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{{Short description|Capital city of Queensland, Australia}}
{{About|the metropolis in Australia|the local government area|City of Brisbane|other uses}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type              = city
| name              = Brisbane
| native_name       = Meanjin ([[Turrbal language|Turrbal]])
| state             = qld
| image             = {{multiple image
  | total_width            = 280
  | border                 = infobox
  | perrow                 = 1/3/2/1
  | caption_align          = center
  | image1                 = Brisbane Sign, The One, Brisbane, 2024, 01.jpg
  | alt1                   = Brisbane CBD
  | caption1               = [[Brisbane central business district]]
  | image2                 = Brisbane City Hall, February 2023 (cropped).jpg
  | alt2                   = Brisbane City Hall
  | caption2               = [[Brisbane City Hall]]
  | image3                 = St John's Cathedral, Brisbane, in 2020, 03 (cropped).jpg
  | alt3                   = St John's Cathedral
  | caption3               = [[St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)|St John's Cathedral]]
  | image4                 = Wheel of Brisbane Southbank from Victoria Bridge Brisbane P1220398 (cropped).jpg
  | alt4                   = Wheel of Brisbane
  | caption4               = [[Wheel of Brisbane]]
  | image5                 = Treasury Casino Brisbane.jpg
  | alt5                   = Treasury Building
  | caption5               = [[Treasury Building, Brisbane|Treasury Building]]
  | image6                 = Queensland Gallery of Modern Art at dusk, Brisbane, 2019.jpg
  | alt6                   = Gallery of Modern Art
  | caption6               = [[Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane|Gallery of Modern Art]]
  | image7                 = Michaelmano-story-bridge.jpg
  | alt7                   = Story Bridge
  | caption7               = [[Story Bridge]] and [[Brisbane River]]
  }}
| caption = 
| image2                 = Map_of_Brisbane_free_and_printable.svg
| image2_alt             = Map of the Brisbane metropolitan area
| caption2               = Map of the Brisbane metropolitan area
| coordinates            = {{coord|27|28|04|S|153|01|41|E|type:city(2,600,000)_region:AU-QLD|display=it}}
| relief                 = yes
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pop                    = 2,706,966
| pop_year               = 2023
| pop_footnotes          =<ref name="abs.gov.au">{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23 |title=Regional population, 2022–23 financial year |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=15 September 2024 }}</ref>
| poprank                = 3rd
| density                = 159
| density_footnotes      = <ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/3GBRI |title=2021 Greater Brisbane, Census Community Profiles |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630122137/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/3GBRI |url-status=live}}</ref> (2021 GCCSA)
| established            = {{start date and age|1825|5|df=yes}}<br>(exact date unknown)<br><ref>{{cite web |title= Uncovering the secrets behind the City of Brisbane's settlement 190 years ago|url= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-13/uncovering-the-secrets-behind-brisbanes-settlement-190-years-ago/6465932 |date=13 May 2015 |access-date=3 August 2024 |publisher=ABC News }}</ref>
| force_national_map     = yes
| elevation              = 32
| elevation_footnotes    =
| area                   = 15842
| area_footnotes         = <ref name="auto5" /><ref>[https://brisbanetour.com.au/blog/what-is-the-greater-brisbane-area/ "What is the greater Brisbane area?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011122839/https://brisbanetour.com.au/blog/what-is-the-greater-brisbane-area/ |date=11 October 2022 }}, brisbanetour.com.au</ref>
| timezone               = [[AEST]]
| utc                    = +10:00
| dist1                  = 910
| dir1                   = N
| location1              = [[Sydney]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |title=Great Circle Distance from between Brisbane and Sydney |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004|access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207095017/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| dist2                  = 945
| dir2                   = NNE
| location2              = [[Canberra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |title=Great Circle Distance between Brisbane and Canberra |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004|access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207095017/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| dist3                  = 1374
| dir3                   = NNE
| location3              = [[Melbourne]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |title=Great Circle Distance between Brisbane and Melbourne |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207095017/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| dist4                  = 1600
| dir4                   = NE
| location4              = [[Adelaide]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=ADELAIDE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |title=Great Circle Distance between Brisbane and Adelaide |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207095017/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=ADELAIDE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| dist5                  = 3604
| dir5                   = ENE
| location5              = [[Perth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |title=Great Circle Distance between Brisbane and Perth |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207095017/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=0&place1=BRISBANE&place1long=153.028015&place1lat=-27.467850 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| lga                    = {{bulleted list
 | [[City of Brisbane]]
 | [[City of Ipswich]]
 | [[Lockyer Valley Region]] (partial)
 | [[Logan City]]
 | [[City of Moreton Bay]]
 | [[Redland City]]
 | [[Scenic Rim Region]]
 | [[Somerset Region]]}}
| region                 = [[South East Queensland]]
| county                 = [[County of Stanley, Queensland|Stanley]], [[County of Canning|Canning]], [[County of Cavendish|Cavendish]], [[County of Churchill, Queensland|Churchill]], [[County of Ward, Queensland|Ward]]
| stategov               = [[Electoral districts of Queensland|41 divisions]]
| fedgov                 = [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|17 divisions]]
| maxtemp                = 26.6
| mintemp                = 16.4
| rainfall               = 1012
}}

'''Brisbane''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɪ|z|b|ən|audio=En-au-Brisbane.oga}} {{respell|BRIZ|bən}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Macquarie Dictionary |publisher= The Macquarie Library |year=2003 |page=121 |isbn=1-876429-37-2}}</ref> {{langx|yxg|label=[[Turrbal language|Turrbal]]|Meanjin}}) is the [[List of Australian capital cities|capital]] and largest city of the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[Queensland]]<ref name="qpn">{{cite QPN|4555|Brisbane|access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> and the [[list of cities in Australia by population|third-most populous city]] in [[Australia]] and [[Oceania]], with a population over 2.7&nbsp;million.<ref name="abs.gov.au" /> Brisbane lies at the centre of [[South East Queensland]], an [[urban area|urban agglomeration]] with a population of approximately 4 million which includes several other regional centres and cities. The [[Brisbane central business district|central business district]] is situated within a peninsula of the [[Brisbane River]] about {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} from its mouth at [[Moreton Bay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queenslandplaces.com.au/brisbane-and-greater-brisbane|title=Brisbane and Greater Brisbane|publisher=Queensland Places|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127011630/http://www.queenslandplaces.com.au/brisbane-and-greater-brisbane |archive-date=27 January 2014}}</ref> Brisbane is located in the hilly [[floodplain]] of the Brisbane River Valley between [[Moreton Island]] and the [[Taylor Range|Taylor]] and [[D'Aguilar Range|D'Aguilar]] [[mountain range]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane City Council Local Government Area Map |url=https://results.ecq.qld.gov.au/Local_Area_Maps/data/profiles/Brisbane.pdf |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Electoral Commission of Queensland}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitbrisbane.com.au/information/about-brisbane?sc_lang=en-au#:~:text=Geography,km%20across%20South%20East%20Queensland.|date=16 January 2022|website=Visit Brisbane|access-date=16 January 2022|title=About Brisbane – Visit Brisbane|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116013234/https://www.visitbrisbane.com.au/information/about-brisbane?sc_lang=en-au#:~:text=Geography,km%20across%20South%20East%20Queensland.|url-status=live}}</ref> It sprawls across several [[local government in Australia|local government areas]], most centrally the [[City of Brisbane]]. The [[demonym]] of Brisbane is ''Brisbanite''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2014/03/21/3969035.htm |title=Is this the average Brisbanite?|last=Kent|first=Lucinda|date=21 March 2014|website=[[ABC Radio Brisbane]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831151144/http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2014/03/21/3969035.htm|archive-date=31 August 2014|url-status=live|access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/linguafranca/2012-10-13/4309334#transcript|title=Names for where we're from|date=13 October 2012|website=[[ABC Radio National]]|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072405/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/linguafranca/2012-10-13/4309334#transcript|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Moreton Bay penal settlement]] was founded in 1824 at [[Redcliffe, Queensland|Redcliffe]] as a place for secondary offenders from the [[Sydney|Sydney colony]], and soon moved to [[North Quay, Brisbane|North Quay]] in 1825 on the banks of the Brisbane River, so named for British army general and [[Governor of New South Wales]] Sir [[Thomas Brisbane]]. [[Lutheranism|German Lutherans]] established the first free settlement of [[Zion Hill Mission|Zion Hill]] at [[Nundah, Queensland|Nundah]] in 1838, and in 1859 Brisbane was chosen as Queensland's capital when [[Separation of Queensland|the state separated]] from [[New South Wales]]. By the late 19th century, the city had grown into a major [[port]] and centre of immigration. During [[World War II]], the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] command in the [[South West Pacific Area (command)|South West Pacific]] was based in the city, along with the [[MacArthur Chambers|headquarters]] for General [[Douglas MacArthur]] of the United States Army.<ref>{{cite web |title=South West Pacific campaign |url=https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/south-west-pacific-campaign |website=Queensland World War II Historic Places |date=30 June 2014 |access-date=22 January 2016 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |url-status=live |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424214526/https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/south-west-pacific-campaign }}</ref>

Brisbane is a global centre for research and innovation<ref>{{cite web |title=Brisbane: A hub for innovation and the gateway to Asia |date=19 May 2020 |url=https://businesschief.asia/leadership-and-strategy/brisbane-hub-innovation-and-gateway-asia |publisher=Business Chief |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111002724/https://businesschief.asia/leadership-and-strategy/brisbane-hub-innovation-and-gateway-asia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane|url= https://startupgenome.com/ecosystems/brisbane |website=startupgenome |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> and is a transportation hub, being served by large [[Queensland Rail City network|rail]], [[Busways in Brisbane|bus]] and [[RiverCity Ferries|ferry]] networks, as well as [[Brisbane Airport]] and the [[Port of Brisbane]], Australia's third-busiest airport and seaport.

A diverse city with over 36% of its metropolitan population being foreign-born, Brisbane is frequently ranked highly in lists of the [[most livable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Greater Brisbane|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3GBRI?opendocument|date=23 October 2017|website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512032924/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3GBRI%3Fopendocument|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadsheet.com.au/national/city-file/article/worlds-most-liveable-cities-index-australia-melbourne-sydney-adelaide-brisbane-perth|title=Announced: Melbourne Remains the World's Second Most Liveable City|date=4 September 2019|website=Broadsheet|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727050243/https://www.broadsheet.com.au/national/city-file/article/worlds-most-liveable-cities-index-australia-melbourne-sydney-adelaide-brisbane-perth|url-status=live}}</ref> Brisbane has hosted major events including the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]], [[World Expo 88]], the [[2001 Goodwill Games]], the [[2014 G20 Brisbane summit|2014 G20 summit]], and will host the [[2032 Summer Olympics]] and [[2032 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 July 2021|title=Brisbane wakes as Olympics 2032 city after IOC's landslide vote of confidence|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-22/qld-brisbane-olympics-bid-ioc-reaction-2032/100312862|access-date=23 July 2021|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050945/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-22/qld-brisbane-olympics-bid-ioc-reaction-2032/100312862|url-status=live}}</ref>

Brisbane is one of Australia's most [[Tourism in Brisbane|popular tourist destinations]] and is Australia's most [[Biodiversity|biodiverse]] and [[Sustainable city|greenest city]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane. Clean, Green, Sustainable |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/clean-and-green/brisbane-clean-green-sustainable#:~:text=Brisbane%20has%20been%20a%20leader,achieved%20for%20our%20city%20together. |website=brisbane.qld.gov.au | date=15 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]] and its [[South Bank Parklands|extensive parklands]] is the most visited tourist landmark in Australia, with over 14+ million visitors every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About South Bank {{!}} Visit Brisbane, Australia |url=https://visit.brisbane.qld.au/places-to-go/inner-city/south-bank/about-south-bank |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=visit.brisbane.qld.au |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131084954/https://visit.brisbane.qld.au/places-to-go/inner-city/south-bank/about-south-bank |url-status=live }}</ref> Other major landmarks and precincts of the city include the [[Queensland Cultural Centre]] (including the [[Queensland Art Gallery]], the [[Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane|Gallery of Modern Art]], the [[Queensland Museum]], the [[State Library of Queensland]] and the [[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]]), [[Brisbane City Hall]], the [[Story Bridge]], [[Howard Smith Wharves]], [[Queen's Wharf, Brisbane|Queen's Wharf]], [[St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)|St John's cathedral]], and [[Mount Coot-tha Lookout]]. Much of Brisbane's inner-city neighbourhoods are also characterised by its historic [[Queenslander (architecture)|Queenslander architecture]]. Brisbane is also known for its extensive parks and outdoor attractions including the [[City Botanic Gardens]], [[Victoria Park, Brisbane|Victoria Park]], [[Roma Street Parkland]], [[New Farm Park]], the [[Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha|Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens]], the [[Brisbane River#Brisbane Riverwalk|Brisbane Riverwalk]], [[Moreton Bay]], [[Moreton Island]] and [[D'Aguilar National Park]].

==Name==
Brisbane is named after the [[Brisbane River]], which in turn was named after [[Thomas Brisbane|Sir Thomas Brisbane]], the [[governor of New South Wales]] from 1821 to 1825.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brisbane Australia.com |title=Brisbane River History |url=https://www.brisbane-australia.com/brisbane-river-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103120117/https://www.brisbane-australia.com/brisbane-river-history.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Brisbane Australia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heydon |first=J. D. |date=1966 |title=Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (1773–1860) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brisbane-sir-thomas-makdougall-1827 |journal=Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=1 |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> The name is derived from the [[Scottish Gaelic]] {{Lang|gd|bris}}, meaning {{Gloss|to break or smash}} and the [[Old English]] word {{Lang|ang|ban}} meaning {{Gloss|[[bone]]}}''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane Surname Meaning & Brisbane Family History at Ancestry.com® |url=https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=brisbane |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.ancestry.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Moffet |first=Rodger |date=17 October 2021 |title=Clan Brisbane History |url=https://www.scotclans.com/blogs/b2/clan-brisbane-history |work=ScotClans}}</ref>

Popular nicknames for the city include ''Brissie'', ''Brisvegas'', and ''the'' ''River City''.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first = Bruce|editor1-last = Prideaux|editor2-first = Gianna|editor2-last = Moscardo|editor3-first = Eric|editor3-last = Laws|title = Managing Tourism and Hospitality Services: Theory and International Applications|chapter = The Development and Tracking of a Branding Campaign for Brisbane|first1 = Noel|last1 = Scott|first2 = Stephen|last2 = Clark|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BTGt2fvYVXUC&pg=PA310|publisher = CABI|date = 2006|isbn = 9781845930158|access-date = 25 November 2020|archive-date = 17 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230117222835/https://books.google.com/books?id=BTGt2fvYVXUC&pg=PA310|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="trove">{{Cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/163659134?searchTerm=brisbane%20queen%20city|title= Brisbane: The Queen City of the North|last=Asher|first=Morris|date=31 July 1907|website=Trove |url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928011837/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/163659134?searchTerm=brisbane%20queen%20city |archive-date=28 September 2021 }}</ref>

Brisbane sits on land known also as {{Lang|yxg|Meanjin}}, the name used in the [[Turrbal language]] of one group of [[traditional owners]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turrbal Aboriginal Tribe |title=Our Story |url=https://www.turrbal.com.au/our-story |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207011301/https://www.turrbal.com.au/our-story |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Meanjin debacle: erasing Aboriginal words in order to highlight white women's appropriation |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2018/06/06/meanjin-debacle-erasing-aboriginal-words-order-highlight-white-womens-1 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=[[NITV]] |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031023201/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2018/06/06/meanjin-debacle-erasing-aboriginal-words-order-highlight-white-womens-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Lang|yxg|Meanjin}} means {{Gloss|place shaped as a spike}}, referencing the shape of the [[Brisbane River]] along the area that Brisbane CBD now straddles.<ref>[http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/documents/about%20council/vision2026_final_ourbrisbane.pdf Our Brisbane – Our shared vision] – [[Brisbane City Council]] Page 2 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127025724/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/documents/about%20council/vision2026_final_ourbrisbane.pdf|date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=About Meanjin |url=https://meanjin.com.au/about-meanjin/ |url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2023 |website=[[Meanjin|Meanjin Quarterly]] |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107075231/https://meanjin.com.au/about-meanjin/ }}</ref><ref name="PetrieMeanjin"/> A contemporary Turrbal organisation has also suggested it means {{Gloss|the place of the blue water lilies}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turrbal Dippil |title=Our Story |url=https://www.turrbal.com.au/our-story |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Turrbal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207011301/https://www.turrbal.com.au/our-story |url-status=live }}</ref> Local Elder Gaja Kerry Charlton posits that {{Lang|yxg|Meanjin}} is based on a European understanding of {{Gloss|spike}}, and that the phonetically similar [[Yagara language|Yagara]] name {{Lang|yxg|Magandjin}} — after the native [[Harpullia pendula|tulipwood trees]] ({{Lang|yxg|magan}}) at [[Gardens Point, Brisbane|Gardens Point]] — is a more accurate and appropriate Aboriginal name for Brisbane.<ref name="magandjin"/>

Aboriginal groups claiming [[traditional owners]]hip of the area include the [[Jagera people|Yagara]], [[Turrbal]] and [[Quandamooka people|Quandamooka]] peoples.<ref>{{cite web |last1=National Native Title Tribunal |title=Yagara/YUgarapul People (QC2011/008) |url=http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=QC2011%2F008 |website=National Native Title Tribunal |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311140918/http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=QC2011%2F008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=National Native Titile Tribunal |title=Quandamooka People #4 (QC2014/006) |url=http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=QC2014/006 |website=National Native Titile Tribunal |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317142034/http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=QC2014/006 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Brisbane is home to the land of a number of Aboriginal language groups, primarily the Yagara language group which includes the [[Turrbal language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crump |first=Desmond |date=16 March 2015 |title=Aboriginal languages of the Greater Brisbane Area |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/aboriginal-languages-greater-brisbane-area |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=[[State Library of Queensland]] |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322102532/https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/aboriginal-languages-greater-brisbane-area }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=E23: Yuggera |url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E23 |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Collection |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213427/https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=E86: Turrbal |url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E86 |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Collection |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413103405/https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E86 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ridley |first=WM |title=Kamilaroi, Dippil, and Turrubul: Languages Spoken by Australian Aborigines |publisher=New South Wales Government Printing Office |year=1866 |location=Sydney |pages=61 |language=en-AU}}</ref> The city is also known as ''{{Lang|yxg|Meanjin}}'', a [[Turrbal]] word that originally referred to land on which parts of the city are built,<ref name="PetrieMeanjin">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19160836 |title=The Old Brisbane Blacks. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=LVIII |issue=13,623 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=10 September 1901 |accessdate=17 February 2023 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324004447/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/19160836 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Jo |last2=Graham-McLay |first2=Charlotte |date=23 July 2023 |title=Naarm, Gadigal, Tāmaki Makaurau: Indigenous place names in the spotlight at Women's World Cup |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/24/naarm-gadigal-tamaki-makaurau-indigenous-placenames-in-the-spotlight-at-womens-world-cup |access-date=3 August 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804045402/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/24/naarm-gadigal-tamaki-makaurau-indigenous-placenames-in-the-spotlight-at-womens-world-cup |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Meanjin: exploring the Traditional Place name of Brisbane |url=https://auspost.com.au/community-hub/traditional-place-names/meanjin-exploring-traditional-place-name-of-brisbane |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=auspost.com.au |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803073615/https://auspost.com.au/community-hub/traditional-place-names/meanjin-exploring-traditional-place-name-of-brisbane |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |user=brisbanelions |number=1659853452359639042 |title=Welcome to Meanjin}}</ref> or as ''{{Lang|yxg|Magandjin}}'', a [[Yagara language|Yagara]] word referring to the [[Harpullia pendula|tulipwood tree]].<ref name="magandjin">{{Cite web |url=https://meanjin.com.au/essays/makunschan-meeanjan-miganchan-meanjan-magandjin/ |title=Makunschan, Meeanjan, Miganchan, Meanjan, Magandjin |first=Gaja Kerry |last=Charlton |date=15 June 2023 |work=[[Meanjin]] |accessdate=6 February 2024 |quote=In 1843, [[Ludwig Leichhardt|he]] was given two names: ''Makandschin'' from an original Brisbane man and ''Megandsin'' from an original speaker from a different country... [[Archibald Meston|Meston]] listed ''Magoo-jin'' then ''Magandjin'', based on ''Magan'', the name of the Tulipwood tree, from elderly [[Koori|Goori]] [Aboriginal] speakers who asserted they were ‘Brisbane natives’... From a Goori knowledge base the names based on the Tulipwood tree fits best for the original Goori name. The suffix -djin indicates plural, e.g. people, district, river. The ''Migan-dar-gu-n'' (''Mi’andjan'') version describes the use of a sharp tool, possibly ground being dug up, likely the first convict garden, which the [[Thomas Petrie|Petrie]] map shows multiplied across the whole of the promontory. Another explanation of this name is ‘land shaped like a spike’. Both these are based on ''Dugai'' [European] activity and ''Dugai'' lens... ''Magandjin'' fits as the original word for an area of what is now called Brisbane. ''Migandjan'' refers to digging the ground—either gardens or buildings. However, the term ''Migandjan'' spread. As demonstrated, language repatriation is a work in progress.}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Brisbane}}
{{For timeline}}

=== Pre-colonisation ===
{{main|History of Indigenous Australians}}
[[Aboriginal Australians]] have lived in coastal South East Queensland for at least 22,000 years, with an estimated population between 6,000 and 10,000 individuals before [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|European settlement]] in the 1820s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.brisbanehistory.com/vanished_tribes.html |title= Aboriginal {{Sic|Indigen|eous|hide= y}} Tribes of Brisbane and Moreton Bay |author= [[Archibald Meston]] |access-date= 17 July 2017 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170712092614/http://www.brisbanehistory.com/vanished_tribes.html |archive-date= 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/the-indigenous-history-of-musgrave-park-20120516-1ys2c.html |title= The indigenous history of Musgrave Park |access-date= 17 July 2017 |date= 17 May 2012 |author= Tony Moore |newspaper= [[Brisbane Times]] |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170730123640/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/the-indigenous-history-of-musgrave-park-20120516-1ys2c.html |archive-date= 30 July 2017}}</ref> Aboriginal groups claiming traditional ownership of the area include the [[Yagara people|Yagara]], [[Turrbal]] and [[Quandamooka people|Quandamooka]] peoples.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |date=26 July 2019 |title=E23: Yuggera |url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/e23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213427/https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E23 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=collection.aiatsis.gov.au |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |date=26 July 2019 |title=E86: Turrbal |url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/e86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413103405/https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E86 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=collection.aiatsis.gov.au |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |date=26 July 2019 |title=E21: Moondjan |url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/e21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214222/https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/e21 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=collection.aiatsis.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> A website representing a Turrbal culture organisation claims that historical documents suggest that the Turrbal peoples were the only traditional owners of Brisbane when British settlers first arrived.<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Welcome to Country Ceremony |url=https://www.turrbal.com.au/turrbal-dippil/welcome-to-country-ceremony |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=Turrbal Dippil |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107075231/https://www.turrbal.com.au/turrbal-dippil/welcome-to-country-ceremony }}</ref>

Archaeological evidence suggests frequent habitation around the Brisbane River, and notably at the site now known as [[Musgrave Park, Brisbane|Musgrave Park]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.linksdisk.com/roskidd/general/g2.htm |title= Aboriginal History of the Princess Alexandra Hospital Site |access-date= 17 July 2017 |author= Ros Kidd |publisher= [[Diamantina Health Care Museum]] Association Inc. |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170802185416/http://www.linksdisk.com/roskidd/general/g2.htm |archive-date= 2 August 2017}}</ref> The rivers were integral to life and supplied an abundance of food included fish, shellfish, crab, and [[prawn]]s. Good fishing places became campsites and the focus of group activities. The district was defined by open woodlands with rainforest in some pockets or bends of the Brisbane River.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Ryan |title=Indigenous Aboriginal Sites of Southside Brisbane {{!}} Mapping Brisbane History |url=https://mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au/brisbane-history-essays/brisbane-southside-history/first-australians-and-original-landscape/indigenous-sites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824020357/https://mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au/brisbane-history-essays/brisbane-southside-history/first-australians-and-original-landscape/indigenous-sites/ |archive-date=24 August 2020 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au |language=en-US}}</ref>

Being a resource-rich area and a natural avenue for seasonal movement, {{Lang|yxg|Meanjin}} and the surrounding areas acted as a way station for groups travelling to ceremonies and spectacles. The region had several large (200–600 person) seasonal camps, the biggest and most important located along waterways north and south of the current city heart: ''{{Lang|yxg|Barambin}}'' or York's Hollow camp (today's [[Victoria Park, Brisbane|Victoria Park]]) and ''{{Lang|yxg|Woolloon-cappem}}'' ([[Woolloongabba]]/[[South Brisbane]]), also known as ''{{Lang|yxg|[[Kurilpa Bridge#Naming competition|Kurilpa]]}}''. These camping grounds continued to function well into colonial times, and were the basis of European settlement in parts of Brisbane.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerkhove |first=Ray |title=Aboriginal Campsites of Greater Brisbane: An Historical Guide |publisher=Boolarong Press |year=2015 |location=Salibury}}</ref>

===18th and 19th centuries===
{{main|European maritime exploration of Australia|Moreton Bay Penal Settlement|Early Streets of Brisbane}}
In 1770, British navigator [[James Cook]] sailed through South Passage between the main offshore islands leading to the bay, which he named after [[James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton]], misspelled as "Moreton".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Moreton-Bay |title=Moreton Bay |access-date=4 October 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905235109/https://www.britannica.com/place/Moreton-Bay |archive-date=5 September 2015 }}</ref>

[[Matthew Flinders]] initially explored the Moreton Bay area on behalf of the British authorities. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at present-day [[Woody Point, Queensland|Woody Point]], which he named ''Red Cliff Point'' after the red-coloured cliffs visible from the bay.<ref>{{cite news | title = Redcliffe | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | date = 8 February 2004 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/17/1108500203689.html | access-date = 17 May 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080523185157/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/17/1108500203689.html | archive-date = 23 May 2008}}</ref>

In 1823 the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane, gave instructions for the development of a new northern [[Convicts in Australia|penal settlement]], and an exploration party commanded by [[John Oxley]] further explored Moreton Bay in November 1823.<ref name="seqhistory.com">{{cite web|title=John Oxley Governor Report|url=http://www.seqhistory.com/index.php/explorer-south-east-queensland/john-oxley/57-john-oxley-moreton-bay-1824?start=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901175504/http://www.seqhistory.com/index.php/explorer-south-east-queensland/john-oxley/57-john-oxley-moreton-bay-1824?start=2|archive-date=1 September 2013|access-date=1 February 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Windmill Brisbane 1865.jpg|left|thumb|[[The Old Windmill, Brisbane|The Old Windmill]] built in 1828, a site of convict punishments and executions, is the oldest surviving building in [[Queensland]]]]
Oxley explored the Brisbane River as far as [[Goodna, Queensland|Goodna]], {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} upstream from the present-day central business district of Brisbane.<ref name="seqhistory.com"/> He also named the river after the governor of the time.<ref name="seqhistory.com"/> Oxley also recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore.<ref>{{cite web|last= Potter |first= Ron |title= Place Names of South East Queensland |publisher= Piula Publications |url= http://www.dovenetq.net.au/~piula/Placenames/page55.html |access-date= 17 May 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080523101131/http://www.dovenetq.net.au/~piula/Placenames/page55.html |archive-date= 23 May 2008 }}</ref> The [[Convicts in Australia|convict settlement]] party landed in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824 formally establishing the [[Moreton Bay Penal Settlement]] that would become Brisbane. The party was under the command of Lieutenant [[Henry Miller (commandant)|Henry Miller]] and consisted of 14 soldiers (some with wives and children) and 29 convicts. However, the settlers abandoned this site after a year and moved to an area on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay, {{convert|28|km|mi|abbr=on}} south, which offered a more reliable water-supply. The newly selected Brisbane region was plagued by mosquitoes at the time.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Reader's Digest Book of Historic Australian Towns|first= Robert|last=Irving|page= 70|year= 1998|publisher= Reader's Digest (Australia)|isbn= 0-86449-271-5}}</ref>

After visiting the Redcliffe settlement, [[Thomas Brisbane|Sir Thomas Brisbane]] then travelled {{convert|45|km|abbr= on}} up the Brisbane River in December 1824. Governor Brisbane stayed overnight in a tent and often landed ashore, thus bestowing upon the future Brisbane City the distinction of being the only Australian capital city visited by its namesake.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mostbrisbane.com/most_brisbane_015.htm |title= Sir Thomas 28 miles up the Brisbane River |publisher= MOST Brisbane |access-date= 24 June 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160701180333/http://www.mostbrisbane.com/most_brisbane_015.htm |archive-date= 1 July 2016}}</ref> [[Chief Justice of New South Wales|Chief Justice]] [[Francis Forbes|Forbes]] gave the new settlement the name of ''Edenglassie'' before it was named ''Brisbane''.<ref name="seeing">{{cite book |year=1980 |title=Seeing South-East Queensland |edition=2 |page=7 |publisher=RACQ |isbn=0-909518-07-6 |author=compiled by Royal Automobile Club of Queensland.}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=September 2020}}

The penal settlement under the control of Captain [[Patrick Logan]] (Commandant from 1826 to 1830) flourished, with the numbers of convicts increasing dramatically from around 200 to over 1,000 men.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.logan.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/7322/richinhistory-patricklogan.pdf |title=Patrick Logan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205050633/http://www.logan.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/7322/richinhistory-patricklogan.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> He developed a substantial settlement of brick and stone buildings, complete with school and hospital. He formed additional outstations and made several important journeys of exploration. Logan became infamous for his extreme use of the [[cat o' nine tails]] on convicts. The maximum allowed limit of lashes was 50; however, Logan regularly applied sentences of 150 lashes.<ref name="auto"/>

During this period raids on maize fields were conducted by local Aboriginal groups in the [[Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828]]. These groups destroyed and plundered the maize fields in [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]] and [[Kangaroo Point, Queensland|Kangaroo Point]], with the possible motive of extracting compensation from the settlers or warning them not to expand beyond their current area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frontierbattle.wordpress.com/corn-fields-raids-1827-1828/ |title=Corn Fields Raids 1827–1828 |date=17 July 2017 |website=Frontier Battle |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001003207/https://frontierbattle.wordpress.com/corn-fields-raids-1827-1828/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Raymond |title=On the Utmost Verge: Race and Ethnic Relations at Moreton Bay, 1799–1842 |journal=Queensland Review |date=2008 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=14 |doi=10.1017/S1321816600004542 |s2cid=147375003 |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/QRE/issue/view/2032 |access-date=17 February 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324004410/https://journal.equinoxpub.com/QRE/issue/view/2032 |url-status=live  |issn = 1321-8166}}</ref>
[[File:StateLibQld 2 148511 Early drawing of a section of the town of Brisbane, Queensland including the Convict Hospital, 1835.jpg|thumb|An early sketch of the town of Brisbane including the Convict Hospital, 1835]]
Between 1824 and 1842, almost 2,400 men and 145 women were detained at the Moreton Bay convict settlement under the control of military commandants.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=Jennifer |date=16 March 2016 |title=Moreton Bay convict settlement |url=https://blogs.archives.qld.gov.au/2016/03/16/moreton-bay-convict-settlement/ |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072349/https://blogs.archives.qld.gov.au/2016/03/16/moreton-bay-convict-settlement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838 and the population grew strongly thereafter, with free settlers soon far outstripping the convict population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redcliffe.qld.gov.au/about_us.htm |title=About Redcliffe |publisher=[[Redcliffe City Council]] |access-date=1 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117202537/http://www.redcliffe.qld.gov.au/about_us.htm |archive-date=17 November 2007}}</ref> German [[missionaries]] settled at Zions Hill, [[Nundah, Queensland|Nundah]] as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers [[Christopher Eipper]] (1813–1894), [[Carl Wilhelm Schmidt]], and [[Laity|lay]] missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and Schneider.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lybaek |first=Lena |author2=Konrad Raiser |author3=Stefanie Schardien |title=Gemeinschaft der Kirchen und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung |isbn=978-3-8258-7061-4 |page=114 |year=2004 |publisher=LIT |location=Münster}}</ref> They were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pelicanwaters.com/pelicanwaters-streetsigns.php |work=Street Signs&nbsp;– And What They Mean |title=Christopher Eipper (1813–1894) |publisher=Pelican Waters Shire Council |access-date=20 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118093456/http://www.pelicanwaters.com/pelicanwaters-streetsigns.php |archive-date=18 November 2007}}</ref> Later in the 1860s many German immigrants from the [[Uckermark]] region in [[Prussia]] as well as from other German regions settled in the areas of [[Bethania, Queensland|Bethania]], [[Beenleigh, Queensland|Beenleigh]] and the [[Darling Downs]]. These immigrants were selected and assisted through immigration programs established by Rev Dr [[John Dunmore Lang]] and [[John Heussler|Johann Christian Heussler]] and were offered free passage, good wages, and selections of land.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mcnamarafamily.id.au/content/henry_vogler.html |title=Frank Henry Vogler {{!}} German Immigrant {{!}} Johann Cesar 1863 |website=mcnamarafamily.id.au |access-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227232632/http://mcnamarafamily.id.au/content/henry_vogler.html|archive-date= 27 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=German Settlement in Queensland in the 19th Century |url=http://www.germanaustralia.com/e/queensland.htm |website=Germanaustralia.com |access-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215105608/http://www.germanaustralia.com/e/queensland.htm |archive-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

Scottish immigrants from the ship {{ship||Fortitude|1842 ship|2}} arrived in Brisbane in 1849, enticed by Lang on the promise of free land grants. Denied land, the immigrants set up camp in [[York's Hollow]] waterholes in the vicinity of today's [[Victoria Park, Brisbane|Victoria Park]], [[Herston, Queensland|Herston]], Queensland. A number of the immigrants moved in and settled the suburb, naming it [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|Fortitude Valley]] after the ship on which they arrived.<ref name="qpnl">{{cite QPN|49857|Fortitude Valley|suburb in City of Brisbane|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

Free settlers entered the area from 1835,{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} and by the end of 1840, [[Robert Dixon (explorer)|Robert Dixon]] had begun work on the first plan of Brisbane Town, in anticipation of future development.<ref>{{cite book|title= Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land: Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections, and Diagrams|url= https://archive.org/details/physicaldescrip00strzgoog|first= Paul Edmond|last= de Strzelecki|year=1845|publisher= Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref> The [[Roman Catholic]] [[church (building)|church]] erected the [[Old St Stephen's Church|Pugin Chapel]] in 1850, to the design by the [[Gothic Revival architecture|gothic revivalist]] [[Augustus Pugin]]. [[Letters patent]] dated 6 June 1859, proclaimed by Sir [[George Ferguson Bowen]] on 10 December 1859, separated Queensland from New South Wales, whereupon Bowen became Queensland's first governor,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.archives.qld.gov.au/Researchers/CommsDownloads/Documents/proclamation-brochure.pdf|title= The Queensland Proclamation|publisher= Queensland Government Archives|access-date= 2 October 2014|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140629091036/http://www.archives.qld.gov.au/Researchers/CommsDownloads/Documents/proclamation-brochure.pdf|archive-date= 29 June 2014}}</ref> with Brisbane chosen as the capital.<ref>
{{Cite book|last= Evans|first= Raymond|title= A History of Queensland|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 2007|isbn= 9780521545396|location= Port Melbourne|page= 77}}
</ref> [[Old Government House, Brisbane|Old Government House]] was constructed in 1862 to house [[George Bowen|Sir George Bowen's]] family, including his wife, the noblewoman [[Diamantina Bowen|Diamantina, Lady Bowen di Roma]]. During the tenure of [[Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington|Lord Lamington]], Old Government House was the likely site of the origin of [[Lamingtons]].<ref name="nzherald">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/7/story.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10467101 |title=Australia: The tale of Baron Lamington and an improvised cake |author=Shrimpton, James |date=6 October 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108073416/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10467101 |archive-date=8 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the [[War of Southern Queensland]], Indigenous attacks occurred across the city, committing robberies and terrorising unarmed residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_211819/s00855804_1959_6_1_155.pdf?Expires=1635864357&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=gy44BvCp2SSzluSPmPfr7NYzhKa6XGafqVip0T7lBRADn3LFe3A0EI29sSPaRrwU4ePlCq4WHfkoFp7tmihCvQO0dFOSJMvIgpzpkruvYmhpLSMk2-Pa5xI0VYQVAWvT~X7BQ~BuZdsOoE6GTaTnIWvr2Jpq0s4LWZgJ204ulOGcHuGHiT~1Osr0Xk~Y3enLlJA-MJ9SsyGLQln284ITW0kNSaKbAvmVAaS0irmbsipMC-gQ-nrsdRB23-2Kczg8nyyBSuBMU4QudpLcmQ9n1YnxzKZPyaD7-PpOKoIHUagWbMh4bzfx0PXkgwvyhSqiCv4th34UBFuumTXInNTWEw__ |title=The Black War in Queensland – Outrages in Brisbane district |publisher=UQ |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Tribal alliances with broader agendas – Terror (psychological warfare)|author=Raymond Constant Kerkhove|journal=Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal|volume=6|number=3|year=2014|doi=10.5130/ccs.v6i3.4218|doi-access=free}}</ref> Reprisal raids took place against the Duke of York's clan in [[Victoria Park, Brisbane|Victoria Park]] in 1846 and 1849 by British soldiers of the [[11th Regiment of Foot|11th Regiment]], however the clan had been wrongfully targeted as the attacks on Brisbane had not been committed by the [[Turrbal]] themselves but other tribes farther north.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3709940 |title=Local Intelligence |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |volume=I |issue=35 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 February 1847 |access-date=22 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531093930/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3709940 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3712868 |title=Domestic Intelligence |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |volume=IV |issue=182 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=8 December 1849 |access-date=22 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531093930/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3712868 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1855, [[Dundalli]], a prominent leader during the conflict, was captured and executed by hanging at the present site of the [[General Post Office, Brisbane|GPO]].

In 1862, the first sugarcane plantation in Queensland was established near Brisbane by Captain Louis Hope and [[John Buhôt]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 1864, the [[Great fire of Brisbane|Great Fire of Brisbane]] burned through the central parts of the city, destroying much of [[Queen Street, Brisbane|Queen Street.]]<ref name="jol">{{cite web |title=The Great Fire of Brisbane, 1864|url=http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2008/09/11/the-great-fire-of-brisbane-1864/ |publisher=[[State Library of Queensland]] |access-date=13 November 2014 |date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329184508/http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2008/09/11/the-great-fire-of-brisbane-1864/ |archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> The 1860s were a period of economic and political turmoil leading to high unemployment, in 1866 hundreds of impoverished workers convened a meeting at the [[Treasury Hotel]], with a cry for "bread or blood", rioted and attempted to ransack the [[Commissariat Store, Brisbane|Government store]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/150th-anniversary-brisbanes-bread-or-blood-riot |title=150th anniversary – Brisbane's Bread or Blood Riot |date=4 October 2016 |publisher=SLQ |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102131105/https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/150th-anniversary-brisbanes-bread-or-blood-riot |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[City Botanic Gardens]] were originally established in 1825 as a farm for the [[Moreton Bay penal settlement]], and were planted by convicts in 1825 with food crops to feed the prison colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane-australia.com/city-botanic-gardens.html|title=City Botanical Gardens – Brisbane Visitors Guide|publisher=Brisbane Australia|access-date=21 October 2013|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013020953/https://www.brisbane-australia.com/city-botanic-gardens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1855, several acres was declared a Botanic Reserve under the Superintendent [[Walter Hill (garden curator)|Walter Hill]], a position he held until 1881.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 February 1855|title=Botanic Gardens, Brisbane|page=483|newspaper=[[New South Wales Government Gazette]]|issue=32|location=New South Wales, Australia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article229754165|access-date=6 August 2020|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821070644/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229754165|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="chabg">{{cite web|url=http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/026.html|title=City Botanic Gardens (Brisbane)|last=Fagg|first=Murray|date=26 May 2009|publisher=Council of Heads of Australian Botanic Gardens|work=Australian National Botanic Gardens|access-date=2 September 2010|archive-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218235607/http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/026.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some trees planted in the Gardens were among the first of their species to be planted in Australia, including the [[jacaranda]] and [[Delonix regia|poinciana]].<ref name="whbr">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/why-brisbane-not-grafton-is-the-jacaranda-capital/9103110 |title=Why Brisbane, not Grafton, is the original jacaranda capital of Australia |author=Jessica Hinchliffe |access-date=1 November 2017 |date=1 November 2017 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102035717/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/why-brisbane-not-grafton-is-the-jacaranda-capital/9103110 |archive-date=2 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:StateLibQld 2 394553 Edward Street looking west across the intersection with Queen Street, Brisbane, 1889.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edward Street, Brisbane|Edward Street]] looking west across the intersection with [[Queen Street, Brisbane|Queen Street]], Brisbane, 1889]] [[Charles Tiffin]] was appointed as [[Queensland Government Architect]] in 1859, and pursued an intellectual policy in the design of public buildings based on [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] and [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance revivalism]], with such buildings as [[Old Government House, Brisbane|Government House]], the [[Department of Primary Industries Building]] in 1866, and the [[Parliament House, Brisbane|Queensland Parliament]] built in 1867. The 1880s brought a period of economic prosperity and a major construction boom in Brisbane, that produced an impressive number of notable public and commercial buildings. [[John James Clark]] was appointed [[Queensland Government Architect]] in 1883, and continuing in Tiffin's design for public buildings, asserted the propriety of the Italian Renaissance, drawing upon typological elements and details from conservative High Renaissance sources. Building in this trace of intellectualism, Clark designed the [[Treasury Building, Brisbane|Treasury Building]] in 1886, and the [[Yungaba Immigration Centre]] in 1885.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/abe/402?lang=fr|title=Colony and Climate: Positioning Public Architecture in Queensland 1859–1909|last=King|first=Stuart|journal=ABE Journal|date=2010|issue=2|publisher=Open Edition Journals|doi=10.4000/abe.402|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004145103/https://journals.openedition.org/abe/402?lang=fr|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other major works of the era include [[Customs House, Brisbane|Customs House]] in 1889, and the [[Old Museum Building, Brisbane|Old Museum Building]] completed in 1891.

[[Fort Lytton]] was constructed in 1882 at the mouth of the Brisbane river, to protect the city against foreign colonial powers such as [[Russia]] and [[France]], and was the only [[Moat|moated fort]] ever built in Australia.

The city's slum district of [[Frog's Hollow]], named so for its location being low-lying and swampy, was both the [[red light district]] of colonial Brisbane and its [[Chinatown]], and was the site of [[prostitution]], [[Sly-grog shop|sly grog]], and [[opium den]]s. In 1888, Frog's Hollow was the site of [[Anti-Chinese sentiment|anti-Chinese]] riots, where more than 2000 people attacked Chinese homes and businesses.<ref name="anti">{{cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Raymond|title=Anti Chinese Riot: Lower Albert Street|url=http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/evans_anti-chinese_riot.pdf|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233420/http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/evans_anti-chinese_riot.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:1893 Brisbane flood Queen St.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The [[1893 Brisbane flood|Great Flood of 1893]] was one of the worst disasters in the city's history, flooding in [[Queen Street, Brisbane|Queen Street]]]]

In 1893 Brisbane was affected by the [[1893 Brisbane flood|Black February flood]], when the Brisbane River burst its banks on three occasions in February and again in June in the same year, with the city receiving more than a year's rainfall during February 1893, leaving much of the city's population homeless. In 1896, the Brisbane river saw its worst maritime disaster with the [[capsize of the ferry Pearl]], between the 80–100 people on board there were only 40 survivors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3619137|title=Terrible disaster|newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]]|date=14 February 1896|access-date=3 September 2022|page=5|via=[[Trove]]|archive-date=3 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903033527/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3619137|url-status=live}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{further|Federation of Australia}}
When the colonies federated in 1901, celebrations were held in Brisbane to mark the event, with a [[triumphal arch]] erected in [[Queen Street, Brisbane|Queen Street]]. In May that year, the [[George V|Duke of Cornwall and York]] (later King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]) laid the [[foundation stone]] of [[St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)|St John's Cathedral]], one of the great cathedrals of [[Australia]]. The [[University of Queensland]] was founded in 1909 and first sited at [[Old Government House, Brisbane|Old Government House]], which became vacated as the government planned for a larger residence. [[Government House, Brisbane|Fernberg House]], built in 1865, became the temporary residence in 1910, and later made the permanent government house.
[[File:StateLibQld 1 15542 Demonstration in Albert Square during the 1912 General Strike, Brisbane.jpg|thumb|A demonstration in [[King George Square|Albert Square]] during the [[1912 Brisbane general strike|1912 general strike]]]]
In 1912, Tramway employees were stood down for wearing union badges which sparked Australia's first [[general strike]], the [[1912 Brisbane General Strike]], which became known as Black Friday, for the savagery of the police baton charges on crowds of trade unionists and their supporters. In 1917, during [[World War I]], the [[Australian Government|Commonwealth Government]] conducted a [[raid on the Queensland Government Printing Office]], with the aim of confiscating copies of [[Hansard]] that covered debates in the [[Queensland Parliament]] where anti-conscription sentiments had been aired.

Russian immigration took place in the years 1911–1914. Many were radicals and revolutionaries seeking asylum from tsarist political repression in the final chaotic years of the [[Russian Empire]]; considerable numbers were Jews escaping state-inspired pogroms. They had fled Russia via [[Siberia]] and Northern China, most making their way to [[Harbin]], in [[Manchuria]], then taking passage from the port of [[Dalian]] to [[Townsville]] or Brisbane, the first Australian ports of call.<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|15133|St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral|600358|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>

Following the [[First World War]], conflict arose between returned servicemen of the [[First Australian Imperial Force]] and [[socialists]] along with other elements of society that the ex-servicemen considered to be disloyal toward Australia.<ref name=Coulthard165>Coulthard-Clark 1998, pg. 165.</ref> Over the course of 1918–1919, a series of violent demonstrations and attacks known as the [[Red Flag riots]], were waged throughout Brisbane. The most notable incident occurred on 24 March 1919, when a crowd of about 8,000 ex-servicemen clashed violently with police who were preventing them from attacking the Russian Hall in Merivale Street, [[South Brisbane]], which was known as the Battle of Merivale Street. Over 20 small municipalities and shires were amalgamated in 1925 to form the City of Brisbane, governed by the [[Brisbane City Council]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090501b.htm|title=Jolly, William Alfred (1881–1955)|chapter=William Alfred Jolly (1881–1955) |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |access-date=20 December 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526031452/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090501b.htm|archive-date=26 May 2008}}</ref> A significant year for Brisbane was 1930, with the completion of [[Brisbane City Hall]], then the city's tallest building and the [[Shrine of Remembrance, Brisbane|Shrine of Remembrance]], in [[ANZAC Square, Brisbane|ANZAC Square]], which has become Brisbane's main war memorial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/queensland.html |title=Brisbane |publisher=ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) Incorporated |year=1998 |access-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012155556/http://anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/queensland.html |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Queensland State Archives 55 Queen Street Brisbane looking south October 1930.png|thumb|right|[[Queen Street, Brisbane|Queen street]] looking south, ca. 1930]]
These historic buildings, along with the [[Story Bridge]] which opened in 1940, are key landmarks that help define the architectural character of the city. Following the death of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] in 1936, Albert square was widened to include the area which had been Albert Street, and renamed [[King George Square]] in honour of the King. An [[equestrian statue]] of the king and two [[Bronze]] [[Lion]] [[sculpture]]s were unveiled in 1938.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

In 1939, armed farmers marched on the [[Parliament House, Brisbane|Queensland Parliament]] and stormed the building in an attempt to take hostage the [[Queensland Government]] led by Labor Premier [[William Forgan Smith]], in an event that became known as the Pineapple rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46419048?searchTerm=queensland%20parliament%20rebellion%20pineapple|title= Raid on Parliament|date=23 August 1939|website=Trove |url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031031007/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46419048?searchTerm=queensland%20parliament%20rebellion%20pineapple |archive-date=31 October 2021 }}</ref>
[[File:StateLibQld 1 130295 Parade of RAAF recruits through Queen Street, Brisbane, August 1940.jpg|thumb|right|Parade of [[Royal Australian Air Force|RAAF]] servicemen through Queen street, ca. 1940]]
During World War II, Brisbane became central to the Allied campaign, since it was the northernmost city with adequate communications facilities. From July 1942 to September 1944, AMP Building (now called [[MacArthur Central]]) was used as the headquarters for [[South West Pacific Area]] under General MacArthur. MacArthur had previously rejected use of the University of Queensland complex as his headquarters, as the distinctive bends in the river at St Lucia could have aided enemy bombers. Also used as a headquarters by the American troops during World War II was the [[T & G Building, Brisbane|T & G Building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ausarmy/hiringsno1lofc.htm|title=Hirings Section|publisher=Australia @ War|author=Peter Dunn|date=2 March 2005|access-date=7 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165321/http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ausarmy/hiringsno1lofc.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> About one million US troops passed through Australia during the war, as the primary co-ordination point for the South West Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/OQMG/professional_bulletin/1999/spring1999/QM%20Supply%20in%20the%20Pacific%20During%20WWII.htm |title=QM Supply in the Pacific during WWII|work=Quartermaster Professional Bulletin|date=Spring 1999|access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040221195229/http%3A//www%2Equartermaster%2Earmy%2Emil/oqmg/Professional_Bulletin/1999/spring1999/QM%2520Supply%2520in%2520the%2520Pacific%2520During%2520WWII%2Ehtm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 21 February 2004 }}</ref> Wartime Brisbane was defined by the [[racial segregation]] of [[Military history of African Americans|African American]] servicemen, [[prohibition]] and [[Moonshine|sly grog]], crime, and [[jazz]] [[ballroom]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/play-explores-brisbanes-boundaries-20120703-21fdv.html |title=Theatre play explores Brisbane's boundaries |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=2 November 2021 |author=Dan Nancarrow |date=5 July 2012 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821070704/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/play-explores-brisbanes-boundaries-20120703-21fdv.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/192940438?searchTerm=brisbane%20prohibition |title=Unspeakable orgy in Brisbane |publisher=Trove |access-date=2 November 2021 |author=E.J. Tait |date=14 August 1942 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821070645/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/192940438?searchTerm=brisbane%20prohibition |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1942, Brisbane was the site of a violent clash between visiting US military personnel and Australian servicemen and civilians, which resulted in one death and hundreds of injuries. This incident became known colloquially as the [[Battle of Brisbane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ozatwar/bob.htm|title=The Battle of Brisbane&nbsp;– 26 & 27 November 1942|publisher=Australia @ War|access-date=7 January 2008|author=Peter Dunn|date=27 August 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110092844/http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ozatwar/bob.htm|archive-date=10 January 2008}}</ref>

Post-war Brisbane had developed a big country town stigma, an image the city's politicians and marketers were very keen to remove.<ref>[http://city-news.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/brisbanes-last-in-but-best-dressed/ Brisbane's last in but best-dressed], Brooke Falvey, City news, 11 July 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215034831/http://city-news.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/brisbanes-last-in-but-best-dressed/ |date=15 December 2013 }}</ref> In the late 1950s, an anonymous poet known as The Brisbane Bard generated much attention to the city which helped shake this stigma.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swanwick |first=Tristan |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/filmmakers-to-honour-brisbane-bard/story-fn6ck51p-1225969834655 |title=Filmmakers on trail of Brisbane Bard |work=The Courier-Mail |date=12 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208152826/http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/filmmakers-to-honour-brisbane-bard/story-fn6ck51p-1225969834655 |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/ "She picked me up at a dance one night"], Joan and Bill Bentson, Queensland Government. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618183642/http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/whats-on/exhibit/online/travelling/bentson|date=18 June 2009}}</ref> In 1955, [[Wickham Terrace]] was the site of a terrorist incident involving shootings and bombs, by the German immigrant [[Karl Kast]]. Despite steady growth, Brisbane's development was punctuated by infrastructure problems. The state government under [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen]] began a major program of change and urban renewal, beginning with the central business district and inner suburbs. [[Trams in Brisbane]] were a popular mode of public transport until the network was closed in 1969, in part the result of the [[Paddington tram depot fire]].

Between 1968 and 1987, Queensland was governed by Bjelke-Petersen, whose government was characterised by [[social conservatism]], [[police corruption]], and [[Queensland street marches|the brutal suppression of protest]] and has been described as a [[police state]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Shirleene |title=Issues that swung elections: the dramatic and inglorious fall of Joh Bjelke-Petersen |url=https://theconversation.com/issues-that-swung-elections-the-dramatic-and-inglorious-fall-of-joh-bjelke-petersen-115141 |website=The Conversation |date=3 May 2019 |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216155248/https://theconversation.com/issues-that-swung-elections-the-dramatic-and-inglorious-fall-of-joh-bjelke-petersen-115141 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, during this time Brisbane developed a counterculture focused on the [[University of Queensland]], [[Queensland street marches|street marches]] and [[Brisbane punk rock]] music.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 1971, the touring [[Springboks]] were to play against the Australian Rugby team. This was met with plans for protests due to the growing international and local opposition to [[apartheid]] in South Africa. However, before their arrival Bjelke-Petersen declared a state of emergency for a month, citing the importance of the tour.<ref>Bryce, Alex. "We Would Live in Peace and Tranquility and No One Would Know Anything", Australian Academic and Research Libraries 31.3 (2000): 65–81.</ref> This did not stop the protest however with violent clashes between protestors and police erupting when several hundred demonstrators assembled outside a Brisbane motel on Thursday, 22 July 1971, where the Springbok team was staying. A second protest saw a large number of demonstrators assembled once more outside the Tower Mill Motel and after 15 minutes of peaceful protest, a brick was thrown into the motel room and police took action to clear the road and consequently disproportionate violence was used against demonstrators.<ref>Fitzgerald, Ross. "A History of Queensland, from 1915 to the 1980s", University of Queensland Press, 1985. Print.</ref>

In the lead up to the 1980s Queensland fell subject to many forms of censorship. In 1977 things had escalated from prosecutions and book burnings, under the introduction of the Literature Board of Review, to a statewide ban on protests and street marches. In September 1977 the [[Queensland Government]] introduced a ban on all street protests, resulting in a statewide civil liberties campaign of defiance.<ref>Keim, Stephen. "The State of (Civil Liberties in Queensland): New Broom – Same Dirt." Legal Service Bulletin 13.1(1988):10–11. Web.</ref> This saw two thousand people arrested and fined, with another hundred being imprisoned, at a cost of almost five million dollars to the State Government.<ref name="cliq">Plunkett, Mark and Ralph Summy 'Civil Liberties in Queensland: A nonviolent political campaign.' "Social Alternatives" Vol 1 no. 6/7, 1980 p 73-90</ref> Bjelke-Petersen publicly announced on 4 September 1977 that "the day of the political street march is over&nbsp;... Don't bother to apply for a permit. You won't get one. That's government policy now."<ref>Bjelke-Petersen, in Patience ''The Bjelke-Petersen premiership 1968–1983 : issues in public policy''. Longman Cheshire: Melbourne. 1985.</ref> In response to this, protesters came up with the idea of Phantom Civil Liberties Marches where protesters would gather and march until the police and media arrived. They would then disperse, and gather together again until the media and police returned, repeating the process over and over again.<ref>Summy, Ralph. Bruce Dickson and Mark Plunkett. "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgyX_01P1do Phantom Civil Liberties Marches – Queensland University 1978–79]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005042601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgyX_01P1do |date=5 October 2021 }}</ref>

The end of the Bjelke-Petersen era began with the [[Fitzgerald Inquiry]] of 1987 to 1989, a judicial inquiry presided over by [[Tony Fitzgerald (judge)|Tony Fitzgerald]] investigating [[Queensland Police]] [[Police corruption|corruption]]. The inquiry resulted in the resignation of [[Premier of Queensland|Premier]] Bjelke-Petersen, the calling of two by-elections, the jailing of three former ministers and the [[Police Commissioner]] [[Terry Lewis (police officer)|Terry Lewis]] (who also lost his [[knighthood]]). It also contributed to the end of the [[National Party of Australia]]'s 32-year run as the governing political party in Queensland.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 1973, the [[Whiskey Au Go Go fire|Whiskey Au Go Go nightclub]] in the [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|city's entertainment district]], was firebombed that resulted in 15 deaths, in what is one of [[List of massacres in Australia|Australia's worst mass killings]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Plunkett|first=Geoff|title=The Whiskey Au Go Go massacre: murder, arson and the crime of the century |publisher=Blue Sky Publishing |date=5 May 2018|isbn=9781925675443|location=Newport, NSW|oclc=1041112112}}</ref> The [[1974 Brisbane flood]] was a major disaster which temporarily crippled the city, and saw a [[Corinda landslip|substantial landslip]] at [[Corinda, Queensland|Corinda]]. During this era, Brisbane grew and modernised, rapidly becoming a destination of interstate migration. Some of Brisbane's popular landmarks were lost to development in controversial circumstances, including the [[Bellevue Hotel, Brisbane|Bellevue Hotel]] in 1979 and [[Cloudland]] in 1982. Major public works included the [[Riverside Expressway]], the [[Gateway Bridge]], and later, the redevelopment of [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]]. Starting with the monumental [[Robin Gibson (architect)|Robin Gibson]]-designed [[Queensland Cultural Centre]], with the first stage the [[Queensland Art Gallery]] completed in 1982, the [[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]] in 1985, and the [[Queensland Museum]] in 1986.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Expo 88 (8075991938).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Brisbane hosted the [[World Expo 88]] in 1988]]
Brisbane hosted the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]] and [[World Expo 88]]. These events were accompanied by a scale of public expenditure, construction, and development not previously seen in the state of Queensland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1982.htm |title=ACGA Past Games 1982 |publisher=Commonwealth Games Australia |access-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917163227/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1982.htm |archive-date=17 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozbird.com/oz/OzCulture/expo88/brisbane/default.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/19990128080738/http://www.ozbird.com/oz/OzCulture/expo88/brisbane/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 1999|title=Expo 88 / Brisbane|publisher=OZ Culture|access-date=28 December 2007|author=Rebecca Bell}}</ref> Brisbane's population growth far exceeded the national average in the last two decades of the 20th century, with a high level of interstate migration from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and New South Wales. In the late 1980s Brisbane's inner-city areas were struggling with economic stagnation, [[urban decay]] and crime which resulted in an exodus of residents and business to the suburban fringe, in the early 1990s the city undertook an extensive and successful [[Urban renewal in Woolstore Precinct, Teneriffe|urban renewal of the Woolstore precinct]] as well as the development of [[South Bank Parklands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/prdc/groups/corpwebcontent/documents/documents/urbanrenewal_20yearmagazine.pdf|title=Brisbane City Council. Urban Renewal Brisbane – 20 Years Celebration Magazine. p 14|website=Brisbane.qld.gov.au|access-date=12 January 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===21st century===
Brisbane was impacted by major floods in [[2010–2011 Queensland floods|January 2011]] and [[2022 eastern Australia floods|February 2022]]. The Brisbane River did not reach the same height as the previous 1974 flood on either occasion, but caused extensive disruption and damage to infrastructure.<ref name="Berry">{{cite news|last=Berry|first=Petrina|title=Brisbane braces for flood peak as Queensland's flood crisis continues|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/brisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood/story-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487|access-date=14 January 2011|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|date=13 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816145500/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/brisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood/story-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487|archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/infographics/qld-floods/beforeafter2.htm/ |title=Before and after photos of the floods in Brisbane |publisher=Abc.net.au |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712045536/http://www.abc.net.au/news/infographics/qld-floods/beforeafter2.htm |archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref>

The [[Queensland Cultural Centre]] was also expanded, with the completion of the [[State Library of Queensland|State Library]] and the [[Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane|Gallery of Modern Art]] in 2006, and the [[Kurilpa Bridge]] in 2009, the world's largest hybrid [[tensegrity]] bridge.<ref name="World Architecture News">{{cite news |title=Cox Rayner + Arup complete worlds largest tensegrity bridge in Brisbane |publisher=World Architecture News |date=13 October 2009 |url=http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=12507 |access-date=15 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017061217/http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=12507 |archive-date=17 October 2009 }}</ref> Brisbane also hosted major international events including the final [[2001 Goodwill Games|Goodwill Games]] in 2001, the Rugby League World Cup final in 2008 and again in 2017, as well as the [[2014 G20 Brisbane summit]].

Population growth has continued to be among the highest of the Australian capital cities in the first two decades of the 21st century, and major infrastructure including the [[Howard Smith Wharves]], [[Roma Street Parklands]], [[Star Entertainment Group#Queen's Wharf, Brisbane|Queens Wharf]], the [[Brisbane River#Brisbane Riverwalk|Brisbane Riverwalk]], the [[Queen's Wharf, Brisbane|Queen's Wharf]] casino and resort precinct, the Brisbane International Cruise Terminal, the [[Clem Jones Tunnel|Clem Jones]], [[Airport Link, Brisbane|Airport Link]], and [[Legacy Way]] road tunnels, and the [[Airport railway line|Airport]], [[Springfield railway line|Springfield]], [[Redcliffe Peninsula railway line|Redcliffe Peninsula]] and [[Cross River Rail]] railway lines have been completed or are under construction.

Brisbane will host the [[2032 Summer Olympics]] and [[2032 Summer Paralympics]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>

==Geography and environment==
{{main|Geography of Brisbane}}
[[File:Sandy Shores of Moreton Bay.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite image of Brisbane metropolitan area taken in 2019]]
[[File:Howard Smith Wharves, Brisbane in Oct 2019, 20.jpg|thumb|right|New Farm Cliffs, formed from [[Brisbane tuff]] rock, behind [[Howard Smith Wharves]]]]
[[File:Scarborough Beach, Redcliffe.jpg|thumb|right|Scarborough Beach at [[Scarborough, Queensland|Scarborough]] on the [[Redcliffe Peninsula]]]]

Brisbane is in the southeast corner of Queensland. The city is centred along the Brisbane River, and its eastern suburbs line the shores of Moreton Bay, a bay of the Coral Sea. The greater Brisbane region is on the coastal plain east of the [[Great Dividing Range]], with the [[Taylor Range|Taylor]] and [[D'Aguilar Range|D'Aguilar]] ranges extending into the metropolitan area. Brisbane's metropolitan area sprawls along the Moreton Bay floodplain between the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold]] and [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine]] coasts, approximately from [[Caboolture]] in the north to [[Beenleigh]] in the south, and across to [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]] in the south west.

The Brisbane River is a wide [[tide|tidal]] [[estuary]] and its waters throughout most of the metropolitan area are [[brackish]] and [[navigability|navigable]]. The river takes a winding course through the metropolitan area with many steep curves from the southwest to its mouth at Moreton Bay in the east. The metropolitan area is also traversed by several other rivers and creeks including the [[North Pine River|North Pine]] and [[South Pine River|South Pine]] rivers in the northern suburbs, which converge to form the [[Pine River (Queensland)|Pine River]] estuary at [[Bramble Bay]], the [[Caboolture River]] further north, the [[Logan River|Logan]] and [[Albert River (Queensland)|Albert]] rivers in the south-eastern suburbs, and [[tributary|tributaries]] of the Brisbane River including the [[Bremer River (Queensland)|Bremer River]] in the south-western suburbs, [[Breakfast Creek]] in the inner-north, [[Norman Creek (Queensland)|Norman Creek]] in the inner-south, [[Oxley Creek]] in the south, [[Bulimba Creek]] in the inner south-east and [[Moggill Creek]] in the west. The city is on a low-lying [[floodplain]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/12/3036241.htm?site=Brisbane |title=Flood-proof road destroyed in deluge |work=ABC News |date=12 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706084641/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/12/3036241.htm?site=Brisbane |archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> with the risk of flooding addressed by various state and local government regulations and plans.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 May 2019|title=Brisbane's FloodSmart Future Strategy|url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/community-and-safety/community-safety/disasters-and-emergencies/be-prepared/flooding-in-brisbane/flood-strategy/brisbanes-floodsmart-future-strategy|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205358/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/community-and-safety/community-safety/disasters-and-emergencies/be-prepared/flooding-in-brisbane/flood-strategy/brisbanes-floodsmart-future-strategy|url-status=live}}</ref>

The waters of Moreton Bay are sheltered from large [[swell (ocean)|swells]] by [[Moreton Island|Moreton]], [[North Stradbroke Island|Stradbroke]] and [[Bribie Island|Bribie]] islands, so whilst the bay can become rough in windy conditions, the waves at the Moreton Bay coastline are generally not [[surfing|surfable]]. Unsheltered surf beaches lie on the eastern coasts of [[Moreton Island|Moreton]], [[North Stradbroke Island|Stradbroke]] and [[Bribie Island|Bribie]] islands and on the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast to the south and north respectively. The southern part of Moreton Bay also contains smaller islands such as [[St Helena Island National Park|St Helena Island]], [[Peel Island (Queensland)|Peel Island]], [[Coochiemudlo Island]], [[Russell Island (Moreton Bay)|Russell Island]], [[Lamb Island, Queensland|Lamb Island]] and [[Macleay Island]].

The city of Brisbane is hilly.<ref name="thenandnow">{{cite book |title=Brisbane Then and Now |last=Gregory |first=Helen |year=2007 |publisher=Salamander Books |location=Wingfield, South Australia |isbn=978-1-74173-011-1 |page=60 }}</ref> The urban area, including the central business district, are partially elevated by spurs of the [[Taylor Range (Queensland)|Herbert Taylor Range]], such as the summit of [[Mount Coot-tha, Queensland|Mount Coot-tha]], reaching up to {{convert|300|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} and [[Enoggera Hill]]. The [[D'Aguilar National Park]], encompassing the [[D'Aguilar Range]], bounds the north-west of Brisbane's built-up area, and contains the taller peaks of [[Mount Nebo (Queensland)|Mount Nebo]], [[Camp Mountain]], [[Mount Pleasant, Queensland (Moreton Bay)|Mount Pleasant]], [[Mount Glorious]], [[Mount Samson]] and [[Mount Mee, Queensland|Mount Mee]]. Other prominent rises in Brisbane are [[Mount Gravatt, Queensland|Mount Gravatt]], [[Toohey Mountain]], [[Mount Petrie]], [[Highgate Hill, Queensland|Highgate Hill]], [[Mount Ommaney]], [[Stephens Mountain, Queensland|Stephens Mountain]], and [[Whites Hill, Queensland|Whites Hill]], which are dotted across the city.

Much of the rock upon which Brisbane is located is the characteristic [[Brisbane tuff]], a form of welded [[ignimbrite]],<ref name=wdhs>{{cite web|title=Brisbane Tuff|url=http://windsorhistorical.org.au/brisbane-tuff/|publisher=Windsor and Districts Historical Society|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072347/https://windsorhistorical.org.au/brisbane-tuff/|url-status=live}}</ref> which is most prominently found at the [[Kangaroo Point Cliffs]] at [[Kangaroo Point, Queensland|Kangaroo Point]] and the New Farm Cliffs on the [[Petrie Bight]] reach of the Brisbane River. The stone was used in the construction of historical buildings such as the [[Commissariat Store, Brisbane|Commissariat Store]] and [[Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane|Cathedral of St Stephen]], and the roadside [[curb|kerbs]] in inner areas of Brisbane are still manufactured of Brisbane tuff.

===Ecology===
[[File:Jacaranda mimosifolia trees in New Farm Park, Queensland, 07.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jacaranda mimosifolia|Jacaranda]] trees in bloom at [[New Farm Park]]]]
Brisbane is located within the [[South East Queensland]] [[Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia|biogeographic region]], and is home to numerous [[Eucalyptus]] varieties. Common trees in Brisbane include the [[Ficus macrophylla|Moreton Bay fig]], an evergreen [[banyan]] with large [[buttress roots]] named for the region which are often lit with [[Christmas lights|decorative lights]] in the inner city, as well as the [[Jacaranda mimosifolia|jacaranda]], a subtropical tree native to [[South America]] which line many avenues and parks and bloom with purple [https://flowersbrisbane.au/ flowers] during October.<ref>{{cite web|title=Get out and explore Brisbane's top jacaranda trees hotspots|url=https://www.visitbrisbane.com.au/information/articles/nature/hunt-jacarandas-with-lee?sc_lang=en-au|publisher=Visit Brisbane|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727042403/https://www.visitbrisbane.com.au/information/articles/nature/hunt-jacarandas-with-lee?sc_lang=en-au|url-status=live}}</ref> Other trees common to the metropolitan area include [[Castanospermum|Moreton Bay chestnut]], [[Melaleuca quinquenervia|broad-leaved paperbark]], [[Delonix regia|poinciana]], [[Waterhousea floribunda|weeping lilli pilli]] and [[Archontophoenix cunninghamiana|Bangalow palm]]. Some of the banks of the [[Brisbane River]] and [[Moreton Bay]] are home to [[Australian mangroves|mangrove]] wetlands. The [[Poinsettia|red poinsettia]] is the original official floral emblem of Brisbane, however it is native to Central America.<ref name=":1" /> An additional floral emblem, the [[Acacia fimbriata|Brisbane wattle]], which is native to the Brisbane area, was added in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brisbane City Council |title=Symbols used by Council |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |access-date=6 October 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023556/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |url-status=live }}</ref>

Brisbane is home to numerous bird species, with common species including [[rainbow lorikeet]]s, [[kookaburra]]s, [[galah]]s, [[Australian white ibis]]es, [[Australian brushturkey]]s, [[Torresian crow]]s, [[Australian magpie]]s and [[noisy miner]]s. Common reptiles include [[common garden skink]]s, [[Australian water dragon]]s, [[Pogona|bearded dragons]] and [[Blue-tongued skink|blue-tongued lizards]]. [[Common ringtail possum]]s and [[Pteropus|flying foxes]] are common in parks and yards throughout the city, as are [[Euploea core|common crow butterflies]], [[Graphium sarpedon|blue triangle butterflies]], [[Nephila|golden orb-weaver spiders]] and [[Argiope keyserlingi|St Andrew's Cross spiders]]. The [[Brisbane River]] is home to many fish species including [[Acanthopagrus australis|yellowfin bream]], [[Flathead (fish)|flathead]], [[Australasian snapper]], and [[bull shark]]s. The waters of [[Moreton Bay]] are home to [[dugong]]s, [[humpback whale]]s, [[dolphin]]s, [[Scylla serrata|mud crabs]], [[Mictyris longicarpus|soldier crabs]], [[Thenus|Moreton Bay bug]]s and numerous [[shellfish]] species. The [[koala]] and the [[graceful tree frog]] are the official faunal emblems of Brisbane, however both are increasingly less common due to the effects of increased development and climate-change.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |title=Symbols used by Council |author=Brisbane City Council |work=Brisbane City Council |accessdate=26 June 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023556/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/clean-and-green/natural-environment-and-water/biodiversity-in-brisbane/wildlife-in-brisbane/significant-species/koalas |title=Koala facts |author=Brisbane City Council |work=Brisbane City Council |accessdate=26 June 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626091840/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/clean-and-green/natural-environment-and-water/biodiversity-in-brisbane/wildlife-in-brisbane/significant-species/koalas |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Brisbane}}
[[File:Storm over the Brisbane city centre.jpg|thumb|Lightning over the Brisbane city centre, February 2020]]

Brisbane has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfa''<!-- Brisbane is Cfa, not Cwa nor is it "transitional" Cwa, because the Cwa climate would require "At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter." according to BOM data, the wettest month's average is a little over 185 mm, not the 260+ mm that would be required for a Cwa classification. -->)<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate: Brisbane – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/6171/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215043242/http://en.climate-data.org/location/6171/|archive-date=15 December 2013}}</ref> with hot, wet summers and moderately drier, mild winters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tapper |first1=Andrew |last2=Tapper |first2=Nigel |title=The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=978-0-19-558466-0|edition=Second|editor=Gray, Kathleen|page=346|chapter=Sub-Synoptic-Scale Processes and Phenomena}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Linacre | first = Edward | author2 = Geerts, Bart | title = Climates and Weather Explained | publisher = Routledge | location = London | year = 1997 | page = 379 | chapter = Southern Climates | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&pg=PA379 | isbn = 0-415-12519-7 | access-date = 25 November 2020 | archive-date = 17 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230117222848/https://books.google.com/books?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&pg=PA379 | url-status = live }}</ref> Brisbane experiences an annual mean minimum of {{convert|16.6|°C|°F|0}} and mean maximum of {{convert|26.6|°C|°F|0}}, making it Australia's second-hottest capital city after [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Climate statistics for Australian stations – Brisbane|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040913_All.shtml|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813072724/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040913_All.shtml|archive-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> Seasonality is not pronounced, and average maximum temperatures of above {{convert|26|°C|°F|0}} persist from October through to April.

Due to its proximity to the Coral Sea and a warm ocean current, Brisbane's overall temperature variability is somewhat less than most Australian capitals. Summers are long, hot, and wet, but temperatures only occasionally reach {{convert|35|°C|°F|0}} or more. Eighty percent of summer days record a maximum temperature of {{convert|27|to|33|°C|°F|0}}. Winters are short and warm, with average maximums of about {{convert|22|°C|°F|0}}; maximum temperatures below {{convert|20|°C|°F|0}} are rare.

The city's highest recorded temperature was {{convert|43.2|°C|°F|1}} on [[Australia Day]] 1940 at the Brisbane Regional Office,<ref name="ReferenceB">{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_040214_All|site_name=Brisbane Regional Office|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> with the highest temperature at the current station being {{convert|41.7|°C|°F|1}} on 22 February 2004;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daily Maximum Temperature – 040913 – Bureau of Meteorology|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=122&p_display_type=dailyDataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=040913|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Bom.gov.au|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824040723/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=122&p_display_type=dailyDataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=040913|url-status=live}}</ref> but temperatures above {{convert|38|°C|°F|0}} are uncommon. On 19 July 2007, Brisbane's temperature fell below the freezing point for the first time since records began, registering {{convert|-0.1|°C|°F|1}} at the airport station.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/articles/2007/07/19/1184559902397.html|title=Coldest day on record for Brisbane|newspaper=[[Brisbane Times]]|author=Daniel Sankey and Tony Moore|date=19 July 2007|access-date=5 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140228/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/articles/2007/07/19/1184559902397.html|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> The city station has never dropped below {{convert|2|°C|°F|0}},<ref name="ReferenceA"/> with the average coldest night during winter being around {{convert|6|°C|°F|0}}, however locations in the west of the metropolitan area such as [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]] have dropped as low as {{convert|-5|°C|°F|0}} with heavy ground frost.<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_040004_All|site_name=Amberley AMO|access-date=9 February 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref>

In 2009, Brisbane recorded its hottest winter day (from June to August) at {{convert|35.4|°C|°F|1}} on 24 August;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/hot-august-day-as-records-fall-20090824-evxp.html|title=Hot August day as Records Fall|work=[[Brisbane Times]]|author=Unknown|date=24 August 2009|access-date=31 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827141847/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/hot-august-day-as-records-fall-20090824-evxp.html|archive-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> The average July day however is around {{convert|22|°C|°F|0}} with sunny skies and low humidity, occasionally as high as {{convert|27|°C|°F|0}}, whilst maximum temperatures below {{convert|18|°C|°F|0}} are uncommon and usually associated with brief periods of cloud and winter rain.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The highest minimum temperature ever recorded in Brisbane was {{convert|28.0|°C|°F|1}} on 29 January 1940 and again on 21 January 2017, whilst the lowest maximum temperature was {{convert|10.2|°C|°F|1}} on 12 August 1954.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Annual precipitation is ample. From November to March, thunderstorms are common over Brisbane, with the more severe events accompanied by large damaging hail stones, torrential rain and destructive winds. On an annual basis, Brisbane averages 124 clear days, with overcast skies more common in the warmer months.<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_040223_All|site_name=Brisbane Aero|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> Dewpoints in the summer average at around {{convert|20|°C|°F|0}}; the [[apparent temperature]] exceeds {{convert|30|°C|°F|0}} on almost all summer days.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_040913_All|site_name=Brisbane|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> Brisbane's wettest day occurred on 21 January 1887, when {{convert|465|mm|in}} of rain fell on the city, the highest maximum daily rainfall of Australia's capital cities. The wettest month on record was February 1893, when {{convert|1025.9|mm|in}} of rain fell, although in the last 30 years the record monthly rainfall has been a much lower {{convert|479.8|mm|in}} from December 2010. Very occasionally a whole month will pass with no recorded rainfall, the last time this happened was August 1991.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The city has suffered four major floods since its founding, in [[1893 Brisbane flood|February 1893]], [[1974 Brisbane Flood|January 1974]] (partially a result of [[Cyclone Wanda]]), [[2010–2011 Queensland floods|January 2011]] (partially a result of [[Cyclone Tasha]]) and [[2022 eastern Australia floods|February 2022]].

Brisbane is within the southern reaches of the [[tropical cyclone]] risk zone. Full-strength tropical cyclones rarely affect Brisbane, but occasionally do so. The biggest risk is from ex-tropical cyclones, which can cause destructive winds and flooding rains.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Risks|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/webtemp/image_cache/GA4205.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713154744/http://www.ga.gov.au/webtemp/image_cache/GA4205.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|access-date=22 December 2020|website=[[Geoscience Australia]]}}</ref>

The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from {{convert|21.0|C|F}} in July to {{convert|27.0|C|F}} in February.<ref name="weather2travel">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/australia/queensland/brisbane.php|title=Brisbane Climate Guide|access-date=9 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005121104/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/australia/queensland/brisbane.php|archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location     = Brisbane <small>(Brisbane, 1999–2022)</small>
| metric first = yes
| single line  = yes
|Jan record high C = 40.0
|Feb record high C = 41.7
|Mar record high C = 37.9
|Apr record high C = 33.7
|May record high C = 30.7
|Jun record high C = 29.0
|Jul record high C = 29.1
|Aug record high C = 35.4
|Sep record high C = 37.0
|Oct record high C = 38.7
|Nov record high C = 38.9
|Dec record high C = 41.2
|year record high C = 41.7
| Jan high C = 30.4
| Feb high C = 30.1
| Mar high C = 29.1
| Apr high C = 27.2
| May high C = 24.5
| Jun high C = 22.0
| Jul high C = 22.0
| Aug high C = 23.4
| Sep high C = 25.7
| Oct high C = 27.1
| Nov high C = 28.3
| Dec high C = 29.6
| year high C = 26.6
| Jan mean C= 26.0
| Feb mean C= 25.8
| Mar mean C= 24.8
| Apr mean C= 22.3
| May mean C= 19.2
| Jun mean C= 17.0
| Jul mean C= 16.2
| Aug mean C= 17.2
| Sep mean C= 19.8
| Oct mean C= 21.8
| Nov mean C= 23.6
| Dec mean C= 25.0
| year mean C= 21.5
| Jan low C = 21.6
| Feb low C = 21.4
| Mar low C = 20.2
| Apr low C = 17.4
| May low C = 13.8
| Jun low C = 11.9
| Jul low C = 10.4
| Aug low C = 10.9
| Sep low C = 13.9
| Oct low C = 16.5
| Nov low C = 18.8
| Dec low C = 20.5
| year low C = 16.4
|Jan record low C = 17.0
|Feb record low C = 16.5
|Mar record low C = 12.2
|Apr record low C = 10.0
|May record low C = 5.0
|Jun record low C = 5.0
|Jul record low C = 2.6
|Aug record low C = 4.1
|Sep record low C = 7.0
|Oct record low C = 8.8
|Nov record low C = 10.8
|Dec record low C = 14.0
|year record low C = 2.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm  = 138.1
| Feb precipitation mm  = 185.2
| Mar precipitation mm  = 131.6
| Apr precipitation mm  = 61.3
| May precipitation mm  = 61.1
| Jun precipitation mm  = 63.8
| Jul precipitation mm  = 27.5
| Aug precipitation mm  = 34.2
| Sep precipitation mm  = 26.6
| Oct precipitation mm  = 86.3
| Nov precipitation mm  = 95.7
| Dec precipitation mm  = 129.1
| year precipitation mm = 1011.5
| Jan rain days  = 8.2
| Feb rain days  = 10
| Mar rain days  = 9.7
| Apr rain days  = 7
| May rain days  = 5.6
| Jun rain days  = 6.6
| Jul rain days  = 3.8
| Aug rain days  = 3.5
| Sep rain days  = 3.6
| Oct rain days  = 7.1
| Nov rain days  = 7.6
| Dec rain days  = 8.9
| year rain days = 81.6
| unit rain days = 1 mm
| Jan afthumidity = 57
| Feb afthumidity = 59
| Mar afthumidity = 57
| Apr afthumidity = 54
| May afthumidity = 49
| Jun afthumidity = 52
| Jul afthumidity = 44
| Aug afthumidity = 43
| Sep afthumidity = 48
| Oct afthumidity = 51
| Nov afthumidity = 56
| Dec afthumidity = 57
| year afthumidity = 52
|Jan sun = 267
|Feb sun = 235
|Mar sun = 233
|Apr sun = 237
|May sun = 239
|Jun sun = 198
|Jul sun = 239
|Aug sun = 270
|Sep sun = 267
|Oct sun = 270
|Nov sun = 273
|Dec sun = 264
|year sun = 2989
|Jan percentsun = 63
|Feb percentsun = 65
|Mar percentsun = 62
|Apr percentsun = 69
|May percentsun = 71
|Jun percentsun = 63
|Jul percentsun = 73
|Aug percentsun = 78
|Sep percentsun = 74
|Oct percentsun = 68
|Nov percentsun = 67
|Dec percentsun = 62
|Jan uv = 13
|Feb uv = 12
|Mar uv = 10
|Apr uv = 7
|May uv = 5
|Jun uv = 4
|Jul uv = 4
|Aug uv = 5
|Sep uv = 7
|Oct uv = 10
|Nov uv = 12
|Dec uv = 13
| source 1 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040913_All.shtml |title=Brisbane |author=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411040241/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040913_All.shtml |archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

==Urban structure==
[[File:Brisbane CBD seen from Mount Coot-tha Lookout, 2023, 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Brisbane CBD]] and surrounding metropolitan area from [[Mount Coot-tha Lookout]] in the [[Taylor Range]]]]
The [[Brisbane central business district]] (CBD, colloquially referred to as "the city") lies in a curve of the Brisbane river. The CBD covers {{convert|2.2|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} and is walkable. Most central streets are named after members of the [[House of Hanover]]. [[Queen Street, Brisbane|Queen Street]] (named in honour of [[Queen Victoria]]) is Brisbane's traditional [[main street]] and contains its largest [[Pedestrian zone|pedestrian mall]], the [[Queen Street Mall]]. Streets named after female members ([[Adelaide Street, Brisbane|Adelaide]], [[Alice Street, Brisbane|Alice]], [[Ann Street, Brisbane|Ann]], [[Charlotte Street, Brisbane|Charlotte]], [[Elizabeth Street, Brisbane|Elizabeth]], [[Margaret Street, Brisbane|Margaret]], and [[Mary Street, Brisbane|Mary]]) run parallel to [[Queen Street, Brisbane|Queen Street]] and perpendicular to streets named after male members ([[Albert Street, Brisbane|Albert]], [[Edward Street, Brisbane|Edward]], [[George Street, Brisbane|George]], and [[William Street, Brisbane|William]]).

The CBD's [[Town square|squares]] include [[King George Square]], [[Post Office Square, Brisbane|Post Office Square]] and [[ANZAC Square, Brisbane|ANZAC Square]] (home to the city's central [[war memorial]]).
[[File:River views of Brisbane CBD, October 2018, 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Brisbane CBD|CBD]] and [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]] fronts the [[Brisbane River]]]]
Brisbane's metropolitan area is broadly and colloquially divided into the northside and the southside, with the dividing line being the [[Brisbane River]],<ref>{{cite web|title=North v South: Brisbane's Watery Divide|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/north-v-south-brisbane-s-watery-divide-20181121-p50hdc.html|work=[[Brisbane Times]]|date=21 November 2018|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727035855/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/north-v-south-brisbane-s-watery-divide-20181121-p50hdc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as crossing one of the 15 [[Bridges over the Brisbane River|bridges across the river]] is required to travel to the opposite side by land transport. This results in many areas which are south of the CBD being classified as located in the northside, and vice versa, as a result of the river's winding, mostly south-west, trajectory. In addition to being classified as located on the northside or southside there are further broad and colloquial regions such as the westside for some areas to the southwest of the CBD and the bayside for areas located on the coast of [[Moreton Bay]].

Greater Brisbane had a density of {{convert|159|PD/sqkm}} in 2021.<ref name="auto5"/> Like most Australian cities, Brisbane has a sprawling metropolitan area which takes in excess of one hour to traverse either north to south or east to west by car without traffic.

From the 1970s onwards, there has been a large increase in the construction of [[apartment]] developments, including [[low-rise building|mid-rise]] and [[high-rise building|high rise]] buildings, which has quickened in the 21st century. At the 2021 census, 73.4% of residents lived in [[Single-family detached home|separate houses]], 14.7% lived in [[apartment]]s, and 11.4% lived in [[townhouse]]s, [[terrace house]]s, or [[semidetached]] houses.<ref name="auto5"/>

===Parklands===
[[File:Tree lined avenue at the City Botanic Gardens, Brisbane.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ficus macrophylla|Moreton Bay fig]]s at the [[City Botanic Gardens]]]]
Brisbane's major parklands include the riverside [[City Botanic Gardens]] at [[Gardens Point, Brisbane|Gardens Point]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-06-09 |title=Brisbane Botanic Gardens {{!}} Environment, land and water |url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600067 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=apps.des.qld.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> [[Roma Street Parkland]], the 27-hectare [[Victoria Park, Brisbane|Victoria Park]] at [[Spring Hill, Queensland|Spring Hill]] and [[Herston, Queensland|Herston]], [[South Bank Parklands]] along the river at [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]], the [[Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha|Brisbane Botanic Gardens]] at [[Mount Coot-tha, Queensland|Mount Coot-tha]] and the riverside [[New Farm Park]] at [[New Farm, Queensland|New Farm]].

There are many national parks surrounding the Brisbane metropolitan area. The [[D'Aguilar National Park]] is a major [[national park]] along the northwest of the metropolitan area in the [[D'Aguilar Range]]. The [[Glass House Mountains National Park]] is located to the north of the metropolitan area in the [[Glass House Mountains, Queensland|Glass House Mountains]] and provides green space between the Brisbane metropolitan area and the [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]]. The [[Tamborine National Park]] at [[Tamborine Mountain]] is located in the [[Gold Coast hinterland]] to the south of the metropolitan area.

The eastern metropolitan area is built along the [[Moreton Bay Marine Park]], encompassing [[Moreton Bay]]. Significant areas of [[Moreton Island|Moreton]], [[North Stradbroke Island|North Stradbroke]] and [[Bribie Island|Bribie]] islands also covered by the [[Moreton Island National Park]], [[Naree Budjong Djara National Park]] and the [[Bribie Island National Park]] respectively. The [[Boondall Wetlands]] in the suburb of [[Boondall, Queensland|Boondall]] include 1,100 hectares of wetlands which are home to [[Australian mangroves|mangroves]] and [[wader|shorebirds]] as well as walking tracks.

{{hidden
|Aerial view of inner Brisbane with landmarks marked
| {{overlay
|image = BrisbaneRiver02 gobeirne-edit1.jpg
|width = 900
|height = 675
|columns = 2
|overlay1 = [[Walter Taylor Bridge]] (road) (left), [[Albert Bridge, Brisbane|Albert Bridge]] (rail) (centre), unnamed bridge (rail) (right), [[Jack Pesch Bridge]] (far right)
|overlay1tip = Walter Taylor, Albert, unnamed, Jack Pesch bridges
|overlay1top = 50
|overlay1left = 780
|overlay2 = Eleanor Schonell Bridge (Green Bridge) (pedestrians, pedal cycles, buses)
|overlay2top = 250
|overlay2left = 445
|overlay2link = Eleanor Schonell Bridge
|overlay3 = Merivale Bridge (rail)
|overlay3tip = Merivale Bridge
|overlay3top = 375
|overlay3left = 720
|overlay3link = Merivale Bridge
|overlay4 = Grey Street Bridge (William Jolly Bridge) (road)
|overlay4tip = Grey Street Bridge (William Jolly Bridge)
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|overlay4left = 703
|overlay4link = William Jolly Bridge
|overlay5 = Victoria Bridge
|overlay5top = 400
|overlay5left = 650
|overlay5link = Victoria Bridge, Brisbane
|overlay6 = Captain Cook Bridge
|overlay6top = 390
|overlay6left = 480
|overlay6link = Captain Cook Bridge, Brisbane
|overlay7 = Story Bridge
|overlay7top = 545
|overlay7left = 550
|overlay7link = Story Bridge
|overlay8 = Pacific Motorway
|overlay8top = 313
|overlay8left = 240
|overlay8link = Pacific Motorway (Brisbane–Brunswick Heads)
|overlay9 = Suncorp Stadium (Lang Park) (Rugby league ground)
|overlay9tip = Suncorp Stadium
|overlay9top = 390
|overlay9left = 825
|overlay9link = Lang Park
|overlay10colour = blue
|overlay10 = Norman Creek (Anglican Church Grammar School)
|overlay10top = 505
|overlay10left = 205
|overlay10link = Norman Creek (Queensland)
|overlay11 = Oxley Creek
|overlay11top = 19
|overlay11left = 480
|overlay11link = Oxley Creek
|overlay12 = Brisbane River
|overlay12top1 = 100
|overlay12left1 = 489
|overlay12top2 = 575
|overlay12left2 = 280
|overlay12link = Brisbane River
|overlay13colour = red
|overlay13 = Indooroopilly Shoppingtown
|overlay13top = 65
|overlay13left = 860
|overlay13link = Indooroopilly Shopping Centre
|overlay14 = "The Gabba" (Brisbane Cricket Ground)
|overlay14tip = The Gabba
|overlay14top = 380
|overlay14left = 350
|overlay14link = The Gabba
|overlay15colour = green
|overlay15 = South Bank arts and recreation precinct
|overlay15tip = South Bank
|overlay15top = 375
|overlay15left = 580
|overlay15link = South Bank Parklands
|overlay16color = red
|overlay16 = Central business district
|overlay16top = 450
|overlay16left = 590
|overlay16link = Brisbane central business district
|overlay17 = [[University of Queensland]] (UQ) St Lucia Campus
|overlat17tip = University of Queensland
|overlay17top = 245
|overlay17left = 505
|overlay18color = green
|overlay18 = City Botanic Gardens
|overlay18top = 425
|overlay18left = 520
|overlay18link = City Botanic Gardens
|overlay19colour = red
|overlay19 = [[Queensland University of Technology]] (QUT) Gardens Point Campus
|overlay19tip = Queensland University of Technology
|overlay19top = 390
|overlay19left = 515
|overlay20 = Goodwill Bridge (pedestrians and pedal cycles)
|overlay20top = 375
|overlay20left = 522
|overlay20tip = Goodwill Bridge
|overlay20link = Goodwill Bridge
|overlay21 = The [[Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital]]
|overlay21top = 600
|overlay21left = 750
|overlay22 = Mater Private Hospital
|overlay22top = 325
|overlay22left = 460
|overlay22link = Mater Health Services
|overlay23 = Roma Street Rail Station
|overlay23top = 420
|overlay23left = 725
|overlay23link = Roma Street railway station
|overlay24colour = green
|overlay24 = Roma Street Parkland
|overlay24top = 455
|overlay24left = 740
|overlay24link = Roma Street Parkland
|overlay25 = New Farm Park and Powerhouse
|overlay25top = 575
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|overlay26 = Victoria Park Golf Course
|overlay26top = 520
|overlay26left = 810
|overlay27colour = red
|overlay27 = Brisbane Exhibition Ground
|overlay27top = 625
|overlay27left = 700
|overlay27link = Brisbane Exhibition Ground
|overlay28 = [[Brisbane River#Brisbane Riverwalk|Brisbane Riverwalk]]
|overlay28top = 525
|overlay28left = 455
|overlay29 = Inner City Bypass (rail) (left) (road) (right)
|overlay29tip = Inner City Bypass
|overlay29top = 525
|overlay29left = 760
|overlay29link = Inner City Bypass, Brisbane
|overlay30colour = green
|overlay30 = [[Indooroopilly, Queensland|Indooroopilly]] Golf Course
|overlay30top = 85
|overlay30left = 455
|overlay31colour = green
|overlay31 = Howard Smith Wharves
|overlay31top = 546
|overlay31left = 565
|overlay31link = Howard Smith Wharves
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|overlay32 = Eagle Street Pier
|overlay32top = 486
|overlay32left = 575
|overlay32link = Eagle Street Pier ferry wharf
|overlay33colour = red
|overlay33 = Queen Street Mall
|overlay33top = 430
|overlay33left = 600
|overlay33link = Queen Street Mall
}}
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff
|style=text-align:center;
}}

===Architecture===
{{Further|List of tallest buildings in Brisbane|Queenslander (architecture)}}
[[File:Commissariat Store, Brisbane 10.jpg|thumb|The [[Commissariat Store, Brisbane|Commissariat Store]] dates back to 1828 and was built by convicts.]]
Brisbane has a number of heritage buildings, some of which date back to the 1820s, including [[The Old Windmill, Brisbane|The Old Windmill]] in [[Wickham Park, Brisbane|Wickham Park]], built by convict labour in 1824,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/|title=TimeWalks Brisbane&nbsp;– Windmill|date=24 March 2008|publisher=[[Queensland Government]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219042223/http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/oh/treasures/timewalks/bris/1870/windmill|archive-date=19 December 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> which is the oldest surviving building in Brisbane, and the [[Commissariat Store, Brisbane|Commissariat Store]] on [[William Street, Brisbane|William Street]], built by convict labour in 1828, which was originally used as a grain house, and is now the home of the Royal Historical Society of Brisbane and contains a museum.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Origin of Australia's Capital Cities |last=Statham-Drew |first=Pamela|page=257 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40832-5 |year=1990 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Australia |last=Pike |first=Jeffrey |publisher=Insight |isbn=978-981-234-799-2 |year=2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queenslandhistory.org.au/comm.html |title=The Commissariat Stores |access-date=24 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523150756/http://www.queenslandhistory.org.au/comm.html |archive-date=23 May 2008 }}</ref> Other 19th and early 20th-century buildings of architectural significance include the [[Treasury Building, Brisbane|Treasury Building]], [[Brisbane City Hall|City Hall]], [[Customs House, Brisbane|Customs House]], [[Land Administration Building]], [[MacArthur Chambers]], [[The Mansions, Brisbane|The Mansions]], [[National Australia Bank (308 Queen Street)|National Australia Bank Building]], and the [[Federation architecture|Federation-style]] [[People's Palace, Brisbane|People's Palace]], a former temperance hotel on [[Edward Street, Brisbane|Edward Street]].

One of the  oldest synagogues in the Queensland area is the Brisbane Synagogue located on Margaret Street in Brisbane city. This historic synagogue can be attributed as the “centerpiece of the  Jewish community’s  presence  in  the  state”(Arnold,Creese 157). It was established in 1866 and designed by architect  Arthur Morry. Another architect by the name of Andrea Stombuco has also been credited as a designer of the synagogue by previous members of the community(Arnold,Creese 157). The architectural design of this historic synagogue is in the style of Neo-Moorish also known as Byzantine style.<ref>The Architectural Provenance of the Margaret Street Synagogue, Brisbane,</ref>Creese, Arnold 2021,p.157-187. {{cite journal|last1=Creese|first1=Jennifer|last2=Arnold|first2=Joyce|title=The Architectural Provenance of the Margaret Street Synagogue, Brisbane|url=https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=074d65ad-16ee-36b6-8eb9-297eece43127.|journal=Australian Journal of Jewish Studies|volume=34|issue=|pages=157-187}}

[[File:Queenslander style house in Sherwood, Queensland, 2022, 03.jpg|thumb|left|[[Queenslander (architecture)|Queenslander]]-style house in [[Sherwood, Queensland|Sherwood]], a suburb of Brisbane]]
[[Queenslander (architecture)|Queenslander]]-style housing is common in Brisbane.<ref name="LinOsb">{{cite web |last1=Osborne |first1=Lindy |title=Sublime design: the Queenslander |url=http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/features/comment/sublime-design-the-queenslander |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224113502/http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/features/comment/sublime-design-the-queenslander |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2018 |website=Architecture & Design}}</ref> Queenslander homes typically feature timber construction with large [[verandah]]s, [[gable roof|gabled]] corrugated iron roofs, and high ceilings. Most of these houses are elevated on stumps (also called stilts), traditionally built of timber, which allow for a void under the houses which aids in cooling. The relatively low cost of timber in south-east Queensland meant that until recently, most residences were constructed of timber, rather than brick or stone.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Early legislation decreed a minimum size for residential blocks leading to few [[terrace house]]s being constructed in Brisbane.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} The high-density housing that historically existed came in the form of miniature [[Queenslander (architecture)|Queenslander]]-style houses which resemble the much larger traditional styles, but are sometimes only one-quarter the size.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} These houses are most common in the inner-city suburbs.

Brisbane is home to several of [[List of tallest buildings in Australia|Australia's tallest buildings]]. All of Brisbane's skyscrapers (buildings with a height greater than {{Convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}) are located within the CBD, but the inner suburbs are also home to a number of high-density buildings, [[Torbreck, Brisbane|Torbreck]] being the first high-rise and mix-use residential development in [[Queensland]]. Brisbane's 91-metre City Hall was the city's tallest building for decades after its completion in 1930 and was finally surpassed in 1970, which marked the beginning of the widespread construction of high-rise buildings.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

[[List of tallest buildings in Brisbane|Brisbane's tallest building]] is currently [[Brisbane Skytower]], which has a height of {{Convert|270|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=create%3E|title=CTBUH Tall Building Database – The Skyscraper Center|author=CTBUH|work=Skyscrapercenter|access-date=2 June 2011|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072343/https://www.ctbuh.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Architecturally prominent skyscrapers include the [[Harry Seidler]]-designed [[Riparian Plaza]], [[One One One Eagle Street]], which incorporates LED lighting resembling the [[buttress root]]s of the [[Ficus macrophylla|Moreton Bay fig]], and [[1 William Street, Brisbane|1 William Street]], the headquarters of the [[Queensland Government]].

<gallery widths="180" heights="170">
File:People's Palace with 288 Edward Street, Brisbane in the background, April 2020, 01.jpg|Former [[Temperance movement|temperance]] hotel, the [[People's Palace, Brisbane|People's Palace]], was built in the [[Federation architecture|Federation Filigree style]] between 1910 and 1911.
File:The Manor Apartment Hotel, Brisbane, Queensland, 2020.jpg|[[Manor Apartment Hotel]], completed in 1931
File:Shrine of Remembrance square view, Brisbane (cropped).jpg|[[Shrine of Remembrance, Brisbane|Shrine of Remembrance]] at [[ANZAC Square, Brisbane|ANZAC Square]], a major memorial in Brisbane
File:Skylines of Brisbane from Kangaroo Point Cliffs Park, 2020, 03.jpg|[[Brisbane Skytower]], Brisbane's tallest building
</gallery>

==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Brisbane}}

Brisbane's Greater Capital City Statistical Area includes the Local Government Areas of [[City of Brisbane]], [[City of Ipswich]], [[City of Moreton Bay]], [[Logan City]] and [[Redland City]], as well as parts of [[Lockyer Valley Region]], [[Scenic Rim Region]] and [[Somerset Region]], which form a continuous metropolitan area. The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] estimates that the population of Greater Brisbane is 2,706,966 as of June 2023,<ref name="abs.gov.au" /> making it the [[List of cities in Australia by population|third-largest city]] in Australia.

===Ancestry and immigration===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+ Country of birth (2021)<ref name="auto5"/>
! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately.}} || Population
|-
| [[Australia]] ||1,726,655
|-
| [[New Zealand]] ||111,649
|-
| [[England]] ||95,284 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[India]] ||51,650
|-
| [[Mainland China]] ||41,978 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[Philippines]] ||27,907
|-
| [[South Africa]] ||26,918
|-
| [[Vietnam]] ||20,308
|-
| [[South Korea]] ||13,305
|-
| [[Taiwan]] ||12,826 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[Scotland]] ||11,956 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[Malaysia]] ||11,826
|-
| [[Fiji]] ||10,800
|-
| [[United States]] ||10,530
|-
| [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]] ||9,799
|}
[[File:Brisbane density.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Brisbane population density]]

At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. -->
{{columns-list|colwidth=13em|
* [[English Australians|English]] (32.5%)
* [[Australians|Australian]] (31.6%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia|date=January 1995|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument|archive-date=20 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (11.1%)
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (10.1%)
* [[German Australians|German]] (5.7%)
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (4.7%)
* [[Indonesian Australians|Indonesian]] (3.7%)
* [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] (2.8%){{refn|group="N"|Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.}}
* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (2.7%)
* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (2.4%)
* [[Dutch Australians|Dutch]] (1.6%)
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (1.6%)
* [[Māori Australians|Maori]] (1.5%)
* [[New Zealand Australians|New Zealander]] (1.4%)
* [[Samoan Australians|Samoan]] (1.2%)
* [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (1.1%)
}}

The 2021 census showed that 20.7% of Brisbane's inhabitants were [[Immigration to Australia|born overseas]] and 25.2% of inhabitants had at least one parent born overseas.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/3GBRI|title=2021 Greater Brisbane, Census All persons QuickStats &#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics|website=Abs.gov.au|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629062746/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/3GBRI|url-status=live}}</ref> Brisbane has the [[Foreign born#Metropolitan and Urban regions with largest foreign born populations|26th largest immigrant population]] among world metropolitan areas. Of inhabitants born outside of Australia, the five most prevalent countries of birth were New Zealand, England, India, mainland China and the Philippines.

The areas of [[Sunnybank, Queensland|Sunnybank]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32718?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Sunnybank |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081423/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32718?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Sunnybank Hills, Queensland|Sunnybank Hills]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32719?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Sunnybank Hills |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081440/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32719?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Stretton, Queensland|Stretton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32705?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Stretton |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081446/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32705?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Robertson, Queensland|Robertson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32467?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Robertson (Qld) |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081600/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32467?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Calamvale, Queensland|Calamvale]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30483?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Calamvale |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081609/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30483?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[MacGregor, Queensland|Macgregor]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC31736?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Macgregor (Qld) |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081615/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC31736?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Eight Mile Plains, Queensland|Eight Mile Plains]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30959?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Eight Mile Plains |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081625/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30959?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Runcorn, Queensland|Runcorn]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32514?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Runcorn |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081637/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32514?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> and [[Rochedale, Queensland|Rochedale]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32470?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Rochedale |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081655/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32470?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> are home to a large proportion of Brisbane's Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong-born population, with Chinese being the most commonly-reported ancestry in each of these areas. The Vietnamese-born are the largest immigrant group in [[Inala, Queensland|Inala]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC31403?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Inala |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081724/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC31403?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Darra, Queensland|Darra]],<ref>{{Census 2016 AUS|id=SSC30818|name=Darra (SSC)|access-date=1 April 2020|quick=on}}</ref> [[Durack, Queensland|Durack]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30913?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Durack (Qld) |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081907/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30913?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Willawong, Queensland|Willawong]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC33107 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Willawong |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518062529/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC33107 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Richlands, Queensland|Richlands]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32447 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Richlands (QLD) |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518062539/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32447 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Doolandella, Queensland|Doolandella]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30869 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Doolandella |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518064042/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30869 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian-born are the largest immigrant group in [[Chermside, Queensland|Chermside]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30597 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Chermside |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729113058/http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30597 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the 2021 census, 3.0% of Brisbane's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]], which includes [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto4"/>

<gallery widths="150" heights="200">
File:Chinatown Mall, Brisbane.jpg|[[Chinatown, Brisbane|Brisbane's Chinatown]]. [[Chinese Australians]] are Brisbane's largest non-European ancestry.
File:St John's Cathedral, Brisbane facade in spring 2017.jpg|[[St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)|St John's Cathedral]], an [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican]] cathedral
File:Albert Street Uniting Church, Brisbane, October 2021.jpg|Albert Street Uniting Church
</gallery>

===Language===
At the 2021 census, 77.3% of inhabitants spoke only English at home,<ref name="auto4"/> with the next most common languages being [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (2.5%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (1.1%), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (0.9%), [[Cantonese]] (0.9%), and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (0.8%).<ref name="auto4"/>

=== Religion ===
At the 2021 census, the most commonly cited religious affiliation was "No religion" (41.4%).
Brisbane's most popular religion at the 2021 census was [[Christianity]] at 44.3%, the most popular denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] (18.6%) and [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglicanism]] (9.7%). [[Brisbane central business district|Brisbane's CBD]] is home to two cathedrals – [[St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)|St John's]] (Anglican) and [[Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane|St Stephen's]] (Catholic).

The most popular non-Christian religions at the 2021 census were [[Hinduism|Hindu]] (2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] (1.9%), and [[Islam|Muslim]] (1.8%).<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~3GBRI/$File/GCP_3GBRI.zip?OpenElement|title=GCP_3GBRI.zip|access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081035/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~3GBRI/$File/GCP_3GBRI.zip?OpenElement |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Brisbane|Port of Brisbane}}
[[File:River views of Brisbane CBD seen from Kangaroo Point, Queensland in April 2019, 04.jpg|thumb|The Golden Triangle financial precinct surrounding [[Eagle Street Pier ferry wharf|Eagle Street Pier]] in the [[Brisbane central business district|CBD]]]]

[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Categorised as]] a [[global city]], Brisbane is among [[Asia-Pacific]] [[List of cities by GDP|cities with largest GDPs]] and is one of the major business hubs in Australia, with strengths in [[mining]], [[banking]], [[insurance]], [[transportation]], [[information technology]], [[real estate]] and [[food industry|food]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etravelblackboard.com/index.asp?id=73027&nav=13|title=Brisbane business visitor numbers skyrocket|date=3 January 2008|work=Brisbane Marketing Convention Bureau|publisher=e-Travel Blackboard|access-date=13 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120134851/http://www.etravelblackboard.com/index.asp?id=73027&nav=13|archive-date=20 January 2011}}</ref>

Some of the largest companies headquartered in Brisbane, all among Australia's largest, include [[Suncorp Group]], [[Virgin Australia]], [[Aurizon]], [[Bank of Queensland]], [[Flight Centre]], [[CUA (company)|CUA]], [[Sunsuper]], [[QSuper]], [[Domino's Pizza Enterprises]], [[Star Entertainment Group]], [[ALS Limited|ALS]], [[TechnologyOne]], [[NEXTDC]], [[Super Retail Group]], [[New Hope Coal]], [[Jumbo Interactive]], [[National Storage]], [[Collins Foods]], and [[Boeing Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessnewsaus.com.au/articles/brisbane-top-companies.html|title=Brisbane Top Companies|date=11 October 2019|publisher=Business News Australia|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423092037/https://www.businessnewsaus.com.au/articles/brisbane-top-companies.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most major Australian companies, as well as numerous international companies, have contact offices in Brisbane.

Brisbane throughout its history has been one of Australia's most important [[seaport]] cities. The [[Port of Brisbane]] is located at the Brisbane River's mouth on [[Moreton Bay]] and on the adjacent Fisherman's Island, created by means of [[land reclamation]]. It is the 3rd busiest port in Australia for value of goods.<ref name="Port Technology">{{cite web|url=http://www.port-technology.com/projects/brisbane/index.html|title=Brisbane Container Terminal, Australia|publisher=Port Technology|access-date=29 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123214155/http://www.port-technology.com/projects/brisbane/index.html|archive-date=23 January 2008}}</ref> [[Containerization|Container freight]], sugar, grain, coal and bulk liquids are the major exports. Most of the port facilities are less than three decades old and some are built on reclaimed [[mangrove]]s and [[wetlands]]. The Port is a part of the [[Australia TradeCoast]], which includes the [[Brisbane Airport]] along with large industrial estates located along both banks at the mouth of the Brisbane River.<ref name="TradeCoast">{{cite web|url=http://www.australiatradecoast.com.au/AboutAustraliaTradeCoast/index.aspx |title=About Us|publisher=[[Australia TradeCoast]]|access-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080108210134/http://www.australiatradecoast.com.au/AboutAustraliaTradeCoast/index.aspx <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 8 January 2008}}</ref>

White-collar industries include information technology, [[financial services]], higher education and [[public sector]] administration generally concentrated in and around the central business district and satellite hubs located in the inner suburbs such as [[South Brisbane]], [[Fortitude Valley]], [[Spring Hill, Queensland|Spring Hill]], [[Milton, Queensland|Milton]], and [[Toowong]].

Blue-collar industries, including petroleum refining, [[stevedoring]], paper milling, [[metalworking]] and [[Queensland Rail|QR]] railway workshops, tend to be located on the lower reaches of the Brisbane River proximal to the [[Port of Brisbane]] and in new industrial zones on the urban fringe.

[[Tourism in Brisbane|Tourism]] is an important part of the Brisbane economy, both in its own right and as a gateway to other areas of Queensland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanemarketing.com.au/%5Cnews-and-events%5Cnews-article.aspx?id=171 |title=Brisbane's business visitors drive $412&nbsp;million domestic tourism increase |publisher=Brisbane Marketing |date=14 December 2007 |author=Department of Tourism, Regional Development and Industry |access-date=29 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509135019/http://www.brisbanemarketing.com.au/news-and-events/news-Article.aspx?id=171 |archive-date=9 May 2008 }}</ref> as is [[international students|international education]], with over 95,000 international students enrolled in universities and other tertiary education institutions in the central [[City of Brisbane]] [[local government area]] alone in 2018.<ref name="choosebrisbane.com.au">{{Cite web|title=Brisbane doubles international student enrolments in a decade|url=https://www.choosebrisbane.com.au/study/news-and-events/news/brisbane-doubles-international-student-enrolments-in-a-decade?sc_lang=en-au|access-date=3 March 2021|website=Choosebrisbane.com.au|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224091916/https://www.choosebrisbane.com.au/study/news-and-events/news/brisbane-doubles-international-student-enrolments-in-a-decade?sc_lang=en-au|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Retail===
[[File:Queen Street Mall, Brisbane in Jan 2020.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Queen Street Mall]], Queensland's largest pedestrian mall]]
[[Retail]] in the [[Brisbane central business district|CBD]] is centred around the [[Queen Street Mall]], which is Queensland's largest pedestrian mall. [[Shopping mall|Shopping centres]] in the CBD include [[The Myer Centre, Brisbane|Uptown (formerly the Myer Centre)]], the [[Wintergarden, Brisbane|Wintergarden]], [[MacArthur Central]] and [[QueensPlaza]], with the last of these along with [[Edward Street, Brisbane|Edward Street]] forming the city's focus for [[Luxury goods|luxury brands]]. There are historical shopping arcades at [[Brisbane Arcade]] and [[Tattersalls Club|Tattersalls Arcade]]. Suburbs adjacent to the CBD such as [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|Fortitude Valley]] (particularly [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland#Commercial area|James Street]]), [[South Brisbane, Queensland|South Brisbane]] and [[West End, Queensland|West End]] are also a major inner-city retail hubs.

Outside of the inner-city, retail is focused on indoor [[Shopping mall|shopping centres]], including numerous regional shopping centres along with six super regional shopping centres, all of which are [[List of largest shopping centres in Australia|among Australia's largest]], namely: [[Westfield Chermside]] in the north; [[Westfield Mt Gravatt|Garden City]] (officially Westfield Mt Gravatt) in the south; [[Westfield Carindale]] in the east; [[Indooroopilly Shopping Centre]] in the west; [[Westfield North Lakes]] in the outer-north; and [[Logan Hyperdome]] in the outer-south. Brisbane's major [[outlet store|factory outlet centres]] are the [[Direct Factory Outlet]]s at [[DFO Brisbane|Skygate]] and [[DFO Jindalee|Jindalee]].

The {{Convert|100|ha||abbr=off|adj=on}} [[Rocklea#Fruit and vegetable market|Brisbane Markets]] at [[Rocklea]] are Brisbane's largest [[Wholesale marketing of food|wholesale markets]], whilst smaller markets operate at numerous locations throughout the city including [[South Bank Parklands]], [[Davies Park]] in [[West End, Queensland]], and the Eat Street Markets at [[Hamilton, Queensland|Hamilton]].

==Culture and sport==
{{Main|Culture of Brisbane}}
{{See also|Popular entertainment in Brisbane|Brisbane punk rock|Cuisine of Brisbane}}
[[File:"Under the Jacaranda" by R Godfrey Rivers - Queensland Art Gallery - Joy of Museums - 2.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the most popular works in the [[Queensland Art Gallery]]'s collection, ''Under The Jacaranda'' (1903) by [[Richard Godfrey Rivers]] shows the first jacaranda tree planted in Brisbane.]]
Brisbane is home to several art galleries, the largest of which are the [[Queensland Art Gallery]] and the [[Queensland Gallery of Modern Art]] (GOMA), which is the largest modern art gallery in Australia. GOMA holds the Asia Pacific Triennial (APT) which focuses on contemporary art from the Asia and Pacific in a variety of media from painting to video work. In addition, its size enables the gallery to exhibit particularly large shows.

[[File:QPAC Exterior.jpg|thumb|left|[[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]]]]
Dramatic and musical theatre performances are held at the multiple large theatres located at [[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]] (QPAC). The [[Brisbane Powerhouse]] in [[New Farm, Queensland|New Farm]] and the [[Judith Wright Arts Centre]] in [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|Fortitude Valley]] also feature diverse programs featuring exhibitions and festivals of visual art, music and dance. Brisbane is also home to numerous small theatres including the [[Brisbane Arts Theatre]] in [[Petrie Terrace, Queensland|Petrie Terrace]], the [[La Boite Theatre Company]] which performs at the [[Roundhouse Theatre]] at [[Kelvin Grove, Queensland|Kelvin Grove]], the [[Twelfth Night Theatre]] at [[Bowen Hills, Queensland|Bowen Hills]], the [[Metro Arts Theatre]] in [[Edward Street, Brisbane|Edward Street]], and the Queensland Theatre Company's [[Bille Brown Theatre]] in [[West End, Queensland|West End]].

The [[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]] (QPAC) at [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]], consists of the Lyric Theatre, the Concert Hall, the Cremorne Theatre and the Playhouse Theatre and is home to the [[Queensland Ballet]], [[Opera Queensland]], the [[Queensland Theatre Company]], and the [[Queensland Symphony Orchestra]]. The [[Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University|Queensland Conservatorium]], a musical conservatorium in which professional music companies and conservatorium students also stage performances, is located within the [[South Bank Parklands]]. Numerous choirs present performances across the city annually. These choirs include the Brisbane Chorale, Queensland Choir, Brisbane Chamber Choir, Canticum Chamber Choir, ChoirWorks, Imogen Children's Chorale, and [[Brisbane Birralee Voices]].

[[File:Go between bridge.jpg|thumb|[[Go Between Bridge]], named after local jangle pop band [[the Go-Betweens]]]]
Brisbane's live music scene is diverse and its history is often intertwined with social unrest and authoritarian politics, as retold by journalist Andrew Stafford in [[Pig City (music festival)#Pig City (book)|''Pig City: From The Saints to Savage Garden'']]. Popular live music venues, including pubs and clubs, can be found within both the CBD and [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|Fortitude Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s1838651.htm|title=Billboard Loves Brisbane|work=Music News|publisher=[[Triple J]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165031/http://abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s1838651.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007|url-status=live|access-date=15 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0126189720070102?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|title=Beijing, Berlin among music hot spots in 2007|date=1 January 2007|work=Music News|access-date=29 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521042906/http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0126189720070102?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|archive-date=21 May 2008|url-status=live|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> The [[Brisbane Entertainment Centre]] at [[Boondall, Queensland|Boondall]] hosts many musical concerts, with some of the largest being held at [[Lang Park]]. Musicians from Brisbane include the [[Bee Gees]] (raised in [[Redcliffe, Queensland|Redcliffe]] and [[Cribb Island, Queensland|Cribb Island]]), [[The Saints (Australian band)|the Saints]] (based in Brisbane since 1974, one of the first [[punk rock]] bands), [[the Go-Betweens]] (after whom Brisbane's [[Go Between Bridge]] is named, and whose songs and albums, such as ''[[Spring Hill Fair]]'', reflect the attitudes of 1980s Brisbane), [[Savage Garden]], [[Powderfinger]] (who met at [[Brisbane Grammar School]] and the [[University of Queensland]]), and [[the Veronicas]] (born and raised in [[Albany Creek, Queensland|Albany Creek]]). The city is featured in music including the Saints' "[[Prehistoric Sounds|Brisbane (Security City)]]" (1978); [[the Stranglers]]' "[[Nuclear Device (The Wizard of Aus)|Nuclear Device]]" (1979) about [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen]]; [[Midnight Oil]]'s single "[[Dreamworld (Midnight Oil song)|Dreamworld]]" (1987); and Powderfinger's album ''[[Vulture Street (album)|Vulture Street]]'' (2003).

[[File:Exterior of the State Library of Queensland, 2021.jpg|thumb|left|[[State Library of Queensland]]]]
Prominent writers from Brisbane include [[David Malouf]] (whose 1975 novel ''Johnno'' is set in Brisbane and at [[Brisbane Grammar School]] during [[World War II]]), [[Nick Earls]] (whose 1996 novel ''Zigzag Street'' is set at Zigzag Street in [[Red Hill, Queensland|Red Hill]]), and [[Li Cunxin]], author of [[Mao's Last Dancer (book)|Mao's Last Dancer]] and artistic director of the Queensland Ballet. ''Brisbane'' is a 2018 novel by Russian writer [[Eugene Vodolazkin]]. In the novel, the city serves as a metaphor of the [[promised land]] for the protagonist. The [[State Library of Queensland]], the state's largest library, is located at the [[Queensland Cultural Centre]].

Since the late 20th century, numerous [[List of films shot in Brisbane|films have been shot in Brisbane]], and the popular children's animated television series ''[[Bluey (2018 TV series)|Bluey]]'' is produced and set in Brisbane.

Brisbane is home to over 6,000 restaurants and dining establishments,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants|title=Brisbane restaurants|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912072734/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Al fresco dining|outdoor dining]] featuring prominently. The most popular cuisines by number of dining establishments are [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/japanese|title=Japanese restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072355/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/japanese|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/chinese|title=Chinese restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072712/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/chinese|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Modern Australian cuisine|Modern Australian]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/modern-australian|title=Modern Australian restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202080603/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/modern-australian|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Italian cuisine|Italian]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/italian|title=Italian restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001014527/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/italian|url-status=live}}</ref> [[American cuisine|American]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/american|title=American restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072428/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/american|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian cuisine|Indian]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/indian|title=Indian restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072357/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/indian|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/vietnamese|title=Vietnamese restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072359/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/vietnamese|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thenus|Moreton Bay bug]]s, less commonly known as flathead lobsters, are an ingredient named for the Brisbane region and which feature commonly in [[Cuisine of Brisbane|the city's cuisine]], along with [[Macadamia|macadamia nuts]], also native to the region.

===Annual events===
[[File:Brisbane Riverfire 2009 Bridge.jpg|thumb|[[Brisbane Festival|Riverfire]] at the [[Story Bridge]]]]
The Royal Queensland Exhibition (known locally as the [[Ekka]]), an agricultural exhibition held each August at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds]] in [[Bowen Hills, Queensland|Bowen Hills]], is the longest-running major annual event held in Brisbane. A public holiday is held for each [[local government area]] across Brisbane to enable widespread public attendance.

The [[Brisbane Festival]] is held each September at [[South Bank Parklands]], the [[Brisbane central business district|CBD]] and surrounding areas. It includes [[Riverfire]], one of the nation's largest annual fireworks displays, which is attended by hundreds of thousands of residents.

The [[Brisbane International Film Festival]] (BIFF) is held in July/August each year in a variety of venues around Brisbane. BIFF features new films and retrospectives by domestic and international filmmakers along with seminars and awards.

The Brisbane Portrait Prize is an annual arts event held formerly at the [[Brisbane Powerhouse]] and from 2024, at the [[State Library of Queensland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane Portrait Prize |url=https://brisbaneportraitprize.org/finalists-exhibition-slq/?cid= |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Finalists Exhibition. A new home at State Library of Queensland.}}</ref> Sitters for the portrait must have a connection to Brisbane city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Queensland Portrait Prize. |title=Brisbane Portrait Prize |url=https://brisbaneportraitprize.org/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022121147/https://brisbaneportraitprize.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha Birth Day]] festival at South Bank parklands attracts over 200,000 visitors each year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2015.buddhabirthdayfestival.com.au/festival|title=2015 Buddha Birth Day Festival|access-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017042029/http://2015.buddhabirthdayfestival.com.au/festival|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitbrisbane.com.au/south-bank/whats-on/family-friendly/buddha-birth-day-festival?sc_lang=en-au|title=Buddha Birth Day Festival|website=Visit Brisbane|access-date=12 March 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312213047/https://www.visitbrisbane.com.au/south-bank/whats-on/family-friendly/buddha-birth-day-festival?sc_lang=en-au|archive-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> and is the largest event of its type in Australia.

There are also many smaller community events such as the [[Paniyiri Greek Festival]] (held over two days in May), the Brisbane Medieval Fayre and Tournament (held each June), the [[Bridge to Brisbane]] charity fun run, the [[Anywhere Festival]] and the [[Caxton Street Seafood and Wine Festival]].

Major events are often held at the {{Convert|171|km2||abbr=on|adj=on}} [[Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre]] in [[South Brisbane, Queensland|South Brisbane]].

===Sport===
{{main|Sport in Brisbane}}
[[File:Suncorp Stadium Brisbane Australia 04.jpg|thumb|[[Lang Park]]]]
[[File:The Gabba Panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Cricket]] game at [[The Gabba]]]]
Brisbane has hosted several major sporting events including the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]] and the [[2001 Goodwill Games]], as well as events during the [[1987 Rugby World Cup]], [[1992 Cricket World Cup]], [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney Olympics]], [[2003 Rugby World Cup]], [[2008 Rugby League World Cup]], [[2015 AFC Asian Cup|2015 Asian Cup]], [[2017 Rugby League World Cup]], [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] and the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|2023 Women's World Cup]].
 
It will host the [[2032 Summer Olympics]] and [[2032 Summer Paralympics]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|date=24 February 2021|title=Australian bid put on IOC fast track to host 2032 Olympics|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/australian-bid-put-on-ioc-fast-track-to-host-2032-olympics-ioc-bid-thomas-bach-queensland-status-b1806921.html|access-date=28 February 2021|website=The Independent|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419170647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/australian-bid-put-on-ioc-fast-track-to-host-2032-olympics-ioc-bid-thomas-bach-queensland-status-b1806921.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|date=25 February 2021|title=Brisbane and AOC invited to targeted dialogue for the Olympic Games 2032 – Olympic News|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/brisbane-and-aoc-invited-to-targeted-dialogue-for-the-olympic-games-2032|access-date=28 February 2021|website=International Olympic Committee|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145858/https://www.olympic.org/news/brisbane-and-aoc-invited-to-targeted-dialogue-for-the-olympic-games-2032|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2021|title=Brisbane set to be named 2032 Olympics host|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31604358/brisbane-set-named-host-2032-olympics-next-month|access-date=11 June 2021|website=ESPN.com|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610232224/https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31604358/brisbane-set-named-host-2032-olympics-next-month|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also bid for the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] but lost to [[Barcelona]]. It holds the [[Brisbane International]] tennis competition every year.

Brisbane is represented by the [[rugby league]] teams the [[Brisbane Broncos]] and [[Dolphins (NRL)|Dolphins]], who play in the [[National Rugby League]], and is also home to the [[Queensland Maroons]], who play in the [[State of Origin series]]. In [[rugby union]] the city hosts the [[Queensland Reds]] who play in the [[Super Rugby]] competition. Brisbane also hosts a professional [[Australian rules football]] team, the [[Brisbane Lions]], who play in the [[Australian Football League]]; as well as an [[A-League]] soccer team, the [[Brisbane Roar FC]].

[[Cricket]] is popular in the Brisbane and the city hosts the [[Brisbane Heat]] who play in the [[Big Bash League]] and the [[Queensland Bulls]] who play in the [[Sheffield Shield]] and the [[Ryobi One Day Cup]]. Other Brisbane sports teams include a [[basketball]] team, the [[Brisbane Bullets]]; a [[baseball]] team, the [[Brisbane Bandits]]; a [[netball]] team, the [[Queensland Firebirds]]; a [[field hockey]] team, the [[Brisbane Blaze]]; and water polo teams the [[Brisbane Barracudas]] and [[Queensland Breakers]].

The city's major stadiums and sporting venues include [[the Gabba]] (a 42,000 seat round stadium at [[Woolloongabba]]), [[Lang Park]] (a 52,500 seat rectangular stadium at [[Milton, Queensland|Milton]] also known by its corporate name Suncorp Stadium), [[Ballymore Stadium]], the [[Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre]], the [[Sleeman Centre (Brisbane)|Sleeman Centre]] (swimming), the [[Tennyson Tennis Centre|State Tennis Centre]], the [[Eagle Farm Racecourse]], and the [[Doomben Racecourse]]. The city is also home to numerous golf courses, with the largest being the Indooroopilly Golf Club at [[Indooroopilly, Queensland]], the [[Brookwater Golf and Spa Resort|Brookwater Golf and Country Club]] at [[Brookwater, Queensland|Brookwater]], [[Nudgee Golf Club]] at [[Nudgee, Queensland|Nudgee]], the Keperra Country Golf Club at [[Keperra, Queensland|Keperra]], and the [[Royal Queensland Golf Club]] at [[Eagle Farm, Queensland|Eagle Farm]].

In addition to its flagship sport franchises, Brisbane and its regions and suburbs have numerous teams in secondary leagues including the [[Intrust Super Cup]], [[National Rugby Championship]], [[Queensland Premier Rugby]], [[National Premier Leagues Queensland|National Premier League Queensland]], [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]], [[ANZ Championship]], [[Australian Baseball League]], [[Hockey One]], [[Australian National Water Polo League|National Water Polo League]], and [[F-League]].

==Tourism and recreation==
{{main|Tourism in Brisbane}}
[[File:New Farm Riverwalk, Brisbane River views from Bowen Terrace, 2021, 01.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Brisbane River#Brisbane Riverwalk|Brisbane Riverwalk]] at [[New Farm, Queensland|New Farm]]]]
[[File:28 - South Bank Parklands (4741163759).jpg|thumb|right|[[South Bank Parklands]] and the [[Wheel of Brisbane]]]]
[[File:Shorncliffe Pier, Queensland, 2020, 19.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shorncliffe pier]] at [[Shorncliffe, Queensland|Shorncliffe]] on [[Moreton Bay]]]]
[[File:Westridge Outlook view, D'Aguilar National Park.jpg|thumb|right|[[D'Aguilar Range]] from Westridge Outlook in [[D'Aguilar National Park]]]]
Tourism plays a major role in Brisbane's economy, being the third-most popular destination for international tourists after Sydney and Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourismaustralia.com/content/Research/Factsheets/TopTen_Regions_Dec2006.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080307161815/http://www.tourismaustralia.com/content/Research/Factsheets/TopTen_Regions_Dec2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2008 |title=International Market Tourism Facts |publisher=Tourism Australia}}</ref> Popular tourist and recreation areas near inner city Brisbane include the [[South Bank Parklands]] (including the [[Wheel of Brisbane]]), the [[City Botanic Gardens]], [[Roma Street Parkland]], [[New Farm Park]], the [[Howard Smith Wharves]], [[Queen's Wharf, Brisbane|Queens Wharf]] & Casino,  the [[Teneriffe, Queensland|Teneriffe woolstores precinct]], [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|Fortitude Valley]] (including [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland#Commercial area|James Street]] and [[Chinatown, Brisbane|Chinatown]]), [[West End, Queensland|West End]], [[Brisbane City Hall|City Hall]] (including the [[Museum of Brisbane]]), the [[Parliament of Queensland]], the [[Story Bridge]] and bridge climb; [[St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)|St John's Cathedral]], [[ANZAC Square, Brisbane|ANZAC Square]] and the [[Queensland Cultural Centre]] (including the [[Queensland Museum]], [[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]], [[Queensland Art Gallery]], the [[Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane|Gallery of Modern Art]] and the [[State Library of Queensland]]), the [[Kangaroo Point Cliffs]] and park, and the [[Queensland Maritime Museum]].

Away from the inner city, Brisbane has a number of tourist attractions and destinations such as the, [[University of Queensland]] in St Lucia, Sirromet Winery at [[Mount Cotton, Queensland|Mount Cotton]], [[Tangalooma, Queensland|Tangalooma]] on Moreton Island, [[Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary]] in Fig Tree Pocket, Eat Street (food night markets) at Northshore Hamilton, [[Fort Lytton]], and [[Mount Coot-tha]] (including the [[Mount Coot-tha Forest|Mount Coot-tha Reserve]], [[Mount Coot-tha Lookout]], the [[Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha|Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens]] and the [[Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium]]) is a popular recreational attraction for hiking and bushwalking.

Brisbane is notable for its [[Brisbane River#Brisbane Riverwalk|Brisbane Riverwalk]] network, which runs along much of the [[Brisbane River]] foreshore throughout the inner-city area, with the longest span running between [[Newstead, Queensland|Newstead]] and [[Toowong]]. Another popular stretch runs beneath the [[Kangaroo Point Cliffs]] between [[South Brisbane, Queensland|South Brisbane]] and [[Kangaroo Point, Queensland|Kangaroo Point]]. Several spans of the Riverwalk are built out over the Brisbane River. Brisbane also has over {{convert|27|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of bicycle pathways, mostly surrounding the [[Brisbane River]] and city centre. Other popular recreation activities include the [[Story Bridge]] adventure climb and rock climbing at the [[Kangaroo Point Cliffs]].

[[Moreton Bay]] and its [[Moreton Bay Marine Park|marine park]] is also a major attraction, and its three primary islands [[Moreton Island]], [[North Stradbroke Island]] and [[Bribie Island]], accessible by ferry, contain popular surf beaches and resorts. [[Tangalooma]] resort on Moreton Island is popular for its nightly wild dolphin feeding attraction, and for operating Australia's longest running whale watching cruises. The [[Fort Lytton National Park]] including a [[Fort Lytton Historic Military Precinct|colonial defence fort]] and museum is also a historical bayside attraction. Beachside suburbs such as those on the [[Redcliffe Peninsula]], as well as [[Shorncliffe, Queensland|Shorncliffe]], [[Sandgate, Queensland|Sandgate]], [[Wynnum, Queensland|Wynnum]], [[Manly, Queensland|Manly]] and [[Wellington Point, Queensland|Wellington Point]] are also popular attractions for their bayside beaches, piers, and infrastructure for boating, sailing, fishing and [[Kiteboarding|kitesurfing]].

There are many [[national park]]s surrounding the Brisbane metropolitan area which are popular recreational attractions for hiking and bushwalking. The [[D'Aguilar National Park]] runs along the northwest of the metropolitan area in the [[D'Aguilar Range]], and contains popular bushwalking and hiking peaks at [[Mount Nebo (Queensland)|Mount Nebo]], [[Camp Mountain]], [[Mount Pleasant, Queensland (Moreton Bay)|Mount Pleasant]], [[Mount Glorious]], [[Mount Samson]] and [[Mount Mee, Queensland|Mount Mee]]. The [[Glass House Mountains National Park]] is located to the north of the metropolitan area in the [[Glass House Mountains, Queensland|Glass House Mountains]] between it and that of the [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]]. The [[Tamborine National Park]] at [[Tamborine Mountain]] is located in the [[Gold Coast hinterland]] to the south of the metropolitan area. [[Moreton Island|Moreton]], [[North Stradbroke Island|North Stradbroke]] and [[Bribie Island|Bribie]] islands are substantially covered by the [[Moreton Island National Park]], [[Naree Budjong Djara National Park]] and the [[Bribie Island National Park]] respectively. The [[Boondall Wetlands]] in the suburb of [[Boondall, Queensland|Boondall]] are protected [[Australian mangroves|mangrove]] wetlands with floating walking trails.

Immediately to the south and north of Brisbane are the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] and [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]] respectively, which are home to several of Australia's most popular swimming and surfing beaches, and are popular day and weekend destinations for Brisbanites.

In 2015, a competition by travel guidebook ''[[Rough Guides]]'' saw Brisbane elected as one of the top ten most beautiful cities in the world, citing reasons such as "its winning combination of high-rise modern architecture, lush green spaces and the enormous Brisbane River that snakes its way through the centre before emptying itself into the azure Moreton Bay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/brisbane-voted-one-of-most-beautiful-cities-by-rough-guides-20150217-13hiqh.html|title=Brisbane voted one of most beautiful cities|work=[[Brisbane Times]]|date=17 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164907/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/brisbane-voted-one-of-most-beautiful-cities-by-rough-guides-20150217-13hiqh.html|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>

==Governance==
{{main|City of Brisbane|Logan City|City of Moreton Bay|City of Ipswich|Redland City|Scenic Rim Region|Government of Queensland}}

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Unlike other Australian capital cities, a large portion of the greater metropolitan area, or Greater Capital City Statistical Area (GCCSA) of Brisbane is controlled by a single [[Local government in Australia|local government area]], the [[City of Brisbane]], which is the largest local government area (in terms of population and budget) in Australia, serving more than 40% of the GCCSA's population. It was formed by the merger of twenty smaller LGAs in 1925, and covers an area of {{Convert|1367|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The remainder of the metropolitan area falls into the LGAs of [[Logan City]] to the south, [[City of Moreton Bay]] in the northern suburbs, the [[City of Ipswich]] to the south west, [[Redland City]] to the south east, and into the [[Somerset Region|Somerset]], [[Scenic Rim Region|Scenic Rim]] and [[Lockyer Valley Region|Lockyer Valley]] regions on the urban periphery. Several of these are also among the nation's most populous LGAs.

Each LGA is governed under a similar structure, including a directly elected mayor (including the [[Lord Mayor of Brisbane]]), as well as a council composed of councillors representing geographical wards. [[Brisbane City Hall]] is the seat of the [[Brisbane City Council]], the governing corporation of the City of Brisbane LGA, and the bulk of its executive offices are located at the [[Brisbane Square]] skyscraper.

{{Multiple image
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As the capital city of [[Queensland]], Brisbane is home to the [[Parliament of Queensland]] at [[Parliament House, Brisbane|Parliament House]] at [[Gardens Point, Brisbane|Gardens Point]] in the [[Brisbane central business district|CBD]], adjacent to [[Old Government House, Queensland|Old Government House]]. Queensland's current [[Government House, Brisbane|Government House]] is located in [[Paddington, Queensland|Paddington]]. The bulk of the state government's executive offices are located at the [[1 William Street, Brisbane|1 William Street]] skyscraper. The Queensland [[Supreme Court of Queensland|Supreme]] and [[District Court of Queensland|District]] courts are located at the [[Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law, Brisbane|Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law]] in [[George Street, Brisbane|George Street]], while the [[Magistrates Court of Queensland|Magistrates]] court is located at the adjacent [[Brisbane Magistrates Court building]]. The various federal courts are located at the [[Commonwealth Law Courts]] building on [[North Quay, Brisbane|North Quay]].

The [[Australian Army]]'s [[Enoggera Barracks]] is located in [[Enoggera, Queensland|Enoggera]], while the historic [[Victoria Barracks, Brisbane|Victoria Barracks]] in [[Petrie Terrace, Queensland|Petrie Terrace]] now hosts a military museum. The [[Royal Australian Navy]]'s [[HMAS Moreton]] base is located at [[Bulimba, Queensland|Bulimba]]. The [[Royal Australian Air Force]]'s [[RAAF Base Amberley]] is located in [[Amberley, Queensland|Amberley]] in the outer south-west of the metropolitan area.

Brisbane's largest prisons and correctional facilities, the [[Brisbane Correctional Centre]], [[Brisbane Women's Correctional Centre]], [[Arthur Gorrie Correctional Centre]] and [[Wolston Correctional Centre]] are located at [[Wacol, Queensland|Wacol]], while the city's main historical prison, the [[Boggo Road Gaol]], is now a museum.

===Politics===
Greater Brisbane is represented by five [[Local government areas of Queensland|local government areas]] (LGAs): the [[City of Brisbane]], the [[City of Ipswich]], [[Logan City]], the [[City of Moreton Bay]] and [[Redland City]]. The City of Brisbane is by far the largest and the most populated of the four, and [[Brisbane City Council]] has 27 members: 26 councillors elected from single-member [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] and one directly elected [[Lord Mayor of Brisbane|Lord Mayor]].

In the [[Queensland Legislative Assembly]], Brisbane is represented by 41 single-member [[Electoral districts of Queensland|electoral districts]]. In the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], Brisbane is represented by 17 single-member [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|electoral divisions]].

Brisbane has a diverse political climate. On the federal level, the [[centre-right]] [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal National Party]] (LNP) holds six Brisbane-based seats, the [[centre-left]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] holds four and the [[left-wing]] [[Australian Greens|Greens]] hold three. On the state level, Labor holds the vast majority of Brisbane-based seats, while the LNP holds just five and the Greens hold two. On the local level, LNP hold the Lord Mayoralty of Brisbane (with [[Adrian Schrinner]] as Lord Mayor) and 20 of the 26 wards of the City of Brisbane, while Labor holds five and the Greens and an independent hold one each.

==Education==
{{See also|Lists of schools in Queensland}}
[[File:Forgan Smith Building, 2020, 01.jpg|thumb|[[Great Court, University of Queensland|Forgan Smith Building]] at the [[University of Queensland|University of Queensland's]] [[St Lucia, Queensland|St Lucia]] campus]]
[[File:QUT Gardens Point ferry wharf seen from the river, June 2019.jpg|thumb|right|[[Queensland University of Technology|Queensland University of Technology's]] [[Gardens Point, Brisbane|Gardens Point]] campus ]]

Three major universities are headquartered in Brisbane, namely:
* The [[University of Queensland]] (UQ), which is Queensland's oldest university and frequently [[College and university rankings|ranks among the world's top 50]],<ref>{{cite web|title=World University Rankings 2020|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020|access-date=3 March 2021|website=Top Universities|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814221008/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |title=2021 Best Global Universities Rankings |website=usnews.com |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028092904/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Studies (CWTS)|first=Centre for Science and Technology|title=CWTS Leiden Ranking|url=http://www.leidenranking.com/|access-date=3 March 2021|website=CWTS Leiden Ranking|archive-date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202100254/http://www.leidenranking.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> with campuses in [[St Lucia, Queensland|St Lucia]], [[Herston, Queensland|Herston]] and [[Gatton, Queensland|Gatton]]
* [[Queensland University of Technology]] (QUT), with campuses in the central business district ([[Gardens Point, Brisbane|Gardens Point]]) and [[Kelvin Grove, Queensland|Kelvin Grove]]
* [[Griffith University]] (GU), with campuses in [[Nathan, Queensland|Nathan]], [[Mount Gravatt, Queensland|Mount Gravatt]], [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]] and [[Meadowbrook, Queensland|Meadowbrook]]

Two other major universities, which are not headquartered in Brisbane, have multiple campuses in the Brisbane metropolitan area, namely:
* The [[University of Southern Queensland]] (USQ), with campuses in [[Springfield, Queensland|Springfield]] and [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]] and the central business district
* The [[University of the Sunshine Coast]] (USC), with campuses in [[Petrie, Queensland|Petrie]] and [[Caboolture, Queensland|Caboolture]]

Other universities which have campuses in Brisbane include the [[Australian Catholic University]], [[Central Queensland University]] and [[James Cook University]].

Brisbane is a major destination for [[international students]], who constitute a large proportion of enrolments in Brisbane's universities and are important to the city's economy and real estate market. In 2018, there were over 95,000 international students enrolled in universities and other tertiary education institutions in the central City of Brisbane [[local government area]] alone.<ref name="choosebrisbane.com.au"/> The majority of Brisbane's international students originate from China, India and other countries in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://internationaleducation.gov.au/_layouts/download.aspx?SourceUrl=%2Fresearch%2FInternational-Student-Data%2FDocuments%2FINTERNATIONAL%20STUDENT%20DATA%2F2019%2FPivot_Basic_Latest.xlsm |title=AEI Pivot |website=International Education |date=2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919020834/https://internationaleducation.gov.au/_layouts/download.aspx?SourceUrl=%2Fresearch%2FInternational-Student-Data%2FDocuments%2FINTERNATIONAL%20STUDENT%20DATA%2F2019%2FPivot_Basic_Latest.xlsm |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are biotechnology and research facilities at several universities in Brisbane, including the [[Institute for Molecular Bioscience]] and [[CSIRO]] at the [[University of Queensland]] and the [[Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation]] at [[Queensland University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22867846-27197,00.html|title=Brain power drives Smart State|work=[[The Courier-Mail]]|author=[[Peter Beattie]]|date=4 December 2007|access-date=29 December 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120702220724/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/opinion/brain-power-drives-smart-state/story-e6frerdf-1111115028459|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

There are three major [[TAFE]] colleges in Brisbane; the [[Brisbane North Institute of TAFE]], the [[Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE]], and the [[Southbank Institute|Southbank Institute of TAFE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tafe.qld.gov.au/dds/search/browseLocations.do?call_centre_mode=false&externalCallMode=false&breadCrumbsBase=%3Ca+href%3D%22%2F%22+title%3D%22Home%22%3EHome%3C%2Fa%3E&ins_spec=false |title=TAFE Queensland |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |access-date=2 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829074836/http://www.tafe.qld.gov.au/dds/search/browseLocations.do?call_centre_mode=false&externalCallMode=false&breadCrumbsBase=%3Ca+href%3D%22%2F%22+title%3D%22Home%22%3EHome%3C%2Fa%3E&ins_spec=false |archive-date=29 August 2007 }}</ref> Brisbane is also home to numerous other independent tertiary providers, including the [[Australian College of Natural Medicine]], the [[Queensland Theological College]], the [[Brisbane College of Theology]], [[SAE Institute]], [[Jschool: Journalism Education & Training]], [[JMC Academy]], and [[American College (Brisbane)|American College]], and the [[Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts]].

Many of Brisbane's [[pre-school]], primary, and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of Education Queensland, a department of the [[Queensland Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.qld.gov.au/eq/ |title=Education Queensland |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |access-date=2 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117200737/http://education.qld.gov.au/eq/ |archive-date=17 November 2007 }}</ref> Independent (private), [[Roman Catholic]] and other religious schools also constitute a large share of Brisbane's primary and secondary schooling sectors, with the oldest such independent schools composing the memberships of the [[Great Public Schools Association of Queensland]] (GPS) for boys schools and [[Queensland Girls' Secondary Schools Sports Association]] (QGSSSA) for girls schools.

==Infrastructure==
{{Main|Transport in Brisbane}}
{{See also|TransLink (South East Queensland)|Queensland Rail City network|Transdev Brisbane Ferries|Port of Brisbane|Brisbane Airport|Bridges over the Brisbane River}}

===Transport===
Brisbane has an extensive transport network within the city, as well as connections to regional centres, interstate and to overseas destinations. Like all Australian cities, the most popular mode of transport is private car.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/d81efef6e2252cf4ca256f7200833049!OpenDocument |title=Year Book Australia, 2005 |date=21 January 2005 |publisher=ABS |access-date=19 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214105015/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/d81efef6e2252cf4ca256f7200833049!OpenDocument |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref> Public transport is provided by rail, bus and ferry services and is coordinated by [[TransLink (South East Queensland)|Translink]], which provides a unified ticketing and electronic payment system (known as ''[[go card]]'') for [[South East Queensland]]. The region is divided into seven [[Fare|fare zones]] radiating outwards from the [[Brisbane central business district]] (CBD), with Brisbane's built-up area falling within zones 1–3. Bus services are operated by public and private operators whereas trains and ferries are operated by public agencies. The CBD is the central hub for all public transport services with services focusing on [[Roma Street railway station|Roma Street]], [[Central railway station, Brisbane|Central]] and [[Fortitude Valley railway station|Fortitude Valley]] railway stations; [[King George Square busway station|King George Square]], [[Queen Street bus station|Queen Street]] and [[Roma Street busway station|Roma Street]] busway stations; and [[North Quay ferry wharf|North Quay]], [[Riverside ferry wharf|Riverside]] and [[QUT Gardens Point ferry wharf|QUT Gardens Point]] ferry wharves.

====Roads====
[[File:Hornibrook april 2011 (181).jpg|thumb|right|[[Houghton Highway]] and [[Ted Smout Memorial Bridge]] crossing [[Bramble Bay]], Queensland's longest bridges]]
Brisbane is served by a large network of urban and inter-urban motorways. The [[Pacific Motorway (Brisbane–Brunswick Heads)|Pacific Motorway]] (M3/M1) connects the inner-city with the southern suburbs, [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] and [[New South Wales]]. The [[Ipswich Motorway]] (M7/M2) connects the inner-city with the outer south-western suburbs. The [[Western Freeway, Brisbane|Western Freeway]] and [[Centenary Motorway]] (M5) connect the city's inner-west and outer south-west. The [[Bruce Highway]] and [[Gympie Arterial Road]] (M1/M3) connect the city's northern suburbs with the [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]] and northern Queensland. The [[Logan Motorway]] (M2/M6) connects the southern and south-western suburbs. The [[Gateway Motorway]] is a [[toll road]] which connects the Gold and [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]]. The [[Port of Brisbane Motorway]] links the Gateway Motorway to the [[Port of Brisbane]]. The [[Inner City Bypass, Brisbane|Inner City Bypass]] and [[Riverside Expressway]] serve as an inner ring freeway system to prevent motorists from travelling through the city's congested centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatewayupgradeproject.com.au/asp/index.asp?sid=5&page=upgradeIntro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706104158/http://www.gatewayupgradeproject.com.au/asp/index.asp?sid=5&page=upgradeIntro |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title=The upgrade|publisher=Gateway Upgrade Project|access-date=5 January 2008}}</ref>

Brisbane also has a large network of major road tunnels under the metropolitan area, known as the [[TransApex]] network, which include the [[Clem Jones Tunnel]] between the inner-north and inner-south, the [[Airport Link, Brisbane|Airport Link tunnel]] in the north-east and the [[Legacy Way|Legacy Way tunnel]] in the south-west. They are the three longest road tunnels in Australia.

====Bridges====
[[File:Brisbane River coloured by bridge lights-12 (15672103506).jpg|thumb|The 777-metre [[Story Bridge]], completed in 1940]]
The Brisbane River creates a barrier to road transport routes. In total there are [[Bridges over the Brisbane River|sixteen bridges]] over the river, mostly concentrated in the inner city area. The road bridges (which usually also include provision for pedestrians and cyclists) by distance from the river mouth are the [[Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges]], the [[Story Bridge]], the [[Captain Cook Bridge, Brisbane|Captain Cook Bridge]], the [[Victoria Bridge, Brisbane|Victoria Bridge]], the [[William Jolly Bridge]], the [[Go Between Bridge]], the [[Eleanor Schonell Bridge]], the [[Walter Taylor Bridge]] the [[Centenary Bridge]], the [[Colleges Crossing]] and the [[Neville Bonner Bridge]]. There are three railway bridges, namely the [[Merivale Bridge]], the [[Albert Bridge, Brisbane|Albert Bridge]] and the [[Indooroopilly Railway Bridge]]. There are also three pedestrian only bridges: the [[Goodwill Bridge]], the [[Kurilpa Bridge]] and the [[Jack Pesch Bridge]].

The [[Houghton Highway]] (northbound) and [[Ted Smout Memorial Bridge]] (southbound) bridges, over [[Bramble Bay]] between [[Brighton, Queensland]] and the [[Redcliffe Peninsula]], are the longest bridges in the state. The abutment arches of the original crossing The [[Hornibrook Bridge]] still remain in place.

====Rail====
[[File:Train approaching Roma Street railway station, Brisbane, 2021.jpg|thumb|A [[New Generation Rollingstock|Queensland Rail NGR]] train approaching [[Roma Street railway station|Roma Street station]]]]
The [[Queensland Rail City network]] consists of 154 train stations along 13 suburban and interurban rail lines and across the metropolitan area, namely: the [[Airport railway line, Brisbane|Airport]], [[Beenleigh railway line|Beenleigh]], [[Caboolture railway line|Caboolture]], [[Cleveland railway line|Cleveland]], [[Doomben railway line|Doomben]], [[Ferny Grove railway line|Ferny Grove]], [[Ipswich and Rosewood railway line|Ipswich/Rosewood]], [[Redcliffe Peninsula railway line|Redcliffe Peninsula]], [[Shorncliffe railway line|Shorncliffe]], and [[Springfield railway line|Springfield]] lines, as well as the [[Exhibition railway line|Exhibition line]] which is used only for events at the [[Brisbane Showgrounds]], as well as an inner-city bypass for freight and a turnback for long-distance services. The network extends to the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold]] and [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine]] coasts, which are fully integrated into the network on the [[Gold Coast railway line|Gold Coast line]] and [[Sunshine Coast railway line|Sunshine Coast line]]. The [[Airport railway line, Brisbane|Airtrain]] service which runs on the [[Airport railway line, Brisbane|Airport line]] is jointly operated between [[Queensland Rail]] and [[Airtrain Citylink]].

55&nbsp;million passenger trips were taken across the network in 2018–19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.queenslandrail.com.au/about%20us/Documents/Queensland%20Rail%20Annual%20and%20Financial%20Report%202018-19.pdf|title=Queensland Rail Annual and Financial Report 2018-19|publisher=Queensland Rail|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330221508/https://www.queenslandrail.com.au/about%20us/Documents/Queensland%20Rail%20Annual%20and%20Financial%20Report%202018-19.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Construction of the network began in 1865<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corporate.qr.com.au/history/beginnings/beginnings.asp|title=QR Corporate – QR History – Beginnings|publisher=corporate.qr.com.au|access-date=16 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115070653/http://www.corporate.qr.com.au/history/beginnings/beginnings.asp|archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> and has been progressively expanded in the subsequent centuries. [[Rail electrification in Queensland|Electrification of the network]] was completed between 1979 and 1988.

The [[Cross River Rail]] project includes a twin rail tunnel ({{convert|5.9|km||abbr=on}} long) which will pass under the Brisbane River to link two new railway stations at [[Albert Street, Brisbane|Albert Street]] in the CBD and [[Woolloongabba|Wooloongabba]]; it is under construction and scheduled to be completed in early 2025.<ref name="todo">{{cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/queensland-government/cross-river-rail-to-dominate-queensland-election/news-story/450b75bf750eb5d5dae361b763d2c4a4|title=Cross River Rail to dominate Queensland election|date=17 June 2017|newspaper=The Courier Mail|access-date=19 June 2017|publisher=News Corp|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072401/https://www.couriermail.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=CMWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fnews%2Fqueensland%2Fqueensland-government%2Fcross-river-rail-to-dominate-queensland-election%2Fnews-story%2F450b75bf750eb5d5dae361b763d2c4a4&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=e057a0ed9b14c881542035a7357043d4-1608621839|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Bus====
[[File:Translink Bus Queensland Australia.jpg|thumb|Translink Bus]]
[[Busways in Brisbane|Brisbane's busway network]] is a large dedicated [[bus rapid transit]] network. The network comprises the [[South East Busway]], the [[Northern Busway, Brisbane|Northern Busway]] and the [[Eastern Busway, Brisbane|Eastern Busway]]. The main network hubs are the [[King George Square busway station|King George Square]], [[Queen Street bus station|Queen Street]], and [[Roma Street busway station|Roma Street]] busway stations.

There are also numerous suburban bus routes operating throughout the metropolitan area, including the high-frequency blue and maroon [[CityGlider]] routes which run between [[Newstead, Queensland|Newstead]] and [[West End, Queensland|West End]] (blue), and [[Ashgrove, Queensland|Ashgrove]] and [[Coorparoo, Queensland|Coorparoo]] (maroon) respectively.

[[Brisbane Metro]] is a [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) project which will initially consist of two routes (Metro 1 and 2) running between [[Eight Mile Plains busway station|Eight Mile Plains]] and [[Roma Street busway station|Roma Street]], and [[UQ Lakes busway station|UQ St Lucia (UQ Lakes)]] and the [[Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital]] respectively. It is set to open in 2024.

====Ferry====
[[File:CityCat Gootcha (ship, 2010) in January 2019 in Brisbane.jpg|thumb|right|[[Transdev Brisbane Ferries|CityCat]] ferry passing the [[City Botanic Gardens]] at [[Gardens Point, Brisbane|Gardens Point]]]]
[[RiverCity Ferries]] operates three ferry services along the [[Brisbane River]], [[CityCat]], [[Cityferry|Cross River]] and [[CityHopper]]. Brisbane's ferries, and particularly its [[catamaran]] CityCats, are considered iconic to the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/citycats-sale-floated/news-story/3017fb794116a90d1310f6c67b40ea31?sv=d593979802ce90d51e7120c1fa5ba168|title=Brisbane city council to sell iconic CityCats|date=20 April 2009|newspaper=The Courier Mail|access-date=25 April 2020|publisher=News Corp}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The CityCat high-speed [[catamaran]] ferry service, popular with tourists and commuters, operates services along the [[Brisbane River]] between the [[University of Queensland]] and [[Northshore Hamilton ferry wharf|Northshore Hamilton]], with wharves at [[University of Queensland ferry wharf|UQ St Lucia]], [[West End ferry wharf|West End]], [[Guyatt Park ferry wharf|Guyatt Park]], [[Regatta ferry wharf|Regatta]], [[Milton ferry wharf|Milton]], [[North Quay ferry wharf|North Quay]], [[South Bank ferry wharf|South Bank]], [[QUT Gardens Point ferry wharf|QUT Gardens Point]], [[Riverside ferry wharf|Riverside]], [[Sydney Street ferry wharf|Sydney Street]], [[Mowbray Park ferry wharf|Mowbray Park]], [[New Farm Park ferry wharf|New Farm Park]], [[Hawthorne ferry wharf|Hawthorne]], [[Bulimba ferry wharf|Bulimba]], [[Teneriffe ferry wharf|Teneriffe]], [[Bretts Wharf]], [[Apollo Road ferry wharf|Apollo Road]], and [[Northshore Hamilton ferry wharf|Northshore Hamilton]].

The Cross River services operate smaller vessels for popular cross-river routes, namely: [[Bulimba ferry wharf|Bulimba]]–[[Teneriffe ferry wharf|Teneriffe]] and [[Holman Street ferry wharf|Holman Street]]–[[Riverside ferry wharf|Riverside]].

The free CityHopper service operates smaller vessels along a route between [[North Quay ferry wharf|North Quay]] and [[Sydney Street ferry wharf|Sydney Street]], stopping at [[South Bank ferry wharf|South Bank]], [[Maritime Museum ferry wharf|Maritime Museum]], [[Riverside ferry wharf|Riverside]] and [[Holman Street ferry wharf|Holman Street]].

There are tourist passenger ferries that depart the Brisbane River at [[Pinkenba, Queensland|Pinkenba]] to [[Tangalooma, Queensland|Tangalooma]] on Moreton Island four times daily, and Micat 4WD car ferries that depart from the [[Port of Brisbane]] daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gheebulum Kunungai (Moreton Island) National Park and Moreton Island Recreation Area |url=https://parks.desi.qld.gov.au/parks/gheebulum-kunungai-moreton-island/about#tourism_information_links |website=Queensland Government - Parks & Forests}}</ref> 

====Pedestrian====
An extensive network of pedestrian and cyclist pathways span the banks of the [[Brisbane River]] in the inner suburbs to form the [[Brisbane River#Brisbane Riverwalk|Riverwalk]] network.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC:STANDARD::pc=PC_1217 |title=About RiverWalk |publisher=[[Brisbane City Council]] |access-date=5 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522142648/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC%3ASTANDARD%3A%3Apc%3DPC_1217 |archive-date=22 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In some segments, the Riverwalk is built over the river. The longest span of the Riverwalk connects [[Newstead, Queensland|Newstead]] in the east with [[Toowong]] in the west.

====Airports====
[[File:Brisbane Airport domestic terminal Vabre.jpg|thumb|right|Domestic terminal at [[Brisbane Airport]]]]
[[Brisbane Airport]] {{airport codes|BNE|YBBN}} is the city's main airport, the [[List of the busiest airports in Australia|third busiest in Australia]] after [[Sydney Airport]] and [[Melbourne Airport]]. It is located north-east of the city centre on Moreton Bay and provides domestic and international passenger services. In 2017, Brisbane Airport handled over 23&nbsp;million passengers.<ref name="AirportTraffic">[http://bitre.gov.au/publications/ongoing/airport_traffic_data.aspx Airport traffic data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828120441/https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ongoing/airport_traffic_data.aspx |date=28 August 2017 }} – Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, 2017</ref> The airport is the main [[airline hub|hub]] for [[Virgin Australia]] as well as a number of minor and freight airlines, and a focus city for [[Qantas]] and [[Jetstar]]. The airport is served by the Airtrain service which runs on the [[Airport railway line, Brisbane|Airport line]], providing a direct service to the [[Brisbane central business district|CBD]].

[[Archerfield Airport]] in Brisbane's southern suburbs, [[Redcliffe Airport (Queensland)|Redcliffe Airport]] on the [[Redcliffe Peninsula]] and [[Caboolture Airfield]] in the far north of the metropolitan area serve Brisbane as [[general aviation]] airports.

Brisbane is also served by other major airports in [[South East Queensland]], including [[Gold Coast Airport]] at [[Coolangatta]], [[Sunshine Coast Airport]] at [[Marcoola, Queensland|Marcoola]], and [[Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport]] at [[Wellcamp, Queensland|Wellcamp]].

====Seaport====
[[File:Brisbane Docks 2004 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Port of Brisbane]], Australia's third-busiest seaport]]
The [[Port of Brisbane]] is located on the south side of the mouth of the Brisbane River on [[Moreton Bay]] and on the adjacent Fisherman's Island, an [[artificial island]] created by [[land reclamation]]. It is the third busiest port in Australia for value of goods.<ref name="Port Technology"/> The port is the endpoint of the main shipping channel across Moreton Bay which extends 90 kilometres north near [[Mooloolaba]]. The port has 29 operating berths including nine deep-water container [[Berth (moorings)|berths]] and three deep-water bulk berths as well as 17 bulk and general cargo berths.

There are two [[cruise ship]] terminals in Brisbane. [[Portside Wharf]] on the north side of the river at [[Hamilton, Queensland|Hamilton]] is an international standard facility for cruise liners. Due to the height of the [[Gateway Bridge]] which must be passed to reach the terminal, the wharf services small and medium-sized cruise ships. The [[Brisbane International Cruise Terminal]] at Luggage Point in [[Pinkenba, Queensland|Pinkenba]] on the north side of the river opposite the Port of Brisbane is able to accommodate the largest cruise vessels in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portbris.com.au/cruise/|title=Brisbane International Cruise Terminal|website=Port of Brisbane|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104224710/https://www.portbris.com.au/cruise/|archive-date=4 January 2020|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
[[File:Queensland Children's Hospital in Brisbane, November 2019.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Queensland Children's Hospital]] at [[South Brisbane, Queensland|South Brisbane]]]]
Brisbane is covered by [[Queensland Health|Queensland Health's]] Hospital and Health Services (divided in Metro North, Metro South and Children's Health Queensland).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.health.qld.gov.au/maps|title=Hospital and Health Service maps|website=[[Queensland Health]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109080716/https://www.health.qld.gov.au/maps|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live|access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref> Within the greater Brisbane area there are eight major [[public hospital]]s, four major [[private hospital]]s, and numerous smaller public and private facilities. The [[Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital]] and the [[Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane|Princess Alexandra Hospital]] are two of Queensland's three major trauma centres. Standing alone, they are the largest hospitals in Australia. The [[Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane|Princess Alexandra Hospital]] houses the [[Translational Research Institute (Australia)]] along with the state's renal and liver transplant services. The [[Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital]] includes a specialist burns unit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rbwhfoundation.com.au/2020/05/06/urgent-funding-release-for-covid-19-grants/|title=Urgent funding release for COVID-19 Grants|date=5 May 2020|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711093635/https://rbwhfoundation.com.au/2020/05/06/urgent-funding-release-for-covid-19-grants/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Prince Charles Hospital]] is the state's major cardiac transplant centre. Other major public hospitals include the [[Queensland Children's Hospital]], the [[Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital]], and the [[Mater Group|Mater Hospital]].

Specialist and [[General practitioner|general medical practices]] are located in the CBD, and most suburbs and localities.

Brisbane is also home to the headquarters of the [[Queensland Ambulance Service]] central executive, located at the Emergency Services Complex Kedron Park, along with the headquarters of the [[Queensland Fire and Emergency Services]] and the Queensland Emergency Operations Centre.

===Other utilities===
[[File:Toowong Cemetery 1a.jpg|thumb|right|[[Toowong Cemetery]], opened in 1875, Queensland's largest cemetery]]
Water in Brisbane is managed by two [[Statutory authority|statutory authorities]]: [[Seqwater]] and [[Queensland Urban Utilities|Urban Utilities]]. Bulk water storage, treatment and transportation for South East Queensland is managed by [[Seqwater]], with [[Queensland Urban Utilities|Urban Utilities]] (previously Brisbane Water) responsible for distribution to the greater Brisbane area. Water for the area is stored in three major dams to the north-west of the metropolitan area: [[Wivenhoe Dam|Wivenhoe]], [[Lake Somerset|Somerset]] and [[North Pine Dam|North Pine]].

The provision of electricity in Brisbane is managed by government and private bodies. Generators (some private and some owned by the Queensland government) sell energy into the wholesale market for eastern Australia known as the [[National Electricity Market]]. Transmission and distribution of electricity is managed by the Queensland government owned corporations [[Energex]] and [[Powerlink Queensland]] respectively. [[Electricity retailing|Private retailers]] then purchase electricity from the wholesale [[Electricity market|market]] and sell it to consumers, which have the ability to choose between different retailers in a partially de-regulated market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Queensland Government |date=10 September 2020 |title=Electricity in Queensland |url=https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/mining-energy-water/energy/electricity/queensland |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Business Queensland |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en-AU |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627060130/https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/mining-energy-water/energy/electricity/queensland |url-status=live }}</ref>

The supply of [[Natural gas|gas]] to users is more heavily privatised, with the private [[APA Group (Australia)|APA Group]] distributing gas in Brisbane, which is then bought and sold by retailers (mainly [[Origin Energy]] and [[AGL Energy]]) in a partially de-regulated market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Queensland Government |date=9 May 2018 |title=Gas retail and competition |url=https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/mining-energy-water/energy/gas/overview/retail-competition |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Business Queensland |publisher=Queensland Government |language=en-AU |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627060131/https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/mining-energy-water/energy/gas/overview/retail-competition |url-status=live }}</ref>

Metropolitan Brisbane is serviced by all major and most minor telecommunications companies and their networks, including [[Telstra]], [[Optus]], and [[Vodafone Australia (brand)|Vodafone Australia]].

Brisbane is home to numerous [[cemetery|cemeteries]] including the following large 19th-century historical cemeteries: the 44-hectare [[Toowong Cemetery]] (the largest cemetery in Queensland, which is a popular destination for walkers and joggers), [[Balmoral Cemetery, Brisbane|Balmoral Cemetery]], [[Lutwyche Cemetery]], [[Nudgee Cemetery & Crematorium|Nudgee Cemetery]], [[Nundah Cemetery]], and [[South Brisbane Cemetery]].

==Media==

===Print===
The main local print newspapers of Brisbane are ''[[The Courier-Mail]]'' and its sibling ''[[The Sunday Mail (Brisbane)|The Sunday Mail]]'', both owned by [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]. Brisbane also receives the national daily, ''[[The Australian]]'' and its sibling the ''Weekend Australian.''

The ''[[Brisbane Times]]'' is Brisbane's second major local news source, owned by [[Nine Entertainment Co.|Nine]], and is online only. Its sibling papers, ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' and Melbourne's ''[[The Age]]'' are sometimes sold in print in Brisbane in small numbers. The national broadsheet ''[[Australian Financial Review]]'', also owned by Nine, is sold in print in Brisbane.

There are community and suburban newspapers throughout the metropolitan area, including ''Brisbane News'' and ''City News'', many of which are produced by [[Quest Community Newspapers]].

===Television===
[[File:OIC river view of toowong and mt coot-tha.jpg|thumb|right|Television [[transmission tower]]s atop [[Mount Coot-tha, Queensland|Mount Coot-tha]]]]
Brisbane is served by all five major television networks in Australia, which broadcast from prominent [[Transmission tower|television transmission towers]] on the summit of [[Mount Coot-tha, Queensland|Mount Coot-tha]]. The three commercial stations, [[Seven Network|Seven]], [[Nine Network|Nine]], and [[Network Ten|Ten]], are accompanied by two government networks, [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] and [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]. Channels provided by these networks include [[10 HD]] (10 broadcast in HD), [[10 Bold]], [[10 Peach]], [[10 Shake]], [[TVSN]], [[ABC HD (Australian TV channel)|ABC TV HD]] (ABC TV broadcast in HD), [[ABC TV Plus]]/[[ABC Kids (Australia)|Kids]], [[ABC ME]], [[ABC News (TV channel)|ABC News]], [[SBS HD]] (SBS broadcast in HD), [[SBS World Movies]], [[SBS Viceland HD]] (SBS Viceland broadcast in HD), [[SBS Food]], [[National Indigenous Television|NITV]], [[SBS WorldWatch]], [[7HD]] (Seven broadcast in HD), [[7two]], [[7mate]], [[7flix]], [[7mate HD]] (7mate broadcast in HD), [[Racing.com]], [[9HD]] (Nine broadcast in HD), [[9Gem]], [[9Go!]], [[9Life]], [[9Gem HD]] (9Gem broadcast in HD) and [[9Rush]]. [[31 Brisbane|31 Digital]], a community station, also broadcast in Brisbane until 2017. [[Optus]] and [[Foxtel]] operates Pay TV services in Brisbane, via [[Cable television|cable]] and [[Satellite television|satellite]] means.

===Radio===
Brisbane is serviced by five major public radio stations including major commercial radio stations, including [[ABC Radio Brisbane]] (local news, current affairs and talk); [[ABC Radio National]] (national news and current affairs); [[ABC NewsRadio]] (national news); [[ABC Classic FM]] (classical music); [[Triple J]] (alternative music); and [[SBS Radio]] (multicultural broadcasting).

Brisbane is serviced by numerous major commercial and community radio stations including 4BC (local and national talk, news and current affairs); [[4KQ|SENQ]] (sport); [[4BH]] (classic hits); [[KIIS 97.3]] (pop); [[B105 FM|B105]] (pop); [[Nova 106.9]] (top 40); [[Triple M Brisbane|Triple M]] (rock); [[96five Family FM]] (Christian/pop); [[Radio TAB]] (betting); and [[4MBS]] (classical).

Brisbane is also serviced by community radio stations such as VAC Radio ([[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]); Radio Brisvaani ([[Hindi]]); [[2ME Radio Arabic|Radio Arabic]] ([[Arabic]]); [[4EB]] (multiple languages); [[98.9 FM (Brisbane)|98.9 FM]] ([[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]]); [[4RPH]] (vision impaired); [[Switch 1197]] (youth broadcasting); [[4ZZZ]] (community radio); and [[Vision Christian Radio]] ([[Christianity|Christian]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioheritage.net/AusG-Full.asp?band=AM&ste=QLD|title=The Australian Radio Guide – AM (Mediumwave) Stations – Queensland|website=Radioheritage.net|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130071820/http://www.radioheritage.net/AusG-Full.asp?band=AM&ste=QLD|archive-date=30 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional channels are also available via [[Digital audio broadcasting|DAB]] [[digital radio]].

==Sister cities==
Sister cities of Brisbane include:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |title= Brisbane Sister Cities – Brisbane City Council |language=en |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>

*{{flagdeco|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
*{{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Chongqing]], China
*{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Daejeon]], South Korea
*{{flagdeco|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], India
*{{flagdeco|TAI}} [[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kobe]], Japan
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Sapporo]], Japan
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Seattle]], United States
*{{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Semarang]], Indonesia
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Shenzhen]], China

==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Australia}}
* [[Climate of Brisbane]]
* [[Culture of Brisbane]]
* [[Demographics of Brisbane]]
* [[Economy of Brisbane]]
* [[Geography of Brisbane]]
* [[History of Brisbane]]
* [[List of Brisbane suburbs]]
* [[List of museums in Brisbane]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Brisbane]]
* [[List of people from Brisbane]]
* [[Sport in Brisbane]]
* [[Transport in Brisbane]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group="N"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/ City of Brisbane]
* [http://www.bris2032.com/ Bris2032]
* [http://www.visitbrisbane.com.au/ Official tourism website of Brisbane]
* [http://www.australia.com/en-us/places/brisbane.html Official Tourism Board Brisbane Page – Tourism Australia]
* [http://www.nfsa.gov.au/blog/2013/05/02/southern-queensland-time-capsule/ Historical footage of Brisbane and Southern Queensland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105003005/http://www.nfsa.gov.au/blog/2013/05/02/southern-queensland-time-capsule/ |date=5 January 2016 }}
* [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99184014785302061 Peter Fischmann photographs of Brisbane and South-East Queensland], [[State Library of Queensland]]

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