer]]
* [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]]

| heading3 = Principal [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel bibliography|works]]
| content3style = white-space:nowrap;font-style:italic;<!--(titles)-->
| content3 =
* [[The Phenomenology of Spirit]]
* [[Science of Logic]]
* [[Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences]]
* [[Lectures on Aesthetics]]
* [[Elements of the Philosophy of Right]]
* [[Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion]]
* [[Lectures on the Philosophy of History]]
* [[Lectures on the History of Philosophy]]

| heading4 = Schools
| content4class = hlist
| content4 =
* [[Absolute idealism]]
* [[Hegelianism]]&nbsp;([[Dialectic#Hegelian dialectics|dialectics]])
* [[British idealism]]
* [[German idealism]]

| heading5 = Related topics
| content5class = hlist
| content5 =
* [[Right Hegelians]]
* [[Young Hegelians]]

| navbarstyle = border-top:1px solid #aaa;

}}<noinclude>

[[Category:Philosophy and thinking templates]]
[[Category:Literature templates|Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich]]
[[Category:"Part of a series on" templates]]
[[Category:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|τ]]
</noinclude>

</pre>

("Let's at least have (1) a gap between title and first heading and (2) no dot after a single entry on a line (content3). Let's also associate/place class/style parameters accordingly in the code.")

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== (Template:) Spacing and hyphen [etc] characters and templates ==

'''''[[User:Sardanaphalus/Template:Inline spacing templates]]'''''

{{clear}}

''Table from {{tl|Long dash/doc#See also}}:''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Name !! Display !! Explanation
|-
| <code>&amp;minus;</code><small>or</small><br /><small>the</small> − <small>character in the "Insert" edit box tool</small> || Minus || &nbsp;&minus;&nbsp; || A mathematical operation symbol (display varies depending on font)
|-
| {{tl|ndash}}&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>or</small><br /><code>&amp;ndash;</code>&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>or</small><br /><small>the</small> – <small>character in the "Insert" edit box tool</small> || En dash<br />(N-dash) || &nbsp;&ndash;&nbsp; || A short dash (typically half the width of an em dash)
|-
| <code>&amp;mdash;</code>&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>or</small><br /><small>the</small> — <small>character in the "Insert" edit box tool</small> ||Em dash<br />(M-dash) || &nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp; || A long dash (one [[Em (unit)|em]] wide, typically equivalent to the height of the font size)
|-
| <code>-</code> || Hyphen || &nbsp;-&nbsp; ||The hyphen character on most keyboards, used to hyphenate compound words (display varies depending on font)
|}

{{hlist |{{tlbare|ndash}} |{{tlbare|mdash}} |{{tlbare|spndash}} |{{tlbare|aside}} |...}}

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{{Navbox
| name = 
| state = {{{state|{{{1|}}}}}}
| title = Inline spacing [etc] templates
| listclass = hlist
| liststyle = font-size:110%;

| list1 =
* {{tlbare|hsp}}    ["hair(line) space"]
* {{tlbare|thinsp}} ["thin space"]
* {{tlbare|sp}}     [single &amp;#32;]
* {{tlbare|space}}, {{tlf|spaces}}, {{tlf|nbsp}}  [one or more [[non-breaking space]]/s]
* {{tlbare|nwsp}}   ["zero-width space"]
* {{tlbare|zwj}}    ["[[zero-width joiner]]"]
* {{tlbare|zwnj}}   ["[[zero-width non-joiner]]"]
<pre>
{{Nbhyph}} (no-break hyphen)
{{Shy}} (soft hyphen)
</pre>

| below = '''{{cat|Inline spacing templates}}'''

}}<noinclude>

<pre>

{{Documentation
 | content =
{{Collapsible option |statename=optional}}

[[Category:Spacing (inline) templates| ]]
}}<!--(end Documentation)-->

</pre>

</noinclude>

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== [[Theodor W. Adorno]] lead ==

'''Theodor W. Adorno''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|d|ɔː|r|n|oʊ}};<ref>''[[Oxford Dictionary of English]]'' [...citation?]</ref> {{IPA|de|aˈdɔʀno|lang}}; born '''Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund'''; September 11, 1903&nbsp;– August 6, 1969) was a German [[sociologist]], [[philosopher]] and [[musicologist]] who is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century's foremost [[Aesthetics|aestheticians]] and [[essayist]]s. He was a leading member of the [[Frankfurt School]]{{spndash}}a collection of like-minded [[Critical theory|critical theorists]] and writers for whom the work of [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], [[Karl Marx|Marx]] and [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] was essential to the analysis of modern society<!--Other members: [[Ernst Bloch]], [[Walter Benjamin]], [[Max Horkheimer]], [[Herbert Marcuse]]-->{{spndash}} and, as a critic of both [[fascism]] and what he dubbed the "[[culture industry]]", his writings, in particular the ''[[Dialectic of Enlightenment]]'' (1947), ''[[Minima Moralia]]'' (1951) and ''[[Negative Dialectics]]'' (1966), strongly influenced the European [[New Left]]. Contrary to the vogue enjoyed by [[existentialism]] and [[positivism]] during the early to mid-twentieth century, Adorno advanced a [[dialectic]]al conception of [[natural history]] that {{clarify span|critiqued the twin temptations of [[ontology]] and [[empiricism]] through studies of [[Kierkegaard]] and [[Husserl]]|date=January 2015}}.

Adorno was a pianist [who became committed to [[avant-garde music]] and] whose interest in [[Modernism (music)|modernism]] led to his studying [[Arnold Schoenberg]]'s  "[[Twelve-tone technique|twelve-tone]]" method of composition with Schoenberg's pupil [[Alban Berg]]

His interest in [[Modernism (music)|modernism]] [as in music] [suffused/affected/...] his writing

Adorno's commitment to avant-garde music formed the backdrop of his subsequent writings 
and led to his collaboration with [[Thomas Mann]] on the latter's novel ''[[Doctor Faustus (Thomas Mann novel)|Doctor Faustus]]'', while the two men lived in California as exiles during the Second World War. Working for the newly relocated [[Institute for Social Research]], Adorno collaborated on influential studies of [[authoritarianism]], [[anti-semitism]] and [[propaganda]] that would later serve as models for sociological studies the Institute carried out in post-war Germany.

Upon his return to Frankfurt, Adorno was involved with the reconstitution of German intellectual life through debates with [[Karl Popper]] on the limitations of positivist science, critiques of [[Heidegger]]'s language of authenticity, writings on German responsibility for the [[Holocaust]], and continued interventions into matters of public policy. As a writer of polemics in the tradition of [[Nietzsche]] and [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Kraus]], Adorno delivered scathing critiques of contemporary Western culture. Adorno's posthumously published ''[[Aesthetic Theory]]'', which he planned to dedicate to [[Samuel Beckett]], is the culmination of a lifelong commitment to modern art which attempts to revoke the "fatal separation" of feeling and understanding long demanded by the history of philosophy and explode the privilege aesthetics accords to content over form and contemplation over immersion.

</pre>

''(some rephrasing, including avoiding possible interpretation that critical theory due to Adorno and repeated "critique"/"critiqued"; clarify span...)''

{{clear}}

== [[Archaeology]] lead ==

<pre>

{{two other uses||the magazine about archaeology|Archaeology (magazine)|the album by the pastiche/parody Beatles band|The Rutles Archaeology}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
[[File:Lousonna01.JPG|thumb|236px<!--(approx Sidebar/Infobox)-->|[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[ruins]], [[Lausanne]], Switzerland.]]
{{Anthropology |types}}

</pre>

'''Archaeology''' ('''archeology'''<ref name="Society for American Archaeology"/>) is the study of [[human history]] through the discovery, recovery and analysis of the traces it has left in the environment. Among these are [[Material culture|material remains]] such as [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifact]]s and [ [[architecture]] ]

activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and [[analysis]] of the [[material culture]] and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], [[architecture]], [[biofact (archaeology)|biofact]]s (also known as eco-facts) and [[cultural landscapes]] (the [[archaeological record]]). Because archaeology employs a wide range of different procedures, it can be considered to be both a [[social science]] and a [[humanities|humanity]],<ref name="Renfrew_Bahn1991"/> and in the [[United States]] it is thought of as a branch of [[anthropology]],<ref name="Haviland_et_al_2005"/> although in [[Europe]] it is viewed as a separate discipline.

Archaeology studies human [[prehistory]] and [[history]] from the development of the first [[stone tools]] in eastern Africa 4 million years ago up until recent decades.<ref name="consumption"/> (Archaeology does not include the discipline of [[paleontology]]). It is of most importance for learning about [[Prehistory|prehistoric societies]], when there are no written records for historians to study, making up over 99% of total human history, from the [[Paleolithic]] until the advent of literacy in any given society.<ref name="Renfrew_Bahn1991"/> Archaeology has various goals, which range from studying [[human evolution]] to [[cultural evolution]] and understanding [[culture history]].<ref name="thinking_from_things"/>

The discipline involves [[Archaeological survey|surveying]], [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavation]] and eventually [[Post excavation|analysis]] of data collected to learn more about the past. In broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research. It draws upon [[anthropology]], [[history]], [[art history]], [[classics]], [[ethnology]], [[geography]],<ref name="Aldenderfer_Maschner1996"/> [[geology]],<ref name="Gladfelter1977"/><ref name="Watters1992"/><ref name="Watters2000"/> [[linguistics]], [[semiology]], [[physics]], [[information science]]s, [[chemistry]], [[statistics]], [[paleoecology]], [[paleontology]], [[paleozoology]], [[paleoethnobotany]], and [[paleobotany]].

Archaeology developed out of [[antiquarianism]] in [[Europe]] during the 19th century, and has since become a discipline practiced across the world. Since its early development, various specific sub-disciplines of archaeology have developed, including [[maritime archaeology]], [[feminist archaeology]] and [[archaeoastronomy]], and numerous different scientific techniques have been developed to aid archaeological investigation. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with [[pseudoarchaeology]], the looting of artifacts, a lack of public interest, and opposition to the excavation of human remains.

{{clear}}

== [[Himalayas]] lead ==

{{redirect|Himalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Himalayas
| photo = Everest North Face toward Base Camp Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006 edit 1.jpg
| photo_caption = {{longitem|style=font-size:95%|The north face of [[Mount Everest]], seen from the path to the mountain's base camp in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]].}}
| country={{enum|[[Bhutan]] |[[China]] |[[India]] |[[Burma|Myanmar (Burma)]] |[[Nepal]] |[[Pakistan]]}}
| region_type = | region = | border = 
| highest = [[Mount Everest]]
| elevation_m = 8848
| highest_location = [[Nepal]]{{\}}[[China]]
|coordinates = {{coord|27|59|17|N|86|55|31|E|type:mountain_region:NP|format=dms|display=inline}}
|range_coordinates = {{coord|28|N|82|E|type:mountain_region:NP|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| length_km = 2400
| geology = | period = | orogeny = 
| map_image = Himalayas Map.png
| map_caption = Location of the Himalayan mountain range
}}
[[File:Himalayas landsat 7.png|thumb|300px|NASA [[Landsat-7]] imagery of the Himalayas.]]

The '''Himalayas''', also known as '''Himalaya''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɪ|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|.|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|h|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|ə|j|ə}}; {{langx|sa|हिमालय}}, ''hima'' ("snow")&nbsp;+ ''ālaya'' ("dwelling"), meaning "abode of the snow")<ref name="oed">{{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0378930#m_en_gb0378930 |title=Definition of Himalayas |work=Oxford Dictionaries Online |accessdate=9 May 2011}}</ref> is a [[mountain range]] in [[South Asia]] that lies between the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. It is home to every peak on [[Earth]] over [[Eight-thousander|{{convert|8000|m|ft}}]] in [[altitude]] –&nbsp;including the world's highest peak, [[Mount Everest]]&nbsp;– and more than one hundred of its peaks [[List of highest mountains|exceed]] {{convert|7200|m|ft}}. Many of them are considered [[sacred]] in [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] and the range has exerted a profound influence on the cultures of [[South Asia]].

The Tibetan Plateau marks the northern border of the Himalayas, while

The Himalayas are bordered on the north by the , on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain, on the northwest by the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, and on the east by the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The western anchor of the Himalayas — [[Nanga Parbat]] — lies just south of the northernmost bend of the [[Indus River]], while the eastern anchor — [[Namcha Barwa]] — is situated just west of the great bend of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]]. The Himalayas span five countries: [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]], and [[Pakistan]], with the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range.<ref name=bishop-britannica>{{cite web|last=Bishop|first=Barry|authorlink=Barry Bishop (mountaineer)|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266037/Himalayas|accessdate=1 October 2012}}</ref>

Lifted by the collision of the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]] with the [[Eurasian Plate]],<ref name=USGS/> the Himalayan range runs northwest to southeast in a {{Convert|2400|km|mi}} long arc. The range varies in width from {{Convert|400|km|mi}} in the west to {{Convert|150|km|mi}} in the east. Besides the Greater Himalayas, there are several parallel lower ranges. The southernmost of these, located along the northern edge of the Indian plains and reaching about a thousand meters in altitude, are called the [[Sivalik Hills]]. Further north is a higher range, reaching two to three thousand meters, known as the [[Lower Himalayan Range]].

Three of the world's major rivers — the [[Indus River|Indus]], the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] — arise in the Himalayas. While the Indus and the Brahmaputra rise near [[Mount Kailash]] in [[Tibet]], the Ganges rises in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. Their combined [[drainage basin]] is home to some 600 million people.

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== [[Template:Tlg]] ==

<pre>

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== [[Template:Column-generating template families]] ==

===Column-generating template families===
{{Caution |1='''The templates listed below are not interchangeable'''. For example, using {{tl|Multicol}} with {{tl|col-end}} instead of {{tl|Multicol-end}} would leave an [[HTML]] [[Span and div|"div" (division)]] open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.}}

{| class="wikitable nowrap" style="line-height:1.4em;"
|-
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 ! Start template
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|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
 | style="text-align:center" | "Col"
 | Table
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 | {{tl|Col-begin}}<br/>or {{tl|Col-begin-small}}
 | {{tl|Col-break}}
: {{hlist |{{tl|Col-2}} |{{tl|Col-3}} |{{tl|Col-4}} |{{tl|Col-5}} }}
  {{Aligned table
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   | {{tl|Col-7}} | or use <nowiki>{{Col-break</nowiki>{{pad|2px}}&#124;{{pad|2px}}<nowiki>width=14.2%}}</nowiki>,<br/>i.e. with width ≈ 100%{{thinsp|/}}7.
   | {{tl|Col-8}} | or use <nowiki>{{Col-break</nowiki>{{pad|2px}}&#124;{{pad|2px}}<nowiki>width=12.5%}}</nowiki>,<br/>i.e. with width {{=}} 100%{{thinsp|/}}8.
  }} {{longitem|style=font-size:90%;|For nine or even more columns, use <nowiki>{{Col-break</nowiki>{{pad|2px}}&#124;{{pad|2px}}<nowiki>width=[W]%}}</nowiki>,<br/>where [W] ≈ 100 divided by the number of columns desired.}}
 | {{tl|Col-end}}
|- 
 | style="text-align:center" | "Col-float"
 | CSS float
 | style="text-align:center" | {{Y}}
 | {{tl|Col-float}}
 | {{tl|Col-float-break}}
 | {{tl|Col-float-end}}
|-
 | style="text-align:center" | "Columns"
 | Table
 | style="text-align:center" | {{Y}}
 | {{tl|Columns}}
 | –
 | –
|-
 | style="text-align:center" | "Columns-start"
 | CSS float
 | style="text-align:center" | {{Y}}
 | {{tl|Columns-start}}
 | {{tl|Column}}
 | {{tl|Columns-end}}
|-
 | style="text-align:center" | "Div col"
 | CSS columns
 | style="text-align:center" | {{Y}}
 | {{tl|Div col}} or&nbsp;{{tl|Start div col}}
* {{tl|Columns-list}}{{sup|b}}
 | –
 | {{tl|Div col end}}<br/>or {{tl|End div col}}
|-
 | style="text-align:center" | "Multicol"
 | Table
 | style="text-align:center" | 
 | {{tl|Multicol}}
 | {{tl|Multicol-break}}
 | {{tl|Multicol-end}}
|- style="border:none;"
 | colspan="6" style="font-size:95%;" |
   {{Unbulleted list
    |style=margin-left:0.5em;margin-right:0.5em;
    |item1_style=line-height:1.35em; |{{sup|a}} i.e. can the columns handle the [[Help:Wiki markup|wiki markup]] {{bigger|<nowiki>{|  |  ||  |-  |}</nowiki>}} [[Help:Tables|used to create tables]]? If not, templates that produce these elements (such as {{tl|(!}}, {{tl|!!}}, {{tl|!-}},<br/>{{pad}}{{tl|!)}}{{px1}}) and/or [[HTML element|HTML tags]] ({{mono|<nowiki><table>...</table></nowiki>}}, {{mono|<nowiki><tr>...</tr></nowiki>}}, etc) will need to be used instead.
    | {{sup|b}} Wrapper template.
   }}
|}
<noinclude>

<pre>

{{Documentation
 | content =
Used by {{tl|Column templates}} to provide links to column-related templates.

== See also ==
* {{tl|Autocol}}

[[Category:Table and column templates| ]]
[[Category:Related-topic templates]]
}}<!--(end Documentation)-->

</pre>

</noinclude>

{{clear}}

== [[Template:Married]] for Infoboxes ==

Use <nowiki>{{Div col |content= }}</nowiki> (as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donna_Williams&oldid=639796151 here])...?

{{clear}}

== Lists of figures of speech and rhetorical terms ==

{{Navbox with collapsible sections
| name = Figures of speech and rhetorical terms
| state = expanded
| title = Figures of speech and rhetorical terms <!--by suffix-->
<!--
| listclass = hlist
| liststyle = font-size:110%;
-->
| selected = {{{selected|{{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}

<!--| abbr1 = -->
| section1 = Ending "-a", "-ia", "-ora"
| content1 =
   {{Aligned table
    |style=margin:0 auto;
    |col1style=padding-right:3.0em;
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[Anaphora (rhetoric)|anaphora]] | 
       | [[antonomasia]]  | 
       | [[apologia]]     | 
       | [[bomphiologia]] | 
       | [[chorographia]] | 
      }}
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[erotema]]      | 
       | [[ethopoeia]]    | 
       | [[exergasia]]    | 
       | [[hypophora]]    | 
       | ......           | 
   }} }}

<!--| abbr2 = -->
| section2 = Ending "-ole", "-ophe", "-e", "-y"
| content2 =
   {{Aligned table
    |style=margin:0 auto;
    |col1style=padding-right:3.0em;
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[anastrophe]] | 
       | [[antilabe]]   | 
       | [[Apostrophe (figure of speech)|apostrophe]] | 
       | [[hyperbole]]  | 
      }}
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[metonymy]]   | 
       | [[synecdoche]] | 
       | [[symploce]]   | 
       | ......         | 
   }} }}

<!--| abbr3 = -->
| section3 = Ending "-mus"
<!--| content3class = hlist-->
| content3 = {{startflatlist}}
* [[aphorismus]]
* [[chiasmus]]
* ......
{{endflatlist}}

<!--| abbr4 = -->
| section4 = Ending "-on"
| content4 =
   {{Aligned table
    |style=margin:0 auto;
    |col1style=padding-right:3.0em;
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[anangeon]]        | 
       | [[anapodoton]]      | 
       | [[asyndeton]]       | 
       | [[homeoptoton]]     | 
       | [[homeoteleuton]]   | 
      }}
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[hyperbaton]]      | 
       | [[hysteron proteron]] | 
       | [[isocolon]]        | 
       | [[scesis onomaton]] | 
       | ......
   }} }}

<!--| abbr5 = -->
| section5 = Ending "-es", "-is", "-ys"
| content5 =
   {{Aligned table
    |style=margin:0 auto;
    |col1style=padding-right:3.0em;
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[anadiplosis]]    | 
       | [[antanaclasis]]   | 
       | [[apophasis]]      | 
       | [[Auxesis (figure of speech)|auxesis]] | 
       | [[Diaeresis (philosophy)|diaresis]] | 
       | [[ekphrasis]]      | 
       | [[epizeuxis]]      | 
       | [[hendiadys]]      | 
       | [[hendiatris]]     | 
      }}
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[hypocatastasis]] | 
       | [[hypozeuxis]]     | 
       | [[litotes]]        | 
       | [[Meiosis (figure of speech)|meiosis]] | 
       | [[metalepsis]]     | 
       | [[parisosis]]      | 
       | [[protrepsis and paraenesis]] | 
       | ......             | 
   }} }}

<!--| abbr6 = -->
| section6 = (others)
| content6 =
   {{Aligned table
    |style=margin:0 auto;
    |col1style=padding-right:3.0em;
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[bathos]]     | 
       | [[brevitas]]   | 
       | [[dissoi logoi]]
       | [[enallage]]   | 
       | [[encomium]]   | 
       | [[innuendo]]   | 
      }}
    | {{Aligned table
       |col1style=font-size:110%;padding-right:1.5em;
       | [[ipse dixit]] | 
       | [[metaphor]]<br/>{{smaller|([[Metaphor and metonymy|and metonymy]])}}
       | [[oxymoron]]   | 
       | [[simile]]     | 
       | ......         | 
   }} }}

<!--| content7class = hlist-->
| content7 = {{startflatlist}}
* {{icon|Category}} {{c|Figures of speech}}
* {{c|Rhetorical techniques}}
* {{c|Rhetoric}}
{{endflatlist}}

| belowclass = hlist
| below =
* [[Glossary of rhetorical terms]]

}}

{{clear}}

== Village pump (technical) thread ==

; (Producing a list of parameters)

Is there a function or something I may use to produce a list of the parameters appearing in some (lengthy) template code..? Apologies if I've overlooked or forgotten something nearby. [[User:Sardanaphalus|Sardanaphalus]] ([[User talk:Sardanaphalus|talk]]) 11:17, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
:What problem are you trying to solve? We will be better able to help you if you give us more details about what you are trying to achieve. — '''''[[User:Mr. Stradivarius|<span style="color: #194D00; font-family: Palatino, Times, serif">Mr. Stradivarius</span>]]''''' <sup>[[User talk:Mr. Stradivarius|♪ talk ♪]]</sup> 13:38, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
:{{ping|Sardanaphalus}} ping. — '''''[[User:Mr. Stradivarius|<span style="color: #194D00; font-family: Palatino, Times, serif">Mr. Stradivarius</span>]]''''' <sup>[[User talk:Mr. Stradivarius|♪ talk ♪]]</sup> 13:40, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
::I have sometimes wanted the same. I don't know about Sardanaphalus but my purpose is usually to look for undocumented parameters so I can use them in template calls or add them to documentation. [[User:PrimeHunter|PrimeHunter]] ([[User talk:PrimeHunter|talk]]) 13:50, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
::* Thanks for the prompt responses. Prime Hunter's scenario is the context: undocumented parameters within lengthy templates. [[User:Sardanaphalus|Sardanaphalus]] ([[User talk:Sardanaphalus|talk]]) 14:07, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
::::For wikitext templates, perhaps this could be done with Parsoid? I'm not at all sure of the details on that, though. For Lua modules, there's no way that I know of to do this automatically, and writing the code to do it would be very difficult as you need to be able to parse arbitrary Lua code. To do it manually, though, a simple text search for "args" will usually do the trick, as that is the standard name for a module's arguments table. A parameter named "foo" can look like {{code|args.foo|lua}} or {{code|args["foo"]|lua}}. — '''''[[User:Mr. Stradivarius|<span style="color: #194D00; font-family: Palatino, Times, serif">Mr. Stradivarius</span>]]''''' <sup>[[User talk:Mr. Stradivarius|♪ talk ♪]]</sup> 14:59, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
:::::There's a clever trick invented (IIRC) by {{u|Davidgothberg|David Gothberg}} and/or {{u|Amalthea}} that does something like that, in template code.  Trouble is it's so clever I can never remember it. All&nbsp;the&nbsp;best: ''[[User:Rich Farmbrough|Rich]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Rich Farmbrough|Farmbrough]]'',&nbsp;<small>19:36,&nbsp;9&nbsp;November&nbsp;2014&nbsp;(UTC).</small>
::::::For regular (i.e. non-Lua) templates I look for triple opening braces. If there are a lot, I copy the template's wikisource to a text editor, and use regexps to insert a newline before each set of triple opening braces, before each pipe, and before each set of triple closing braces. Then I save the file, grep for the triple opening braces and send it through <kbd>sort</kbd> and <kbd>uniq</kbd> which gives me my param list. For Lua templates, it's worse than as described by Mr. Stradivarius because the args list might not be in the main module; you've got to search all the submodules too - if you can work out which they are. --[[User:Redrose64|<span style="color:#a80000; background:#ffeeee; text-decoration:inherit">Red</span>rose64]] ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 19:45, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

You might want to invoke [[:de:Wikipedia:Lua/Modul/Vorlage:TemplateDataGenerator/en|TemplateDataGenerator]] once within template or template documentation page, looking at preview and compare displayed output with already known and documented parameters. [[Module:TemplateDataGenerator]] is locally available. You could also use a recent TemplateData Utility which produces the same list of detected parameters, but the module offers sorting and works also on doc page. Greetings --[[User:PerfektesChaos|PerfektesChaos]] ([[User talk:PerfektesChaos|talk]]) 19:58, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

{{clear}}

== Template:born;died ==
''(no less work than manual entry anyway?)''
<noinclude>
{{Documentation
 | content =
{{Markup
 | codestyle=font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap;

 | <nowiki>{{born;died |1 January 1900 |Someplace, Somewhere |31 December 1999 |Thatplace, Elsewhere}}</nowiki>
 | (born 1 January 1900 in Someplace, Somewhere; died 31 December 1999 in Thatplace, Elsewhere)

 | <nowiki>{{born;died |January 1, 1900 |Someplace, Somewhere |December 31, 1999}}</nowiki>
 | (born January 1, 1900 in Someplace, Somewhere; died December 31, 1999)

 | <nowiki>{{born;died |1 January 1900 |diedon=31 December 1999 |diedin=Thatplace, Elsewhere}}</nowiki>
 | (born 1 January 1900; died 31 December 1999 in Thatplace, Elsewhere)

 | <nowiki>{{born;died |January 1, 1900 |diedon=December 31, 1999}}</nowiki>
 | (born January 1, 1900; died December 31, 1999)

 | <nowiki>{{born;died |bornin=Someplace, Somewhere |diedon=31 December 1999 |diedin=Thatplace, Elsewhere}}</nowiki>
 | (born in Someplace, Somewhere; died 31 December 1999 in Thatplace, Elsewhere)
}}

===See also===
* {{tl|born–died}}

<pre>
[[Category:Time, date and calendar templates]]
</pre>

}}<!--(end Documentation)-->
</noinclude>

{{clear}}

== [[List of English words without rhymes#Words with obscure perfect rhymes]] ==

This list includes rhymes of words that have been listed as rhymeless.

{{Aligned table
 |cols=4 |class=wikitable sortable |colstyle=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;white-space:nowrap;
 |col1style=font-style:italic; |col3style=font-style:italic; |col4style=white-space:normal;
 |row1header=on| Word&nbsp; | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]&nbsp;
 | Rhymes with&nbsp;
 | Rhyme's meaning{{\}}Notes&nbsp;

 | [[wikt:aitch|aitch]] | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|eɪ|tʃ}}
 | [[wikt:nache|nache]]{{px1}}<ref group="n">Dialectal.</ref><br/>[[wikt:rache|rache]]{{px1}}<ref group="n">Using an obsolete pronunciation.</ref>
 | {{nowrap|<!--(nache:)-->the bony point on the rump of an ox or cow<br/><!--(rache:)-->a streak down a horse's face}}

 | [[wikt:angst|angst]] | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|æ|ŋ|k|s|t}}
 | manxed
 | lopped-off in a manner reminiscent of a [[Manx cat]]'s tail.<ref>[[R. J. Yeatman]], ''Horse Nonsense''.</ref>
* ''phalanxed'' is not a perfect rhyme because a different syllable is stressed.
* The alternative American pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|ŋ|k|s|t}} has no rhymes.
* {{longitem|style=line-height:1.35em|Exceptions for perfect rhymes with ''angst'' and ''angsts'' are some dialectical or theatrical<br/>pronunciations of verbs, such as used in performances of Shakespeare plays.<ref group="n">Specifically, some verbs as conjugated in the semi-obselete second-person plural, taking the pronoun ''[[wikt:thou|thou]]'' and ending ''-est'' or ''-st''. For example, ''thankest'' (as in "Thou thankest me too much") pronounced {{IPAc-en|θ|æ|ŋ|k|s|t}}; and ''wrongest''{{\}}''wrongst'' (as in "Wrongst thou not me!") pronounced {{IPAc-en|r|ɑː|ŋ|k|s|t}} (subject to the vowel-forward version of the [[cot–caught merger]]).</ref><!--end longitem:-->}}

 | [[wikt:arugula|arugula]] | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|uː|ɡ|j|əl|ə}} | [[Bugula]]             | a genus of [[bryozoa]]n
 | [[wikt:beige|beige]]     | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|ʒ}}        | [[wikt:greige|greige]] | as of unfinished textiles yet to be dyed or bleached (adjective)
 | [[wikt:chaos|chaos]]     | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|eɪ|.|ɒ|s}}    | [[Cella|naos]]         | the inner chamber of a temple
 | [[wikt:circle|circle]]   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɜr|k|əl}}     | [[wikt:hurkle|hurkle]] | to pull in all one's limbs
 | [[wikt:coif|coif]]       | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|oi|f}}        | boyf                   | "boyfriend" (slang truncation)
 | [[wikt:cusp|cusp]]       | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ʌ|s|p}}       | {{sc|dusp}}            | acronym for the enzyme "[[dual-specificity phosphatase]]"
 | [[wikt:else|else]]       | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɛ|l|s}}       | [[wikt:wels|wels]]     | the fish ''[[Silurus glanis]]''

 | [[wikt:fiend|fiends]] | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|n|d|z}}
 | [[wikt:teinds|teinds]]<ref group="n">Also the archaic Scottish [[wikt:piend|piends]].</ref>
 | the portion of an estate assessed for the [[stipend]] of the clergy (Scottish)

 | [[wikt:film|film]]<br/>films | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|l|m}}<br/>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|l|m|z}}
 | [[wikt:pilm|pilm]]<br/>[[Wilms's tumor|Wilms]]
 | {{nowrap|dust (Scottish)<!--checked in WTNID--><!--[citation?]--><br/>a type of kidney tumor<!--checked in OED--><!--[citation?]-->}}

 | [[wikt:fugue|fugue]], -s | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|juː|ɡ}}, {{IPAc-en|z}}
 | [[wikt:jougs|jougs]]
 | (rarely found in the singular<ref>After {{IPA|/dʒ/}} there is no distinction between {{IPA|/uː/}} and {{IPA|/juː/}}. No other word ends in {{IPA|/ˈ-juːɡ/}}, but droog and, for some people, Moog end in {{IPA|/ˈ-uːɡ/}}; whether this is considered a rhyme depends on whether {{IPA|/ˈ-juː/}} is considered a diphthong.</ref>)

 | [[wikt:gulf|gulf]], -s | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʌ|l|f}}, {{IPAc-en|s}}  | [[SULF1|{{sc|sulf}}]], sulfs | any of a number of sulfate-regulating enzymes
 | [[wikt:kiln|kiln]]     | {{noitalic|as}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|l|n}} | [[Milne (surname)|Milne]]    | (surname)
 | [[wikt:eth|eth]]       | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|ð}}     | merced | [[Castilian Spanish]] word meaning "gift" occasionally used in English{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
 | [[wikt:midst|midst]]   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|d|s|t}} | [[wikt:didst|didst]] | archaic form of "did" used with [[wikt:thou|thou]]

 | [[wikt:month|month]] | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ʌ|n|θ}}
 | [[wikt:en-plus-oneth|en-plus-oneth]]
 | {{nowrap|(''n'' + 1)th}}, a mathematical term; also ''[[wikt:hundred-and-oneth|hundred-and-oneth]]'' ({{=}}&nbsp;hundred-and-first).<ref>Also attested in poetry is ''[[wikt:onety-oneth|onety-oneth]]'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ʌ|n|t|i|ˈ|w|ʌ|n|θ}}</ref><br/>It also appears in the plural in fractions (e.g. ''twenty thirty-[[wikt:oneth|oneths]]'')

}}

<pre>

 | [[wikt:music|music]] | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|juː|z|ɨ|k}}
 | [[wikt:anchusic|anchusic]]<br/>[[wikt:dysgeusic|dysgeusic]]
 | {{nowrap|as in "anchusic acid"<br/>  [ see [[wikt:anchusin]], [[Alkanet]] ]

,'' as in ''anchusic acid'', '','' having a disorder that causes alterations in one's sense of taste, and ''[[wikt:ageusic|ageusic]],'' lacking a sense of taste
 | ''[[wikt:opus|opus]]'' (with a short ''0''), {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɒ|p|ə|s}} | ''[[Hoppus]],'' a method of measuring timber<ref>With the American pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|p|ə|s}} with a long ''o,'' ''opus'' rhymes with other words, such as ''Canopus, lagopous, monopus'' (one-eyed), and slang ''mopus.''</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:orange|orange]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɒr|ɨ|n|dʒ}}, rhymes with<!--No, "door hinge" is not a perfect rhyme, only an approximate rhyme: the ''i'' vowel in ''hinge'' is not reduced like the ''a'' in ''orange''--> ''[[The Blorenge|Blorenge]],'' a hill in Wales,<ref>[[Webster's Third]] gives two pronunciations for ''[[sporange]],'' one of which rhymes. However, one is a spelling pronunciation based on ''orange'', and the [[OED]] only has the non-rhyming pronunciation, with the stress on the ''ange'' : {{IPAc-en|s|p|ɒ|ˈ|r|æ|n|dʒ}}. The American pronunciation with one syllable has no rhyme, even in non-rhotic accents.</ref><ref>Held, Carl. ''Breaking the Orange Rhyme Barrier''. [[Games (magazine)|Games]]. Issue 167 (Vol. 25, No. 1). pp. 10–13. February 2001.</ref> ''[[Gorringe (disambiguation)|Gorringe]]'', an English surname, and ''[[Sporange]]'', an alternate, rarely used spelling of ''sporangium'', a part of a fern.
 | ''[[wikt:pint|pint]]''       | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|aɪ|n|t}}    | ''[[wikt:rynt|rynt]],'' a word milkmaids use to get a cow to move<ref>The plural has a common rhyme in ''Heintz''.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:plankton|plankton]]'' | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|æ|ŋ|k|t|ən}} | ''Yankton'' ([[Sioux]])
 | ''[[wikt:plinth|plinth]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|n|θ}}     | ''[[wikt:synth|synth]],'' colloquial for ''[[synthesizer]]''
 | ''[[wikt:purple|purple]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɜr|p|əl}}   | ''[[wikt:curple|curple]],'' the hindquarters of a horse or donkey, ''[[wikt:hirple|hirple]],'' to walk with a limp,<ref>Held, Carl. ''Orange, Silver, now Purple (More Lexical Lunacy)''. [[Games (magazine)|Games]]. Issue 207 (Vol. 29, No. 1). pp. 4–9, 16. February 2005.</ref>''[[wikt:purple nurple|nurple]],'' the act of roughly twisting a nipple (slang)
 | ''[[wikt:rhythm|rhythm]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|ð|əm}}    | ''[[smitham]],'' fine malt or ore dust<ref>''Rhythmic'' has no rhymes apart from ''logarithmic'' and ''algorithmic,'' which are often excluded for having identical syllables.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:silver|silver]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|l|v|ər}}  | ''[[wikt:chilver|chilver]],'' a female lamb<ref>Held, Carl. ''From Orange to Silver (More Lexical Lunacy)''. [[Games (magazine)|Games]]. Issue 200 (Vol. 28, No. 4). pp. 4–9, 16. May 2004.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:siren|siren]]''     | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|aɪər|ən}}   | ''[[wikt:gyron|gyron]],'' a type of triangle in heraldry, and a few technical terms<ref>For some people, also ''[[wikt:environ|environ]],'' but this is not RP, in which ''environ'' rhymes with {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|aɪr|ən}} has no rhyme.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:toilet|toilet]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɔɪ|l|ɨ|t}}  | ''[[wikt:oillet|oillet]],'' an eyelet

 | ''[[wikt:width|width]]''     | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|d|θ}}     | obsolete ''[[wikt:sidth|sidth]],'' meaning length
 | ''[[wikt:woman|woman]]''     | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ʊ|m|ən}}    | ''[[wikt:toman|toman]],'' a Persian coin and military division<ref>The plural ''women'' also has but a single rhyme, though a more common one: ''persimmon''.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:yttrium|yttrium]]'' | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|t|r|i|əm}} | ''[[liberum arbitrium]],'' a legal term

</pre>

{{clear}}

== [[Telos]] (lead) ==
''(<nowiki>{{lang}}</nowiki>, some rephrasings/links, cn)''

A '''''telos''''' ({{langx|grc|τέλος}} ''telos'' meaning "end", "purpose", "goal"), in the sense used by philosophers such as [[Aristotle]], is an end or purpose, especially when regarded as being innate. It is the [[Root (linguistics)|root]] of the word "[[teleology]]"

It takes a central role in [[History of Animals|Aristotle's biology]] and [[Four causes|his theory of causes]].

 and is the  from which the word "[[teleology]]"{{aside|the study of purposiveness or [[intentionality]].  Teleology figures centrally in [[History of Animals|Aristotle's biology]] and in .  It is central to nearly all philosophical theories of history, such as those of [[Hegel]] and [[Marx]].  One running debate in contemporary [[philosophy of biology]] is to what extent teleological language (as in the "purpose" or "purposes" of [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s, living processes, etc) is unavoidable or simply a shorthand for ideas that, ultimately, are nonteleological. The [[philosophy of action]] also makes essential use of teleological vocabulary; according to [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Donald Davidson]],{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} an action is something an agent does with [[intention]]{{spndash}}that is, with the sense of an outcome or end to be achieved by the action.

Although not mutually exclusive, ''telos'' is contrasted with ''[[techne]]'', the rational method involved in producing an object or accomplishing a goal or objective.

{{clear}}

== [[David Hume]] (partial lead) ==

'''David Hume''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|juː|m}}; 7 May [[New Style|NS]] {{small|[26 April 1711 [[Old Style|OS]]]}} 1711{{spndash}}25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist who is generally considered to be of the most significant figures in the history of [[Western philosophy]],<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=BBC: Great Thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment |quote=David Hume was one of the greatest philosophers the world has ever known. |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_enlightenment.shtml}}</ref> a key figure of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]<ref name="BBC"/> and "widely regarded as the greatest [philosopher] who has ever written in the English language."<ref>McGee, B., [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8WjmtRd5OzgC&pg=PA146&dq=%22great+philosophers%22+hume&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G3FjVJTAIc7bPYX9gTg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22great%20philosophers%22%20hume&f=false ''The Great Philosophers: An Introduction to Western Philosophy''], Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 146.</ref> Today, he is most remebered for his philosophical [[empiricism]] and [[Philosophical skepticism|scepticism<!--(UK spelling)-->]].

Hume is often grouped with [[John Locke]], [[George Berkeley]] and others as a [[British Empiricism|British Empiricist]].<ref>Margaret Atherton, ed. ''The Empiricists: Critical Essays on Locke, Berkeley, and Hume''. [[Lanham, MD]]: [[Rowman & Littlefield]], 1999.</ref>

Beginning with his ''[[A Treatise of Human Nature]]'' (1739), Hume strove to create a total [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] "[[science of man]]" that examined the [[psychological]] basis of [[human nature]]. In opposition to the [[rationalists]] who preceded him, most notably [[René Descartes|Descartes]], he concluded that [[desire (emotion)|desire]] rather than [[reason]] governed human behaviour. He also argued against the existence of [[innate ideas]], concluding that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience. He argued that [[inductive reasoning]] and therefore [[causality]] cannot be justified rationally. Our assumptions in favour of these result from custom and constant conjunction rather than logic. He concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a [[bundle theory|bundle of sensations]] associated with the self.

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== [[Atheistic existentialism]] (partial) ==

'''Atheistic existentialism''' ([[Adjective|adj.]] "atheist-existential"),{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} sometimes referred to as "'''atheist existentialism'''",{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} is a kind of [[existentialism]] which strongly diverged from the [[Christian existentialism|Christian existential]] works of [[Søren Kierkegaard]] and has developed within the context of an [[Atheism|atheistic]] worldview.<ref>http://atheism.about.com/od/typesofexistentialism/a/christian.htm</ref>

The [[philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard]] provided existentialism's theoretical foundation in the 19th century. Atheistic existentialism began to be recognized after the 1943 publication of ''[[Being and Nothingness]]'' by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], and Sartre later explicitly alluded to it in ''[[Existentialism is a Humanism]]'' in 1946. Sartre had previously written in the spirit of atheistic existentialism in works such as the novel ''[[Nausea (novel)|Nausea]]'' (1938) and short-story collection ''[[The Wall (book)|The Wall]]'' (1939). [[Simone de Beauvoir]] likewise wrote from an atheist-existential perspective.

<pre>
== Thought ==
</pre>

"Atheistic existentialism" refers to the exclusion of any {{clarify span|[[Transcendence (philosophy)|transcendental]], [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] or|reason="Atheistic" refers to theism, not (the more general) transcendental and/or metaphysical..?|date=December 2018}} religious beliefs from philosophical existentialist thought. As [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]] indicated, however,{{elucidate|date=November 2014}} atheistic, [[Religious<!--(i.e. not necessarily Christian)--> existentialism|religious]] or [[metaphysical existentialism]] can nevertheless share [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]] elements such as anguish or rebellion<!-- in light of human finitude and limitations-->.

[......]

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== [[Demographics of atheism]] lead ==

A basic '''demographics of [[atheism]]''' suggests that atheists comprise around 2% of the world's population and the [[Irreligion|irreligious (non-religious)]] a further 16%.<ref name="worldfactbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#xx |title=The World Fact Book: Religions |publisher=World Fact Book |accessdate=8 June 2013}}</ref><ref>http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/</ref> With the exception of [[East Asia|Eastern Asia]] –&nbsp;particularly [[China]]&nbsp;– and some [[Europe]]an countries, where they form a majority, atheists and the irrelgious typically form less than 10% of a population.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

According to a 2012 study by [[WIN/GIA|WIN-Gallup International]], [[religiosity]] is in decline worldwide amidst growing numbers of people identifying themselves as atheists or non-religious.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rieke Havertz |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2012/0815/Atheism-on-the-rise-around-the-globe |title=Atheism on the rise around the globe |publisher=CSMonitor.com |date=2012-08-15 |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> A report by the Center for the Study of Global Christianity, however, concludes that it is atheism that is in global decline, primarily due to increasing religiosity in China and [[Colour revolution|post-communist Eastern Europe]]. The principal trend identified by the report is a return to religion in areas previously dominated by [[state atheism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Christianity in its Global Context, 1970–2020 |url=http://wwwgordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf |publisher=Center for the Study of Global Christianity |pages=12, 13}}</ref>

[[Social science|Social scientific]] assessments of the extent of atheism and irreligion face a number of problems. As large majorities of the world's populations claim some kind of belief in a [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] or [[Polytheism|polytheistic]] system –&nbsp;figures, for instance, for the [[United States]] (predominantly monotheistic) and [[India]] (predominantly polytheistic) usually exceed 80%&nbsp;– questions meant to assess non-belief, for example, tend to require the negation of prevailing beliefs rather than an expression of [[Negative and positive atheism|positive atheism]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} If "atheism" is then taken to mean no more than the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἄθεος|ἄθεος]]}} (''atheos'', meaning ""without [[theism]]") from which it was derived, a rise in "atheism" will then be recorded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/05/more-millennials-losing-their-religion_n_1571366.html |title=Millennials Losing Faith In God: Survey |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people-press.org/2012/06/04/section-6-religion-and-social-values/ |title=Section 6: Religion and Social Values &#124; Pew Research Center for the People and the Press |publisher=People-press.org |accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Not-All-Nonbelievers-Call-Themselves-Atheists.aspx |title=Not All Nonbelievers Call Themselves Atheists &#124; Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2009-04-02 |accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref>

Atheistic schools of thought are known to have existed in India since the [[Vedic period]] ({{circa}} 1750–500 [[Before Common Era|BCE]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandian |title=India, that is, Sidd |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1996 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA64 |isbn=978-81-7023-561-3 |accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref> Western atheism has its roots in [[pre-Socratic philosophy]], but did not emerge as a distinct world-view until the late [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref>{{harvnb|Baggini|2003|pp=73–74}}: "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment."</ref>

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== [[Atheism]] lead (refs disabled) beside alternative (for talkpage) ==

''(Hello. Would there be any objection to the following rephrased version of the opening paragraph..? It's meant to have more flow (e.g. moving from the general/inclusive to the narrow sense of "atheism") but without change to its contents and no detrimental change to its neutrality:)''

{{Aligned table
 |fullwidth=on |col1style=width:48%;padding-right:3.0em;

 | '''''(Current)'''''
'''Atheism''' is, in a broad sense, the rejection of [[belief]] in the existence of [[Deity|deities]].[1][2] In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.[3][4][5] Most inclusively, atheism is the absence of belief that any deities exist.[4][5][6][7] Atheism is contrasted with [[theism]],[8][9] which, in its most general form, is the belief that [[Existence of God|at least one deity exists]].[9][10]

 | '''''(Alternative)'''''
At its most inclusive, '''atheism''' is the absence of a belief that any [[Deity|deities]] exist, although it is more generally

----
'''Atheism''' is, in a broad sense, the rejection of [[belief]] in the existence of [[Deity|deities]].<ref name="eb2011-atheism"/><ref name="encyc-philosophy"/>

In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.<ref name="RoweRoutledge"/><ref name="encyc-unbelief-def-issues"/><ref name="oxdicphil"/>

Most inclusively, atheism is the absence of belief that any deities exist.<ref name="encyc-unbelief-def-issues"/><ref name="oxdicphil"/><ref name="religioustolerance"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/atheism |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries |title=Atheism |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>

Atheism is contrasted with [[theism]],<ref name="reldef"/><ref name="OED-theism"/>
which, in its most general form, is the belief that [[Existence of God|at least one deity exists]].<ref name="OED-theism">{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |year=1989 |quote=Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |title=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |quote=...belief in the existence of a god or gods... |accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |archivedate=2011-05-14 <!--DASHBot-->|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

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== [[G. E. Moore]] lead ==

'''George Edward "G. E." Moore''' [[Order of Merit|OM]], [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]] ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊər}}; 4 November 1873&nbsp;&ndash; 24 October 1958) was an English philosopher, who, with [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] and their predecessor [[Gottlob Frege]], was one of the founders of [[Analytic philosophy|the analytic tradition]] in philosophy

'''George Edward "G. E." Moore''' [[Order of Merit|OM]], [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]] ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊər}}; 4 November 1873&nbsp;&ndash; 24 October 1958) was an English philosopher and one of the founders of [[Analytic philosophy|the analytic tradition]] in philosophy

With Russell, he led the turn away from [[idealism]] in British philosophy and became well-known for his advocacy of "[[common sense]]" concepts, his contributions to [[ethics]], [[epistemology]] and [[metaphysics]] and "his exceptional personality and moral character".<ref>Aaron Preston, [http://www.iep.utm.edu/moore/ "Moore, George Edward"] at the Internet Encyclopedia (iep.utm.edu), 30 December 2005. Retrieved 13 April 2011.</ref>

At the [[University of Cambridge]], where he later (1925–39) served as Professor of Philosophy, Moore was a member of the [[Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club|Moral Sciences Club]] and, from 1894, the secret "[[Cambridge Apostles]]" debating society. He also, although not a member himself, became highly influential among members of the [[Bloomsbury Group]]

He was elected a Fellow of the [[British Academy]] in 1918, [served] as Editor of the prestigious philosophical journal ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'' between 1921 and 1947 and was awarded the [[Order of Merit]] in 1951

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== Template:If not set ==

<pre>
{{If not set |''var'' |''action''}} = {{#if:''var'' | |''action''}} ..?
</pre>

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== Centralised XfX templating? ==

e.g. derived from {{tl|cfd2}}:
<pre>
===={{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#if:{{{2|{{{header|}}}}}} |{{{2|{{{header}}}}}} |[Category/Template/etc]:{{{1|''(name)''}}} }}====
<div style="background:#e6e6ff;padding:0.15em 0.9em;">
Proposal to ['''rename'''/'''delete'''/etc] [[:Category/Template/etc:{{{1}}}]] {{lc1|{{{1|''(name)''}}}}}<br/>
'''Rationale:''' {{{3|{{{text|''(rationale required)''}}}}}}
</div>

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</pre>
== [[Template:Compact ToC/doc]] § Parameters ==

===Parameters===
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}}

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== ([[Template:Infobox officeholder]]) ==
''(see [[User:Sardanaphalus/Template:Infobox officeholder]])''

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== [[Template:Infobox royalty]] ==
''(convert to Infobox)''

<pre>
{{Infobox
| name = Infobox royalty
| class = vcard

| aboveclass = fn
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| above = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}

| subheader = ''{{{title|}}}''<br/>
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| caption = {{{caption|}}}

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......
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}}
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|}{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}<noinclude>

<pre>
{{Documentation}}
</pre>

</noinclude>

{{clear}}

== "[[Template:Geology to Paleobiology]]" ==

{{Sidebar
| name = Geology to Paleobiology
| title = [[Geologic time scale|Units in geochronology and stratigraphy]]<!--
            --><ref>{{citation |first1=K. M. |last1=Cohen |first2=S. |last2=Finney |first3=P. L. |last3=Gibbard |title=International Chronostratigraphic Chart |year=2013 |publisher=[[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2013-01.pdf |author-separator=,}}.</ref>

| content1 =
 {{Aligned table |fullwidth=on |class=nowrap |style=vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:1.3em;
  <!---column headings:--->
  |row1style=font-weight:bold;
  | [[Chronostratigraphy|Chronostratigraphical]]<br/>[[Stratum|rock segment]]s
  | [[Geochronology|Geochronological]]<br/>time spans<br/>{{smaller|{{nobold|(longest to shortest)}}}}
  <!---rows 2 ff:--->
  | [[Eonothem]]   | [[Eon (geology)|Eon]] {{longitem|{{smaller|Four eons, each<br/>500,000+ million years}}}}
  | [[Erathem]]    | [[Era (geology)|Era]] {{longitem|{{smaller|Fourteen eras, each<br/>100,000+ million years}}}}
  | [[System (stratigraphy)|System]] | [[Period (geology)|Period]]
  | [[Series (stratigraphy)|Series]] | [[Epoch (geology)|Epoch]]<br/>{{smaller|10+ million years each}}
  | [[Stage (stratigraphy)|Stage]]   | [[Age (geology)|Age]]<br/>{{smaller|1+ million years each}}
  | [[Chronozone]] |  ''[[Chronozone|chron]]''<br/>{{smaller|(un[[International Commission on Stratigraphy|official]] subunit)}}
 }}

}}<noinclude>

<pre>

{{clear}}
{{Template reference list}}

[[Category:Geology templates]]

</pre>

</noinclude>

{{clear}}

== [[Template:Wikibooks]] ==
: ''(options to prevent booktitle/topic links from wrapping)''
: ''e.g. at [[Discrete mathematics#Further reading]]''

<pre>

{{Sister
| project = Wikibooks
| position = {{{position|}}}
| text = {{#if:{{{2|}}}
          | The Wikibook <!----{{nowrap|---->''[[wikibooks:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]''<!----}}----> |Wikibooks}} has <!--
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 ----------{{#if:x|}} in the following strips any spaces before/after the slashes:----------
 --> <!----{{nowrap|---->'''''{{#if:{{{3|}}} |[[wikibooks:{{#if:x|{{{1}}}}}/{{#if:x|{{{2}}}}}|{{{3}}}]]
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}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>

</pre>

{{clear}}

== Template:Startnowrap / Endnowrap ==

<pre style="overflow:auto;">

{{Documentation subpage}}
<!----Categories where indicated at the bottom of this page, please; interwikis to Wikidata---->
{{tl|startnowrap}}...{{tl|endnowrap}} is an alternative to {{tlx|nowrap|...}}, particularly when the content ("...") not to be [[Wikipedia:Line-break handling|wrapped]] nonetheless includes one or more line-breaks. Place {{tl|startnowrap}} immediately [......]

<includeonly>
{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | |
<!----Categories below this line, please; interwikis to Wikidata---->
[[Category:Wikipedia formatting and function templates|Nowrap<!--(so that this template is categorized beside Template:Nowrap)-->]]
}}
</includeonly>

</pre>

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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