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{{short description|Dreadnought battleship of the Spanish Navy}}
{{for|the battleship renamed España in 1931|Spanish battleship Alfonso XIII}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=December 2022}}
{{Good article}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=File:Spanish battleship Espana illustration by Parkes.jpg
|image alt=A large gray warship bristling with guns creates a large bow wave as it plows through choppy seas.
|Ship caption=Illustration of ''España'' in 1912
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Spain
|Ship flag=[[File:Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg|60px|Spanish Navy Ensign]]
|Ship name=''España''
|Ship namesake=[[Spain]]
|Ship builder=[[Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval|SECN]], [[Ferrol, Spain|El Ferrol]]
|Ship laid down=6 December 1909
|Ship launched=5 February 1912
|Ship commissioned=23 October 1913
|Ship fate=Ran aground off [[Cape Tres Forcas]] 26 August 1923, partially scrapped [[in situ]]
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|España|battleship}}
|Ship displacement=
* [[normal displacement|Normal]]: {{convert|15700|t|LT|abbr=on|lk=on}}
* [[Full load]]: {{convert|16450|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|140|m|abbr=on|ftin}} [[o/a]]
|Ship beam={{convert|24|m|abbr=on|ftin}}
|Ship draft={{convert|7.8|m|abbr=on|ftin}}
|Ship propulsion=
* 4 × [[steam turbine]]s
* 4 × [[screw propeller]]s
|Ship power=
* 12 × [[Yarrow boiler]]s
* {{cvt|15500|shp|lk=on}}
|Ship speed={{convert|19.5|kn|km/h|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{cvt|5000|nmi|km|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h}}
|Ship complement=854
|Ship armament=
*8 × {{convert|305|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} guns
* 20 × {{convert|102|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} guns
* 4 × {{cvt|47|mm}} [[Ordnance QF 3-pounder Vickers|3-pounder]] guns
* 2 × machine guns
|Ship armor=
*[[Belt armor]]: {{convert|203|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
* [[deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|38|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Gun turret|Turrets]]: 203&nbsp;mm
* [[Conning tower]]: {{convert|254|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
}}
|}

'''''España''''' was a Spanish [[dreadnought]] [[battleship]], the [[lead ship]] of the {{sclass|España|battleship|4}}, the two other ships being {{ship|Spanish battleship|Alfonso XIII||2}} and {{ship|Spanish battleship|Jaime I||2}}. The ship was built in the early 1910s in the context of a cooperative defensive agreement with Britain and France, as part of a naval construction program to restore the fleet after the losses of the [[Spanish–American War]]. She was the only member of the class to be completed before the start of [[World War I]], which significantly delayed completion of the other vessels. The ships were armed with a [[main battery]] of eight {{cvt|305|mm|0}} guns and were intended to support the [[French Navy]] in the event of a major European war.

Because [[Spain during World War I|Spain remained neutral]] at the start of the war, ''España'' and her sisters were the only European dreadnoughts to avoid wartime service. She represented Spain at the opening of the [[Panama Canal]] in early 1915. In the late 1910s, she served in the 1st Squadron, but by 1920, the Spanish fleet had been reorganized and ''España'' and her sisters were assigned to the Training Squadron. The ship embarked on a major cruise to South America in 1920, during which she accidentally [[ship grounding|ran aground]]. The accident caused significant damage that required extensive repairs before she could return to Spain. ''España'' and the rest of the Spanish fleet supported forces fighting in the [[Rif War]] starting in 1921, and while bombarding rebel positions near [[Cape Tres Forcas]], Morocco, in August 1923, the ship ran aground again. She could not be easily freed, though by November 1924, work on lightening the ship was nearly completed when severe storms destroyed the wreck. Some of her guns that were removed during salvage operations were used as coastal artillery as late as 1999.

==Design==
{{main|España-class battleship}}
[[File:Espana class line-drawing, Brassey 1911.png|thumb|left|Line-drawing of the ''España'' class|alt=The ship carries four twin-gun turrets, one centered forward, one behind and to the right side of the ship, another further behind and to the left, and the last centered aft. Numerous smaller guns are distributed along the sides of the vessel.]]

Following the destruction of much of the Spanish fleet in the [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898, the [[Spanish Navy]] made a series of failed attempts to begin the process of rebuilding. After the [[First Moroccan Crisis]] strengthened Spain's ties to Britain and France and public support for rearmament increased in its aftermath, the Spanish government came to an agreement with those countries for a plan of mutual defense. In exchange for British and French support for Spain's defense, the Spanish fleet would support the [[French Navy]] in the event of war with the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]]. A strengthened Spanish fleet was thus in the interests of Britain and France, which accordingly provided technical assistance in the development of modern warships, the contracts for which were awarded to the firm Spanish ''[[Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval]]'' (SECN), which was formed by the British shipbuilders [[Vickers]], [[Armstrong Whitworth]], and [[John Brown & Company]]. The vessels were authorized some six months after the British had completed the [[dreadnought|"all-big-gun"]] {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}, and after discarding plans to build [[pre-dreadnought]]-type battleships, the naval command quickly decided to build their own dreadnoughts, the first of which was ''España''.{{sfn|Rodríguez González|pp=268–273}}

''España'' was {{convert|132.6|m|abbr=on}} [[length at the waterline|long at the waterline]] and {{convert|140|m|abbr=on|ftin}} [[length overall|long overall]]. She had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|24|m|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|7.8|m|abbr=on|ftin}}; her [[freeboard (nautical)|freeboard]] was {{convert|15|ft|abbr=on|ftin}} [[amidships]]. The ship [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|15700|t|LT|abbr=on|lk=on}} as designed and up to {{convert|16450|t|LT|abbr=on}} at [[full load]]. Her propulsion system consisted of four-shaft [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] [[steam turbine]]s driving four [[screw propeller]]s, with steam provided by twelve [[Yarrow boiler]]s. The engines were rated at {{convert|15500|shp|lk=on}} and produced a top speed of {{convert|19.5|kn|lk=in}}. ''España'' had a cruising radius of {{convert|5000|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. Her crew consisted of 854&nbsp;officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Sturton|p=378}}

''España'' was armed with a [[main battery]] of eight {{convert|305|mm|abbr=on|0}} 50-[[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] guns, mounted in four twin [[gun turret]]s. One turret was placed forward, two were positioned [[En echelon (turret arrangement)|en echelon]] amidships, and the fourth was aft of the [[superstructure]].{{sfn|Sturton|p=378}} This mounting scheme was chosen in preference to [[superfiring]] turrets, such as were installed in the American {{sclass|South Carolina|battleship|1}}s, to save weight and cost.{{sfn|Fitzsimons|p=856}} For defense against [[torpedo boat]]s, she carried a [[secondary armament|secondary battery]] that consisted of twenty {{convert|102|mm|abbr=on|0}} guns mounted individually in [[casemate]]s along the length of the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]]. They were too close to the [[waterline]], however, which made them unusable in heavy seas. She was also armed with four [[Ordnance QF 3-pounder Vickers|3-pounder]] guns and two machine guns. Her [[belt armor|armored belt]] was {{convert|203|mm|abbr=on|0}} thick amidships; the main battery turrets were protected with the same amount of armor plate. The [[conning tower]] had {{convert|254|mm|abbr=on|0}} thick sides. Her armored [[deck (ship)|deck]]  was {{convert|38|mm|abbr=on}} thick.{{sfn|Sturton|p=378}}

==Service history==
{{multiple image
| align     = left
| direction = vertical
| width     = 300
| image1    = Acorazado España (en 1913).svg
| alt1      = Below the waterline, the vessel is painted red, with a narrow white stripe at the waterline and black above the stripe. The turrets and superstructure are white, with yellow masts and funnel.
| image2    = Acorazado España (en 1923).svg
| alt2      = The red hull paint has been retained, but the white stripe has been replaced with a wider dark gray band. The rest of the hull, turrets, superstructure, masts, and funnel have all been painted light gray.
| footer    = Top: Profile of ''España'' as she appeared in 1913<br>Bottom: ''España'' as she appeared in 1923}}

The Navy Law of 7 January 1908 authorized construction of ''España''.{{sfn|Fitzsimons|p=856}} She was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the SECN shipyard in [[Ferrol, Spain|Ferrol]] on 6 December 1909. She was [[ship launching|launched]] on 5 February 1912 and delivered on 8 September 1913, though some work continued until 23 October, when she was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]]. That month, the French President [[Raymond Poincaré]] visited Spain, and during his stay he came aboard ''España''. While aboard, he met the ship's gunnery officer, [[Jaime Janer Róbinson]], upon whom Poincaré later conferred the ''[[Légion d'honneur]]'' in 1914 for his work developing Spanish gunnery training. Róbinson was the Spanish Navy's leading expert on modern gunnery systems, and his appointment to ''España'' allowed him to install the first modern [[fire-control system]] in the Spanish fleet. After conducting her [[shakedown cruise]] and initial training, the ship participated in gunnery trials in June 1914, after which the vessel was ready for service. The [[July Crisis]] that arose in the aftermath of the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] led to the start of [[World War I]] at the end of the month, though [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] initially declared neutrality, allowing Spain to do the same. The Italians later joined the Allies the following year, and as a result, ''España'' and her sisters were the only European dreadnoughts to avoid the war.{{sfn|Rodríguez González|pp=277, 279}}{{sfn|Sturton|p=376}}

After she entered service, she joined the 1st Squadron of the Spanish fleet, where she was eventually joined by her two [[sister ship]]s as they were completed.{{sfn|Garzke & Dulin|p=438}} In February 1915, ''España'' crossed the Atlantic to represent Spain at the opening ceremonies for the [[Panama Canal]]. Since the major European navies were occupied with World War I, only Spain and Portugal sent ships to the ceremonies, along with South American fleets.{{sfn|Jenks|p=72}} After her sister {{ship|Spanish battleship|Alfonso XIII||2}} entered service in mid-1915, the two battleships sailed to [[Santander, Spain|Santander]], where King [[Alfonso XIII]] was aboard his [[yacht]] ''Giralda''. The two battleships then took part in training exercises off [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].{{sfn|Rodríguez González|p=282}}

In 1920, ''España'' was sent on a major cruise to South American waters, departing on 14 June and steaming first to the major ports in the mouth of the [[Río de la Plata]]. She carried the Spanish representative to the [[quatercentenary]] of the discovery of the [[Straits of Magellan]] in [[Chile]], in the process becoming the Spanish Navy's first ship to pass through the Panama Canal. On 29 January 1921 she ran aground in Chilean waters off [[Puerto Montt]] on her return to Spain, though she was refloated with some difficulty.{{sfn|Fernández, Mitiukov, & Crawford|p=105}}{{sfn|Rodríguez González|p=283}} Her hull was dented badly for a length of {{convert|150|ft|abbr=on}}, and the rocks tore a large hole that was approximately {{convert|8|by|8|ft|abbr=on}} between frames 22 and 36, and several smaller holes between frames 48 to 56 on the port side and 58 to 76 on the starboard side.{{sfn|Spanish Battleship "Espana"|p=625}} Divers effected temporary repairs with concrete in Chile, followed by permanent repairs that were made in [[Balboa, Panama]] before she made her return voyage across the Atlantic.{{sfn|Repairs to the Spanish Battleship "Espana"|p=569}}

===Rif War and loss===
[[File:MNF 020.JPG|thumb|Sections of armor plate removed from ''España'' during the effort to lighten her|alt=Three rectangular sections of thick steel lie on display in a museum]]
Throughout the early 1920s, she provided fire support to the [[Spanish Army]] in its campaigns in Morocco during the [[Rif War]] that had broken out in mid-1921.{{sfn|Rodríguez González|p=284}} On 17 September, she and ''Alfonso XIII'' bombarded Rif positions south of Melilla while [[Spanish Foreign Legion]] troops assaulted the positions.{{sfn|Alvarez|p=51}} While conducting a bombardment off [[Cape Tres Forcas]] near [[Melilla]] on 26 August 1923, ''España'' ran hard aground owing to heavy fog. ''Alfonso XIII'' came alongside to take off her crew before salvage operations began. The Spanish Navy hired two salvage companies to re-float the battleship, but both declined after they surveyed the wreck.{{sfn|Rodríguez González|p=284}}{{sfn|Fernández, Mitiukov, & Crawford|p=106}}

Unable to raise her under normal conditions, the Navy decided to remove as much weight as possible from ''España'' in an attempt to lighten her to permit re-floating. Her guns were removed and dropped overboard to be picked up later by the salvage vessel ''Kanguro''. Much of the battleship's armor, machinery, and ammunition stores were also removed to lighten her. Her hull was then sealed and partially drained in preparation for raising, but while waiting for the necessary equipment from Italy, several violent storms hit the ship and caused further damage by 19 November, some three weeks before she was scheduled to be re-floated. The battered hull could now no longer be raised, and in November 1924, she broke in half and was abandoned by the Spanish Navy.{{sfn|Rodríguez González|p=284}}{{sfn|Fernández, Mitiukov, & Crawford|p=106}}

The 305&nbsp;mm and 102&nbsp;mm guns recovered from ''España'' were later installed in [[coastal artillery]] [[artillery battery|batteries]]. Three of the 305&nbsp;mm guns, designated the La Marquina Battery, were placed at [[Cadiz]] in single mounts in 1953; each gun was placed in a new turret mount with an enclosed [[gun shield]] atop a concrete emplacement that included a [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]], fire direction, generator, and other support rooms. Some of the batteries remained in service until 1999 before they were retired from service. By 2009, two of the La Marquina guns had been removed, but the third was retained as a display.{{sfn|Fernández, Mitiukov, & Crawford|p=106}}{{sfn|McGovern|pp=179–180}} After the overthrow of [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso XIII]], his namesake ship ''Alfonso XIII'' was renamed ''España'' in April 1931.{{sfn|Fitzsimons|p=857}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book
  |last=Alvarez
  |first=Jose
  |title=The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920–1927
  |location=Westport
  |publisher=Greenwood Press
  |year=2001
  |isbn=978-0-313-07341-0
  |ref={{sfnRef|Alvarez}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  | last1 = Fernández
  | first1 = Rafael
  | first2 = Nicholas
  | last2 = Mitiukov
  | first3 = Kent
  | last3 = Crawford
  | date = March 2007
  | title = The Spanish Dreadnoughts of the ''España'' class
  | journal = Warship International
  | volume = 44
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 63–117
  | location = Toledo
  | publisher = International Naval Research Organization
  | issn = 0043-0374
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Fernández, Mitiukov, & Crawford}}
  }}
* {{cite encyclopedia
  | last = Fitzsimons
  | first = Bernard
  | title = España
  | encyclopedia = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare
  | volume = 8
  | year = 1978
  | location = Milwaukee 
  | publisher = Columbia House
  | isbn = 978-0-8393-6175-6
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Fitzsimons}}
  | pages = 856–857
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Garzke
  | first1 = William
  | last2 = Dulin
  | first2 = Robert
  | title = Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II
  | year = 1985
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-101-0
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Garzke & Dulin}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |editor-last=Jenks
  |editor-first=J. E.
  |title=Naval Panama Canal Program
  |journal=Army and Navy Register
  |location=Washington, DC
  |date=16 January 1916
  |volume=LVII
  |oclc= 8450775
  |ref={{sfnRef|Jenks}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=McGovern
  |first=Terrance
  |chapter=The Spanish Coast Artillery of the Strait of Gibraltar
  |editor-last=Jordan
  |editor-first=John
  |publisher=Conway
  |location=London
  |year=2009
  |title=Warship 2009
  |isbn=978-1-84486-089-0
  |pages=177–182
  |ref={{sfnRef|McGovern}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  | date = 27 April 1921
  | title = Repairs to the Spanish Battleship "Espana"
  | journal = The Panama Canal Record: August 20, 1920 to August 10, 1921
  | volume = XIV
  | number = 37
  | publisher = The Panama Canal Press
  | location = Balboa Heights
  | oclc = 564636647
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Repairs to the Spanish Battleship "Espana"}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Rodríguez González
  |first=Agustín Ramón
  |year=2018
  |chapter=The Battleship ''Alfonso XIII'' (1913)
  |pages=268–289
  |editor-first=Bruce
  |editor-last=Taylor
  |title=The World of the Battleship: The Lives and Careers of Twenty-One Capital Ships of the World's Navies, 1880–1990
  |location=Barnsley
  |publisher=Seaforth Publishing
  |isbn=978-0-87021-906-1
  |ref={{sfnRef|Rodríguez González}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  | date = 25 May 1921
  | title = Spanish Battleship "Espana"
  | journal = The Panama Canal Record: August 20, 1920 to August 10, 1921
  | volume = XIV
  | number = 41
  | publisher = The Panama Canal Press
  | location = Balboa Heights
  | pages = 625–626
  | oclc = 564636647
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Spanish Battleship "Espana"}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Sturton
  | first = Ian
  | chapter = Spain
  | pages = 375–382
  | editor-last1 = Gardiner
  | editor-first1 = Robert
  | editor-last2 = Gray
  | editor-first2 = Randal
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
  | year = 1985
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-85177-245-5
  | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V2r_TBjR2TYC&pg=PA378
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Sturton}}
  }}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|España (ship, 1913)|Spanish battleship España}}

* {{cite book
  |last=Gibbons
  |first=Tony
  |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of All the World's Capital Ships From 1860 to the Present Day
  |location=London
  |publisher=Salamander Books
  |year=1983
  |isbn=978-0-86101-142-1
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Lyon
  | first1 = Hugh
  | last2 = Moore
  | first2 = John Evelyn
  | title = Encyclopedia of the World's Warships: A Technical Directory of Major Fighting Ships from 1900 to the Present Day
  | location = London
  | publisher = Salamander Books
  | year = 1978
  | isbn = 978-0-86101-007-3
  }}

{{España class battleship}}
{{1921 shipwrecks}}
{{1923 shipwrecks}}
{{coord missing|Mediterranean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Espana}}
[[Category:1912 ships]]
[[Category:España-class battleships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Spain]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1921]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in Chile]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in August 1923]]

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