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{{short description|Type C cruiser submarine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=File:IJN submarine I-16 in 1940.JPG
|Ship image size=300px
|Ship caption=''I-16'' in 1940.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Empire of Japan]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Japan|naval}}
|Ship name=''Submarine No. 44''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Mitsubishi]] Kobe Yard, [[Kobe]], [[Japan]]
|Ship yard number=44
|Ship laid down=15 September 1937
|Ship renamed=''I-16'' on 1 June 1938
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=yes
|Ship launched=8 July 1938
|Ship commissioned=30 March 1940
|Ship homeport=
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship fate=Sunk 19 May 1944
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=yes
|Ship struck=10 October 1944
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[Type C submarine#Type-C (I-16 class)|Type C1 submarine]]
|Ship displacement=*{{Convert|2554|LT|t|0|disp=flip}} surfaced
*{{Convert|3561|LT|t|0|disp=flip}} submerged
|Ship length={{convert|109.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} overall
|Ship beam= {{convert|9.1|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|5.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=*{{convert|12400|bhp|lk=in|abbr=on}} (diesel)
*{{convert|2000|hp|abbr=on}} ([[electric motor]])
|Ship propulsion=*[[Diesel-electric]]
*2 × [[diesel engine]]s
*2 × electric motors
|Ship speed=*{{convert|23.5|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
*{{convert|8|kn}} submerged
|Ship range=*{{convert|14000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|16|kn}} surfaced
*{{convert|60|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|3|kn}} submerged
|Ship crew=107
|Ship test depth={{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship armament=*8 × bow {{convert|533|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tubes]]
*1 × [[14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun|{{convert|14|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}]] [[deck gun]]
*2 × single or twin [[Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun|{{convert|25|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} Type 96]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship notes=Fitted to carry 1 × [[Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine|Type A midget submarine]]
}}
|}

'''''I-16''''' was one of five [[Type C submarine|Type C]] [[cruiser submarine]]s of the C1 [[ship class|sub-class]] built for the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], Commissioned in 1940, she deployed a [[midget submarine]] for the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and for an attack on ships at [[Diego-Suarez]] in [[Madagascar]], conducted an anti-shipping patrol in the [[Indian Ocean]], and took part in the [[Guadalcanal campaign]], [[New Guinea campaign]], and [[Bougainville campaign]] before she was sunk in May 1944.

== Design and description ==

The Type C submarines were derived from the earlier KD6 sub-class of the {{sclass|Kaidai|submarine|4}} with a heavier torpedo armament for long-range attacks. They [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{Convert|2554|LT|t|0|disp=flip}} surfaced and {{Convert|3561|LT|t|0|disp=flip}} submerged. The submarines were {{convert|109.3|m|ftin|sp=us}} long, had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|9.1|m|ftin|sp=us}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|5.3|m|ftin|sp=us}}. They had a diving depth of {{convert|100|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=b4>Bagnasco, p. 192</ref>

For surface running, the boats were powered by two {{convert|6200|bhp|lk=in|0|adj=on}} [[diesel engine]]s, each driving one [[propeller shaft]]. When submerged each propeller was driven by a {{convert|1000|hp|0|adj=on}} [[electric motor]]. They could reach {{convert|23.6|kn|lk=in}} on the surface and {{convert|8|kn}} underwater.<ref name=c5>Chesneau, p. 201</ref> On the surface, the ''C1''s had a range of {{convert|14000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|16|kn}}; submerged, they had a range of {{convert|60|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|3|kn}}.<ref name=cd3/>

The boats were armed with eight internal bow {{convert|53.3|cm|in|1|abbr=on|sp=us}} [[torpedo tube]]s and carried a total of 20 [[torpedo]]es. They were also armed with a single [[14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun|{{convert|140|mm|in|abbr=on}}/40]] [[deck gun]] and two single or twin mounts for [[Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun|{{convert|25|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} Type 96]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s. They were equipped to carry one [[Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine|Type A midget submarine]] aft of the [[conning tower]].<ref name=cd3>Carpenter & Dorr, p. 104</ref>

==Construction and commissioning==
''I-16'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 15 September 1937 at the [[Mitsubishi]]'s Kobe Yard in [[Kobe]], [[Japan]], as '''''Submarine No. 44''''',<ref name=combinedfleetI16>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-16.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-16: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> the first of eight submarines of the C1 subclass. Renamed '''''I-16''''' on 1 June 1938,<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> she was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 8 July 1938 and towed to [[Kure Naval Arsenal]] at [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]] for completion.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She was completed and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 30 March 1940.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/><ref name=ESM>{{cite web |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?57876 |title=IJN I-16 (+1944) |publisher=wrecksite.eu |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

== Service history ==
===Pre-World War II===
Upon completion, ''I-16'' was attached to the [[Yokosuka Naval District]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> In the autumn of 1941, she underwent conversion into a [[mother ship]] for a [[Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine|Type A]] [[midget submarine]];<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> The submarines {{Jsub|I-18||2}}, {{Jsub|I-20||2}}, {{Jsub|I-22||2}}, and {{Jsub|I-24|1939|2}} also underwent the conversion.<ref name=combinedfleetI22>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-22.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-22: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2015 |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> By 15 November 1941, ''I-16'' was assigned to Submarine Division 1 in Submarine Squadron 1 in the [[6th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|6th Fleet]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

At the Kure Navy Club in [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]], Japan, on 17 November 1941, the commander of Submarine Division 3 briefed the [[commanding officer]]s of the five converted submarines on the upcoming [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and on the role of their submarines in it.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> He had been designated the commander of the Special Attack Unit, made up of all five submarines, each of which was to launch a Type A midget submarine off [[Pearl Harbor]] so that the midget submarines could participate in the attack.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/><ref name=combinedfleetI22/> ''I-22'' was to serve as flagship of the Special Attack unit.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

On 18 November 1941, the five submarines moved from Kure to the [[Kamegakubi Naval Proving Ground]], where each embarked a Type A midget submarine.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> At 02:15 on 19 November 1941, the five submarines got underway from [[Kamegakubi]] bound for the [[Hawaiian Islands]],<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> taking a direct route that took them south of [[Midway Atoll]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> While at sea, they received the message "Climb [[Yu Shan|Mount Niitaka]] 1208" ({{langx|ja|Niitakayama nobore 1208}}) from the [[Combined Fleet]] on 2 December 1941, indicating that war with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] would commence on 8 December 1941 [[Japan Standard Time|Japan time]], which was on 7 December 1941 on the other side of the [[International Date Line]] in [[Hawaii]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

===Pearl Harbor===
At 00:42 on 7 December 1941, ''I-16'' became the first of the five submarines to launch her midget submarine, ''No. 16'', {{convert|7|nmi}} south-southwest of the entrance to Pearl Harbor.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She and the other four "mother" submarines then proceeded to the planned recovery area for their midget submarines west of [[Lanai]], where they spent the night of 7–8 December 1941.<ref name=combinedfleetI24>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-24.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-24: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> At 22:41 on 7 December, she received a message from ''No. 16'' describing the air attack on Pearl Harbor as successful, and at 00:51 on 8 December she received another message that read "Unable to navigate."<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She never heard from ''No. 16'' again. Early on 9 December 1941, ''I-18'', ''I-20'', and ''I-24'' received orders to leave the recovery area,<ref name=combinedfleetI24/> but ''I-16'' and ''I-22'' stayed until 11 December 1941.<ref name=combinedfleetI22/> None of the five midget submarines returned.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''I-16'' departed Hawaiian waters on 12 December and proceeded to [[Kwajalein]], which she reached on 20 December 1941.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

===December 1941–April 1942===

Ordered home to Japan to take part in the testing of access tubes that would allow the members of a midget submarine crew to board their craft while the "mother" submarine remained submerged, ''I-16'' got underway from Kwajalein on 25 December 1941.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She arrived at [[Yokosuka]] on 3 January 1942 and later moved to Kure to take part in the tests.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

During ''I-16''′s stay in Japan, the [[Kriegsmarine|German naval staff]] in [[Berlin]] formally requested on 27 March 1942 that Japan begin attacks on [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[convoy]]s in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name=combinedfleetI20/> On 8 April 1942, the Japanese formally agreed to meet this request by dispatching submarines to operate off the coast of [[East Africa]],<ref name=combinedfleetI20>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-20.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-20: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> and that day they withdrew Submarine Division 1 of Submarine Squadron 8 from its base at Kwajalein to Japan.<ref name=combinedfleetI18>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-18.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-18: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> By 16 April 1942 they had created the "A" detachment within Submarine Squadron 8, consisting of ''I-16'' and the submarines {{Jsub|I-10||2}}, ''I-18'', ''I-20'', and {{Jsub|I-30||2}}, as well as midget submarines and the [[auxiliary cruiser]]s {{ship||Aikoku Maru|1940|2}} and {{ship||Hōkoku Maru||2}}, which were to operate as supply ships for the submarines.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> That morning, the commander of the 6th Fleet, [[Vice Admiral]] [[Teruhisa Komatsu]], the commander of Submarine Squadron 8, their staffs, and the midget submarine crews paid a courtesy call on the commander-in-chief of the [[Combined Fleet]], [[Admiral]] [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], aboard his flagship, the [[battleship]] {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato||2}}, at [[Hashira Island|Hashirajima anchorage]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> After the visit with Yamamoto, the detachment got underway at 11:00, bound for [[Penang Island|Penang]] in Japanese-occupied [[British Malaya]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

During the detachment′s voyage, 16 [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] [[bomber]]s launched by the aircraft carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8}} struck targets on [[Honshu]] in the [[Doolittle Raid]] on 18 April 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> The detachment received orders from the 6th Fleet that day to divert from its voyage and head northeast, passing north of the [[Bonin Islands]], to intercept the U.S. Navy [[task force]] that had launched the strike.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> The detachment failed to find the U.S. ships and soon resumed its voyage.

''I-30'' and ''Aikoku Maru'' called at Penang from 20 April to 22 April 1942 before heading into the Indian Ocean to conduct an advance reconnaissance of the "A" Detachment′s planned operating area.<ref name=combinedfleetI30>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-30.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-30: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2012|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> The rest of the "A" Detachment reached Penang on 27 April 1942, where the [[seaplane carrier]] {{ship|Japanese seaplane carrier|Nisshin||2}} — which had undergone modifications allowing her to carry Type A midget submarines — rendezvoused with it.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''I-16'', ''I-18'', and ''I-20'' each embarked a midget submarine at Penang.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

===Indian Ocean operation===

''I-16'' and the other "A" detachment units got underway from Penang on 30 April 1942, headed westward into the Indian Ocean with ''I-10'' serving as the detachment′s flagship.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> The submarines [[Underway replenishment|refueled at sea]] from ''Aikoku Maru'' and ''Hōkoku Maru'' on 5, 10, and 15 May 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''I-16'' suffered a mishap southeast of [[Madagascar]] on 17 May 1942 when seawater flooded her [[Port and starboard|port]] [[diesel engine]] in heavy seas, but her crew made repairs.<ref name=combinedfleetI20/>

''I-10''′s [[Yokosuka E14Y]]1 (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane began reconnaissance flights over ports in [[South Africa]] by reconnoitering [[Durban]] on 20 May 1942,<ref name=combinedfleetI16/><ref name=combinedfleetI20/> followed by flights over [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]], [[Port Elizabeth]], and [[Simon's Town]] over the next week,<ref name=combinedfleetI20/> and by 24 May the "A" detachment submarines were encountering heavy Allied shipping traffic as they approached East Africa.<ref name=combinedfleetI20/> On the night of 29 May, ''I-10''′s floatplane flew over [[Diego-Suarez]], Madagascar, sighting the British battleship {{HMS|Ramillies|07|6}} among the ships [[anchor]]ed there.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> The "A" detachment commander selected Diego-Suarez as the target for a midget submarine attack, scheduled for 30 May 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

On 30 May 1942, ''I-18'' could not launch her midget submarine because it suffered engine failure, but ''I-16'' and ''I-20'' launched their midgets {{convert|10|nmi}} off Diego-Suarez,<ref name=combinedfleetI16/><ref name=combinedfleetI20/> ''I-16'' launching hers at 17:40.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''I-16''′s midget was never heard from again,<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> but ''I-20''′s midget torpedoed ''Ramillies'' and the [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] ''British Loyalty'', damaging the former and sinking the latter, before it, too, was lost.<ref name=combinedfleetI20/> The body of a Japanese sailor found on 2 June 1942 washed up on a beach near Diego Suarez probably was that of one of the two men aboard ''I-16''′s midget.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

After the midget submarine attack, the "A" detachment began anti-shipping operations.<ref name=combinedfleetI20/> ''I-16'' torpedoed and used gunfire to sink the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]] 3,889-ton merchant ship ''Susak'' at {{coord|15|42|S|040|58|E|name=''Susak''}} on 6 June 1942<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> and sank the [[Greece|Greek]] 4,847-ton merchant ship {{SS|Agios Georgios IV||2}} by gunfire at {{coord|16|12|S|041|00|E|name=''Agios Georgios IV''}} on 8 June 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI20/> She also torpedoed and sank the Yugoslavian 3,748-ton merchant ship ''Supetar'' at {{coord|21|49|S|035|50|E|name=''Supetar''}} on 12 June 1942 and the [[Sweden|Swedish]] 5,243-ton merchant ship ''Eknaren'' at {{coord|17|00|S|040|00|E|name=''Eknaren''}} on 1 July 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> On 26 July 1942, she conducted a reconnaissance of [[Diego Garcia]], and she returned to Penang on 10 August 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She soon got underway for Japan and arrived at Yokosuka on 26 August 1942 to undergo an overhaul.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

===Guadalcanal campaign===
Meanwhile, the [[Guadalcanal campaign]] had begun on 7 August 1942 with U.S. amphibious landings on [[Guadalcanal]], [[Tulagi]], [[Florida Island]], [[Gavutu]], and [[Tanambogo]] in the southeastern [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands]]. With her overhaul complete, ''I-16'' got underway from Yokosuka on 17 October 1942 to take part in the fighting in the Solomons.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> On 2 November 1942, she arrived at an anchorage off [[Shortland Island]] in the [[Shortland Islands]], where ''I-16'', ''I-20'', and ''I-24'' formed an attack group and each received orders to load a midget submarine delivered by the [[seaplane tender]] {{ship|Japanese seaplane tender|Chiyoda||2}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/><ref name=combinedfleetI20/>

''I-16'' embarked the midget submarine ''No. 30'' at 13:00 on 4 November 1942,<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> and that day she and ''I-24'' got underway for the [[Indispensable Strait]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She reached her launch area off Guadalcanal at 06:00 on 7 November 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> At 02:00 on 11 November, ''No. 30''′s two-man crew manned their craft, and at 03:49 ''I-16'' submerged when she sighted a [[United States Navy]] [[PT boat]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She launched ''No. 30'' {{convert|10.8|nmi}} off [[Cape Esperance]] on Guadalcanal′s northwestern coast at 04:21.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''No. 30''′s steering system suffered damage during her launch, and ''No. 30'' lost steering at 04:24.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''No. 30'' aborted her mission, surfaced, and headed toward Japanese-held [[Kamimbo Bay]] on the northwestern coast of Guadalcanal,<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> but her crew sighted an Allied aircraft and [[Scuttling|scuttled]] her.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> They swam to shore, arriving safely at the Japanese midget submarine base at [[Maravovo]], Guadalcanal, at 19:00.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

''I-16'', meanwhile, was returning to the Shortland anchorage. While en route, she received orders on 13 November 1942 to locate the crippled Japanese battleship {{ship|Japanese battleship|Hiei||2}}, which had been crippled off northwestern Guadalcanal in the [[First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]] early that morning, and sink her if she was still afloat.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''I-16'' reached the area of the battle but failed to find ''Hiei'', which sank early that evening.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

At the Shortland anchorage, ''I-16'' embarked the midget submarine ''No. 10'' and again departed for Guadalcanal, planning to target Allied ships off [[Lungga Point]] on Guadalcanal′s northern coast.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> At 02:55 on 28 November 1942, she launched ''No. 10'' north of Guadalcanal {{convert|21|nmi}} from [[Savo Island]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''No. 10'' penetrated the screen of [[destroyer]]s protecting the anchorage and at 08:16 torpedoed and damaged the cargo ship {{USS|Alchiba|AK-23}} {{convert|3,000|yd|m|sigfig=2}} northeast of Lungga Point, so badly damaging ''Alchiba'' that she beached herself to avoid sinking and burned for four days.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''No. 10'' and her two-man crew were never heard from again.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

''I-16'' embarked the midget submarine ''No. 22'' at the Shortland anchorage and returned to the waters off Guadalcanal.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> At 04:48 on 3 December 1942, she launched ''No. 22'' {{convert|10|nmi}} off Savo Island.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> At dawn, ''No. 22'' sighted the [[hospital ship]] {{USS|Solace|AH-5}} off Lungga Point, then fired both of her torpedoes at a destroyer heading for the same area.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> Both torpedoes missed.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''No. 22''′s crew scuttled her and swam safely to Guadalcanal at Cape Esperance.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

''I-16'' next received orders to take part in an effort to resupply by submarine the Japanese forces fighting on Guadalcanal.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She departed [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]] on 6 January 1943 on her first supply run, carrying supplies in drums. Arriving at Cape Esperance on 13 January 1943, she found no [[Daihatsu-class landing craft|''Daihatsu''-class]] [[landing craft]] waiting to unload her because of Allied aircraft patrolling over the area, so her crew threw the supply drums overboard for the ''Daihatsus'' to retrieve from the water later and she got back underway, heading for [[Rabaul]] on [[New Britain]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She returned to Cape Esperance on 25 January 1943 and unloaded 18 tons of supplies in containers.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

On 31 January 1943, a Japanese task force of [[aircraft carrier]]s, battleships, [[cruiser]]s, and destroyers sortied from Truk to cover [[Operation Ke]], the Japanese evacuation of their forces from Guadalcanal,<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> and ''I-16'' and the submarines {{Jsub|I-11||2}}, {{Jsub|I-25||2}}, and {{Jsub|I-32||2}} patrolled southeast of Guadalcanal in support of the operation.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> The Japanese completed Operation Ke on 9 February 1943 after evacuating 11,700 personnel from Guadalcanal.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

On 7 May 1943, the U.S. Navy [[submarine rescue vessel]] {{USS|Ortolan|ASR-5}} [[Marine salvage|salvaged]] a Japanese midget submarine off the north coast of Guadalcanal, towed her to [[Kukum Bay]] on the coast of Guadalcanal that month, and then transported her to [[Nouméa]], [[New Caledonia]], in June 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She eventually was placed on display at the [[Submarine Force Library and Museum]] in [[Groton, Connecticut|Groton]], [[Connecticut]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She has been identified as both ''No. 10'' and ''No. 30'', and as ''No. 8'', which ''I-20'' launched on 2 December 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

===New Guinea campaign===

''I-16'' next received orders to carry supplies to Japanese forces fighting in the [[New Guinea campaign]]. On her first supply run, she unloaded 40 tons of cargo, including 30 supply drums, at [[Lae]] on the coast of [[New Guinea]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She then headed for Rabaul, and during the voyage collided underwater with ''I-20'' on 2 April 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> After calling at Rabaul, she got underway for Japan, where she arrived at Yokosuka on 16 April 1943 to undergo repairs and a refit.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

Once again ready for sea, ''I-16'' departed Yokosuka on 21 September 1943, called at Truk, and then resumed her New Guinea supply runs.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She called at [[Sio, Papua New Guinea|Sio]], New Guinea, on her first two runs on 17 and 25 October 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> On her third run, she disembarked 30 soldiers of the 85th Guard Unit at Sio on 2 November 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She visited Sio again on 9 and 20 November 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

On 24 November 1943, ''I-16'' embarked the newly appointed commander of the [[9th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|9th Fleet]], [[Vice Admiral]] [[Yoshikazu Endo]], and his staff at Rabaul in addition to cargo for New Guinea.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> After calling at Sio on 27 November 1943 to unload her cargo, she proceeded to [[Wewak]], New Guinea, where she arrived on 30 November 1943 and Endo and his staff disembarked.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''I-16'' subsequently made her last New Guinea supply run, visiting Sio on 15 December 1943, then suffered damage at Rabaul in an Allied air raid on 25 December 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She departed Rabaul that day bound for Truk, then set course for Yokosuka, where she arrived on 1 January 1944 and was [[drydock]]ed to undergo repairs.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

===Later operations===

''I-16''′s repairs were completed in early February 1944, and on 17 March 1944 she departed Yokosuka and proceeded to Truk, which became her new base.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

At 08:00 on 14 May 1944, ''I-16'' got underway from Truk for a supply run to [[Buin Rural LLG|Buin]] on [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] to deliver [[rice]] in {{convert|75|lb|kg|adj=on}} rubber bags to Japanese forces fighting in the [[Bougainville campaign]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She transmitted a message to the commander of Submarine Squadron 7 on [[Saipan]] in the [[Mariana Islands]] to inform him that her estimated time of arrival at Buin was 20:00 on 22 May 1944.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> [[Station HYPO|Fleet Radio Unit Pacific (FRUPAC)]], a U.S. Navy [[signals intelligence]] and [[Cryptography|cryptographic]] unit in Hawaii, intercepted and decrypted the message, which was passed through channels to the commander of U.S. Navy Escort Division 39 at [[Tulagi]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> He, in turn, on 18 May 1944 ordered three [[destroyer escort]]s — {{USS|George|DE-697}} and {{USS|Raby|DE-698}} of his own division and {{USS|England|DE-635}} of Escort Division 40, which was under his tactical command — to intercept ''I-16''.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> The three destroyer escorts formed a [[hunter-killer group]] and got underway from [[Purvis Bay]] that afternoon, heading for {{coord|05|10|S|158|10|E}}, where FRUPAC's information indicated that they could intercept ''I-16''.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

=== Loss ===
Five days into ''I-16''′s supply run to Buin, an American [[Maritime patrol aircraft|patrol plane]] sighted her on the surface {{convert|140|nmi}} northeast of [[Cape Alexander (Choiseul Island)|Cape Alexander]] on [[Choiseul Island|Choiseul]] on 19 May 1944 and alerted the three destroyer escorts.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''England'', ''George'', and ''Raby'' began a line-abreast [[sonar]] sweep, and at 13:35 ''England'' detected ''I-16'' on sonar.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> ''England'' attacked ''I-16'' at 13:41 with the first of five "[[Hedgehog (weapon)|Hedgehog]]" spigot mortar barrages.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> After the last attack, a huge underwater explosion at an estimated depth of {{convert|500|ft|m|0}} or more lifted ''England''′s [[stern]] {{convert|6|in|cm}} out of the water, marking the sinking of ''I-16'' at {{coord|05|10|S|158|10|E|name=''I-16''}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> The first debris reached the surface 20 minutes later and included shreds of [[Cork (material)|cork]], deck planking, pieces of [[cabinetry]], other objects, and finally a sealed [[rubber]] container with a bag of rice inside.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> Almost an hour later, a small oil slick appeared, and by 20 May 1944 it was {{convert|6|nmi}} long and {{convert|3|nmi}} wide.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

''I-16'' was the first of six Japanese submarines ''England'' sank over a 13-day period in May 1944:<ref name=danfsengland>[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/e/england.html Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ''England'' I (DE-635} Accessed 13 June 2022]</ref> Her later victims were {{Jsub|Ro-106||2}} on 22 May,<ref name=danfsengland/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/RO-106.htm |title=IJN Submarine RO-106: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2007|access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref> {{Jsub|Ro-104||2}} on 23 May,<ref name=danfsengland/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/RO-104.htm |title=IJN Submarine RO-104: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> {{Jsub|Ro-116||2}} on 24 May,<ref name=danfsengland/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/RO-116.htm |title=IJN Submarine RO-116: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> {{Jsub|Ro-108||2}} on 26 May,<ref name=danfsengland/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/RO-108.htm |title=IJN Submarine RO-108: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref> and {{Jsub|Ro-105||2}} on 31 May.<ref name=danfsengland/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/RO-105.htm |title=IJN Submarine RO-105: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

On 25 June 1944, the Imperial Japanese Navy declared ''I-16'' to be presumed lost in the Solomon Islands with her entire crew of 107.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/> She was stricken from the Navy list on 10 October 1944.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

== Wreck ==
''I-16''′s wreck lies at {{coord|05|10|S|158|10|E}} and is considered a [[war grave]].<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

== Sinkings summary ==
''I-16'' sank four ships during her career with a combined loss of 14 lives.<ref name=combinedfleetI16/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="140px"|Date
! width="140px"|Name
! width="160px"|Nationality
! width="25px" |Tonnage<ref group=Note name=tonnage>Merchant ship tonnages are in [[gross register tons]]. Military vessels are listed by tons [[displacement (ship)|displacement]].</ref>
! width="120px"|Fate
|-
|align="right"|6 June 1942
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in June 1942#6 June|''Susak'']]
|align="left" |{{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]]
|align="right"|3,889
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|8 June 1942
|align="left" |{{SS|Agios Georgios IV||2}}
|align="left" |{{flag|Greece}}
|align="right"|4,847
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|12 June 1942
|align="left" |''[[SS Supetar|Supetar]]''
|align="left" |{{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]]
|align="right"|3,748
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|1 July 1942
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1942#1 July|''Eknaren'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|Sweden}}
|align="right"|5,243
|align="left" |Sunk
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last=Bagnasco |first=Erminio |year=1977 |title=Submarines of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press |place=Annapolis, MD |isbn=0-87021-962-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Boyd |first1=Carl |last2=Yoshida |first2=Akikiko |year=2002 |title=The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II |publisher=Naval Institute Press |place=Annapolis, MD |isbn=1-55750-015-0 |name-list-style=amp}}
*{{cite book |last1=Carpenter |first1=Dorr B |last2=Polmar |first2=Norman |year=1986 |title=Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1904–1945 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |place=London |isbn=0-85177-396-6 |name-list-style=amp}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Chesneau |editor-first=Roger |year=1980 |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |place=Greenwich, UK |isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Hashimoto |first=Mochitsura |others=Colegrave, E.H.M. (translator) |year=1954 |title=Sunk: The Story of the Japanese Submarine Fleet 1942–1945 |publisher=Cassell & Co |place=London |id=ASIN B000QSM3L0}}
*{{cite book |last=Stille |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=Imperial Japanese Navy Submarines 1941-45 |series=New Vanguard |volume=135 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |place=Botley, Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-84603-090-1}}
{{Type C submarine}}
{{April 1943 shipwrecks}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:I-016}}

[[Category:Type C1 submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
[[Category:1937 ships]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of Japan]]
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[[Category:Submarines lost with all hands]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in April 1943]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in May 1944]]
[[Category:Submarines sunk by United States warships]]

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