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Oeconomia fascismi

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Oeconomia fascismi ad consilia oeconomica a rectionibus fascisticis adhibita refert.

Inter rerum gestarum scriptores aliosque scholasticos ambigitur, utrum fascismo speciale consiliorum oeconomicorum genus re vera sit. David Lewis Baker systema oeconomicum in fascismo exsistere arguit, quod ab illis aliarum ideologiarum discrepet, et quod esse scire possimus propterea quod nationum fascisticarum oeconomiae qualitates communicent.[1] Payne, Paxton, Sternhell et al. tamen hoc arguerunt, nationes fascisticas non nulla similia enim communicare, constitutionem (seu organizationem) oeconomicam autem propriam, quae fascistica dici possit, non esse.[2] Feldman et Mason fascismum decertant absentia ideologiae oeconomicae cohaerentis aut cogitationis oeconomicae intentae distingui; ducum fascisticorum consilia cogitatu oeconomico logico explicari nequire.[3]

De oeconomiarum fascisticarum proprietatibus

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Dirigismus oeconomicus oeconomiis fascisticis magni momenti erat,[4] quo status, bonorum productionem distributionemque gubernans, multum oeconomiam rexit. Poterat fieri ut industriae nationalizatae essent, sed saepissime non ita fiebat, cum oeconomiae fascisticae in proprietate privata et diligentia privata instituerentur, dummodo statui servirent.[5]

Fascismus sociali interactionum humanarum conspectu Darwinistico administrabatur, ita ut superiores citati sint societasque imbecillibus depurgata sit.[6] Quod ad oeconomiam spectat, haec faciebant, ut conductorum (businessmen) prosperorum commoda curae erint, dum collegia opifica et aliae classis operariae (working class) organizationes deletae sint.[7] Gaetano Salvemini rerum gestarum scriptor anno 1936 fascismo arguit civos, quippe qui tributa statui dant, inceptis privatis reddi serviles, namque "Status inceptis privatis, cum deficiunt, pecuniam, qua opus est, dat... Lucrum privatum et individuale est; dispendium autem publicum et sociale."[t 1][8] Rectiones fascisticae lucro privato studium confirmaverunt et multa negotiationibus magnis commoda obtulerunt, sed rursus postulaverunt, ut omnis eorum activitas oeconomica statús commoditati serviret.[9]

Una magna oeconomiarum fascisticarum opinio erat divitiam naturá secuturam esse, cum primum natio culturali spiritualique resuscitatione passa sit.[10] Saepe factum est ut diversi factionis fascisticae socii consiliis oeconomicis absolute adversis se favere dixerint.[11] Fascistae, potestate adsumpta, programmate oeconomico usitate adhibuerunt quocumque, quod finibus politicis aptissimum putaverunt. Regimina fascistica diuturna, puta illud Beniti Mussolini in Italia, politicam oeconomicam suam de tempore in tempus aspere commutaverunt. Stanley Payne arguit fascistas fortasse proprietatis privatae institutum defendisse, quod "libertati autonomiaeque personae individualis necessarium"[t 2] esset, sed nihilo minus, metam celebram fascistarum deletionem fuisse autonomiae aut exsistentiae capitalismi pervulgati.[12]

Fascistae et socialismo inter nationes facto et capitalismo liberali adversabantur, sententias suas dicens "Tertiam Viam" esse: alternatam viam oeconomicam realisticam, quae neque capitalismus laissez-faire neque communismus fuisset.[13] Corporatismo et classium collaborationi favebant. Inaequalitatem classesque sociales societati salutares credebant, contra sententias socialisticas;[14] et contra sententias capitalistarum liberalium, fascistae statui credebant in interactiones inter classes factas interveniendum esse.[15]

Fascistae plerumque commercium externum deterrebant aut omnino desistebant, eo consilio, quod nimis commercii inter nationes facti oeconomiam nationalem de capitali internationali dependentem redderet, et ergo oeconomicis aliarum nationum sanctionibus? vulnerabilem. Autonomia oeconomica, id est autarcia, magni momenti meta plerarumque rectionum fascisticarum erat.[16]

Fascismus admodum militaristicus erat, ita ut fascistae saepe expensa militaria multum augerent.

Notae

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  1. ↑ Baker
  2. ↑ Payne; Paxton, Sternhell, et al.
  3. ↑ Daniel Woodley, Fascism and Political Theory, Routlede, 2010, ISBN 978-0-415-47354-5, p.161
  4. ↑ Ivan T. Berend, An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 93
  5. ↑ James A. Gregor, The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 7
  6. ↑ Alexander J. De Grand, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Routledge, 1995. pp. 47
  7. ↑ Alexander J. De Grand, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Routledge, 1995. pp. 48-51
  8. ↑ Salvemini, Gaetano. Under the Axe of Fascism 1936.
  9. ↑ Alexander J. De Grand, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Routledge, 1995. pp. 57
  10. ↑ William G. Welk, Fascist Economic Policy, Harvard University Press, 1938. pp. 38-39
  11. ↑ Henry A. Turner, "German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler", 1985, pp. 61-68
  12. ↑ Payne, Stanley (1996). A History of Fascism. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-595-6, p.10.
  13. ↑ Philip Morgan, Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, New York Tayolor & Francis 2003, p. 168.
  14. ↑ The Doctrine of Fascism. Romae: Istituto Giovanni Treccani. 1932  "[Fascism] affirms the irremediable, fruitful and beneficent inequality of men"
  15. ↑ Calvin B. Hoover, The Paths of Economic Change: Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World, The American Economic Review, Vol. 25, No. 1, Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. (March, 1935), pp. 13-20.
  16. ↑ Alexander J. De Grand, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Routledge, 1995. pp. 60-61

Textus Latine conversus

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  1. ↑ the State pays for the blunders of private enterprise... Profit is private and individual. Loss is public and social."
  2. ↑ "inherent to the freedom and spontaneity of the individual personality"

Nexus interni

Bibliographia

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  • Adler, Les K., et Thomas G. Patterson. "Red Fascism: The Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism." American Historical Review 75 (Aprilis 1970): 1046-64. in JSTOR
  • Alpers, Benjamin L. Dictators, Democracy, and American Public Culture: Envisioning the Totalitarian Enemy, 1920s-1950s. University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
  • Baker, David, "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" New Political Economy, Volume 11, Issue diei 2 Iunii 2006, pp. 227-250.
  • Blum, George P., The Rise of Fascism in Europe. Greenwood Press, 1998.
  • Brady, Robert A. The Spirit and Structure of German Fascism 1937.
  • Brady, Robert A. Business as a System of Power. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 1943. Dicit National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) et NRA proto-fascistica fuisse.
  • Braun, Hans-Joachim. The German Economy in the Twentieth Century, Routledge, 1990.
  • Brinkley, Alan. The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. Vintage, 1995.
  • Burnham, James. The Managerial Revolution: What Is Happening in the World. 1941.
  • Cannistraro, Philip (ed.). Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy, Greenwood Press, 1982
  • Diggins, John P. Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America. Princeton University Press, 1972.
  • Falk, Richard. "Will the Empire be Fascist?," The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, 24 Martii 2003, [1].
  • Feuer, Lewis S. "American Travelers to the Soviet Union 1917-1932: The Formation of a Component of New Deal Ideology." American Quarterly 14 (Iunio 1962): 119-49. in JSTOR
  • Griffin, Roger. The Nature of Fascism. Londinii, Routledge, 1993
  • Kershaw, Ian. The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, Londinii, Arnold, 3 ed, 1993.
  • Leighton, Joseph A. Social Philosophies in Conflict, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1937.
  • Lyttelton, Adrian (editor). Liberal and fascist Italy, 1900-1945, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Maddux, Thomas R. "Red Fascism, Brown Bolshevism: The American Image of Totalitarianism in the 1930s." Historian' 40 (Novembri 1977): 85-103.
  • Mises, Ludwig von Omnipotent Government: The Rise of Total State and Total War, Yale University Press, 1944. [2]
  • Morgan, Philip. Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945 Routledge. 2002
  • Payne, Stanley G. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 1995
  • Paxton, Robert O.. The Anatomy of Fascism, Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004
  • Pells, Richard H. Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Thought in the Depressions Years. Harper and Row, 1973.
  • Rosenof, Theodore. Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933-1993. University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
  • Salvemini, Gaetano. Italian Fascism. Londinii: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1938.
  • Schmidt, Carl T. The corporate state in action; Italy under fascism, Oxford University Press, 1939.
  • Schweitzer, Arthur. Big Business in the Third Reich, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1964.
  • Sohn-Rethel. Alfred. Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism, CSE Books, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-01-5
  • Skotheim, Robert Allen. Totalitarianism and American Social Thought. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1971.
  • Sternhell, Zeev, cum Mario Sznajder et Maia Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology, a David Maisel Anglice conversus (Princetoniae: Princeton University Press, [1989] 1995).
  • Swedberg, Richard; Schumpeter: A Biography Princeton University Press, 1991.
  • Turner, Henry A. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler, 1985.
  • Welk, William G. Fascist Economic Policy, Harvard University Press, 1938.
  • Wiesen, S. Jonathan. German Industry and the Third Reich Dimensions: A Journal of Holocaust Studies Vol. 13, No. 2 [3]
  • Haseler, Stephen The Death of British Democracy: Study of Britain's Political Present and Future. Prometheus Books 1976. p. 153
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