Lapita

Lapita fuit cultura archaeologica in Oceano Pacifico quam archaeologi putant communem fuisse antecessorem nonnullarum culturarum quae in Polynesia, Micronesia, et quibusdam Melanesiae regionibus litoralibus vigent. Cultura archaeologica et sua figlina propria, exemplaribus geometricis dentatisque impressa, ex situ typico ubi primum detectae sunt appellantur, ex loco in Paeninsula Foué in Magna Terra, principali Novae Caledoniae insula. Excavationes ab Eduardo W. Gifford et Ricardo Shulter, Jr., archaeologis Americanis, in loco Situ 13 appellato anno 1952 effectae sunt.^[1] Colonia et testae ex anno fere 800 a.C.n. mox inventae erant, quae tum magnum momentum in investigationibus Insularum Pacificarum nova prole frequentatarum habuerunt. Plus ducenti loci Lapitenses iam detecti sunt,^[2] trans regionem plus quam 4000 chiliometrorum latam, a Melanesia litorali et insulare ad Vitios et Tongam patentem, cuius fines orientales hodie noti in Samoa iacent.

Etymologia

Archaeologi in excavationibus in Nova Caledonia anno 1952 factis audierant [xapeta'a] 'foramen ducere; locus ubi foditur' dici a locutoribus linguae Haveke. Quam vocem suo modo audientes Lapitam finxerunt nomen culturae et populi in ea regione antiquissimi.^[3]^[1] Verum culturae illius archaeologicae Lapitensis nomen ignotum manet. Similitudo Laputae, nominis ficti ab Ionathan Swift in libro Gulliver's Travels inscripto (1726) prolati, fortuita est, namque exploratores Europaei Novam Caledoniam primum anno 1774 tetigerunt.

Praehistoria

Aetates

Figlina Lapitensis "classica" in Archipelago Bismarckiano inter 1350 et 750 a.C.n. factum est, et varietas sera usque ad 250 a.C.n. fortasse fabricata est. Propria figlinae Lapitensis genera in Vanuatu et Nova Caledonia evoluta sunt. Figlina in Vitiis persistitit, sed alibi in Melanesia et in Siassi evanescuit. In Polynesia Occidentali, figlina Lapitensis ex 800 a.C.n. in regione Vitiorum, Tongae, et Samoae inventa est. A Tonga et Samoa, cultura Polynesia se ad regiones Polynesiae Orientalis extendit, inter quas Insulae Marchionis et Insulae Societatis, et deinde ad Havaios, Insulam Paschalem, et Novam Zelandiam. Figlinae autem fabrica in plurimo Polynesiae non persistitit, praecipue quia argilla idonea in parvulis insulis carebat.

Distributio geographica

Fictilia Lapitensia ex Archipelago Bismarckiano ad orientem usque ad Samoam et Tongam nota sunt. Hodie, orientalissimus locus Lapitensis est Mulifanua in insula Upolu in Samoa, ubi 4288 fragmentorum fictilium et duae asciae Lapitenses recuperatae sunt. Secundum computationem ¹⁴C cuiusdam testae, vera loci aetas est circa 3000 annorum ante praesens (hoc est 1050 a.C.n.).^[4] Animalia mansuefacta ulteriorem Oceaniam attigerunt. Homines, eorum animalia mansuefacta, et invitae species introductae (inter quas fortasse Rattus exulans) exstinctiones specierum endemicarum in multis insulis effecerunt, praecipue avium sine volatu.

In occidente, vici in parvis insulis ante litora vel secundum oras maiorum insularum patebant, veri simile ut populi Lapitenses regiones in Nova Guinea litorali iam habitatas defugerent, vel quidem culicidas fortasse defugiebant malariam ferentis, morbum cuius defensione ei per immunitatem medicam carebant. Nonnullae domus in grallis super lacunis aedificatae sunt. In Nova Britannia, coloniae etiam in continente constitutae sunt, prope fontes obsidiani; in archipelago orientali, omnes coloniae in terra aedificatae sunt, aliquando procul a mari.

Origo

Plurimi homines scientiae periti, inter quos archaeologi, botanici, genetici, linguistae, zoologi, et ad summam anthropologi, praesumunt culturam archaeologicam Lapitensem in Asia Meridiorientali exortam fuisse, fortasse cum linguis Austronesiis in Taivania vel Sina meridiana, abhinc annorum 6000 fere. Haec dissipatio Neolithica per rapidum numeri hominum auctum mota est, in Asia Orientali et Meridiorientali (Formosa), unde saepe hamaxostichus rectus ad Polynesiam (Anglice express train to Polynesia) vulgo appellatur. Lapitensis sepulturarum figlina figlinae glutinis rubri in Taivania, cum singulis indiciorum linguisticorum,^[5] hanc doctrinam bene sustinere videntur.^[6]

Opinio orthodoxa, a Rogerio Green, Petro Bellwood, et aliis tenta, Exemplar I-Triplex proponit, ubi exorta est Lapita ex hac expansione Austronesiana per intrusionem in novas terras, innovationem technologiarum novarum (sicut scapha Polynesia), et integrationem cum indigenis.^[7] Vincula recta inter Lapitam et continentalem Asiam Meridiorientalem absunt, plerumque ob inopiam datorum in Indonesia et Malaesia. Iacobus Allen et alii originem culturae Lapitensis in Archipelago Bismarckiano proponunt, in regione annorum a 30 000 ad 35 000 a.C.n. primum ab hominibus constituta. Aliqui anthropologii commercium in obsidiano motrum expansionis elementorum Lapitensium in occidentali distributionis regione arbitrantur.

Lapita in Polynesia

Multi scientistae credunt figlinam Lapitensem in Melanesia confirmare quod maiores Polynesianorum per hanc regionem in Pacificam mediam transgressi sunt. Primus situs archaeologicus in Polynesia nota in Tonga iacet, ex 900 a.C.n., et figlinam usitatam et alias situum Lapitensium in Vitis et Melanesia orientali illius temporis res archaeologicas continet.^[8]^[9] Anita Smith tempus Lapitae Polynesiae cum tempore Figlinae Inornatae Polynesiae comparat:

Non videntur genera nova vel varia indiciorum cum figlina inornata consociatorum: solum videtur evanescentia minoris culturae materialis partis et conventionum faunarum. Est continuatio in plurimis documentorum archaeologicorum aspectibus quae sequentias post Lapitam in Vitis et Melanesia insulari (figlina Mangaasi et Naviti) imitari videtur.^[10]

Figlina Inornata in multis Polynesiae Occidentalis insulis invenitur et significat tempus transitionale inter tempora cum esset sola figlina Lapitensis et tempus posterius antequam Polynesia Orientalis coloniae deducerentur, cum Polynesiani Occidentales eiusdem temporis fabricam figlinae omnino amitterent. Indicia archaeologica significant Figlinam Inornatam in Samoa circa transitionem annorum a.C.n. et p.C.n. terminatam fuisse. Praeterea apud Smith legimus: "Figlina a societatibus Polynesiis nullo tempore in historia Polynesiae Orientalis fabricata est."^[11] Apud Matthaeum Spriggs: "Ut continuatio culturae inter figulos Lapitenses et Melanesianos fieri posset respectus quo dignus est non iam accepit. In plurimis locis modi inter se impendent sine separatione stratigraphica quae discerni potest. Continuatio in temperatione figlinae, in importatione obsdiani^?, et in artifactis non fictilibus invenitur."^[12]

Cultura Lapitensis

Cultura materialis

Figlina fictilis minime cocta, saepe fragmentis vel arena mixta, impressionibus dentatis usitate ornatur. Haec ornamenta ex mediis minus duris, sicut tapa, storeis, et compunctionibus, fortasse expressa sunt. Inornata autem figlina est maior culturae Lapitensis pars, quae etiam oscias^? in saxo molitas, artefacta ex testis facta, atque instrumenta saxi percussi, ex obsidiano, chert, et ex aliis saxis in promptu habitis facti^?, comprehendit.

Oeconomia

Inter mansuefacta culturae Lapitensis animalia erant sus, canes, et pulli. Horticultura in messibus radicalibus^? et messibus arboreis condita est, praecipue in tarone et speciebus generis Dioscoreae, cocotibus, bananis, nonnullisque Artocarpi altilis varietatibus. Supplementum his victibus erant piscatus et conlectio molluscorum. Homines commercium in lapidibus obsidianis, asciis, et testis trans magna spatia tractabant.

Mores sepulturae

Cavum magni sepulturae loci Teoumae in Efate insula in Vanuatu siti, anno 2003 inventi, triginta sex corpora in viginti quinque sepulcris, cum urnis sepulturae, in medium protulit. Omnes sceleti capitibus carebant, calvariis post primam sepulturam remotis, anulisque ex testis conorum substitutis. Capita iterum humata sunt. Sepultura cuiusdam senis tres calvariae^?supra pectus habebat. Una urna sepulturae quattuor aves in urnam spectantis vehementius monstrabat. Computatio radiocarbonica testarum in hoc sepulturae loco positarum tempus circa 1000 a.C.n. indicat.^[6]

Lingua

Traditur homines Lapitenses lingua Proto-Oceanica locutos esse, praecursore rami Oceanici Austronesianae; coniungere autem culturam archaeologicam non litteratam cum lingua est difficile, et per fontes separatos confirmari non potest.

Notae

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 West, Barbara A. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. p. 460. ISBN 0-8160-7109-8, 9780816071098 .
↑ Sand, Christophe; Sean P. Connaughton (2007). Oceanic explorations: Lapita and western Pacific settlement. Australia: ANU E Press. pp. 3–29. ISBN 0-9751229-0-8, 9780975122907 .
↑ Mortaigne, Véronique (28 Decembris 2010). "Lapita: Oceanic Ancestors – review". Guardian UK. Primum in Le Monde apparuit .
↑ [1] Roger C. Green et Helen M. Leach, "New Information for the Ferry Berth Site, Mulifanua, Western Samoa," Journal of the Polynesian Society, 98 (1989), no. 3. Confirmatus 3 Aprilis 2013.
↑ Blust, R. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In E. Zeitoun et P. J.-K. Li.. Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Symposium Series of the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica .
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Richard Stone, "Graves of the Pacific's First Seafarers Revealed," Science Magazine, 21 April 2006, vol. 312, no. 5772, p. 360 [2].
↑ S. J. Greenhill et R. D. Gray (2005), "Testing Population Dispersal Hypotheses: Pacific Settlement, Phylogenetic Trees, and Austronesian Languages," in The Evolution of Cultural Diversity: Phylogenetic Approaches, ed. R. Mace, C. Holden, et S. Shennan (UCL Press).[3].
↑ Burley, David V.; Barton, Andrew; Dickinson, William R.; Connaughton, Sean P.; Taché, Karine (2010). "Nukuleka as a Founder Colony for West Polynesian Settlement: New Insights from Recent Excavations". Journal of Pacific Archaeology 1 (2): 128–144 .
↑ Anita Smith, An Archaeology of West Polynesian Prehistory (2002).
↑ Anglice: "There do not appear to be new or different kinds of evidence associated with plain-ware ceramics, only the disappearance of a minor component of material culture and faunal assemblages is apparent. There is continuity in most aspects of the archaeological record that appears to mimic post Lapita sequences of Fiji and island Melanesia (Mangaasi and Naviti pottery)." Anita Smith, An Archaeology of West Polynesian Prehistory, 2002.
↑ Anglice: "Ceramics were not manufactured by Polynesian societies at any time in East Polynesian prehistory."
↑ Anglice: "The possibility of cultural continuity between Lapita Potters and Melanesians has not been given the consideration it deserves. In most sites there was an overlap of styles with no stratigraphic separation discernible. Continuity is found in pottery temper, importation of obsidian and in non-ceramic artefacts." Matthew Spriggs, The Lapita Cultural Complex, 1985.

Bibliographia

Allen, J. 1984. In Search of the Lapita Homeland: Reconstructing the Prehistory of the Bismarck Archipelago. Journal of Pacific History 19(4):186–187.
Bellwood, Peter. 1978. Man's conquest of the Pacific. Londinii: Collins.
Chino, K. (2002). "Lapita Pottery: Ties in the South Pacific". Wave of Pacifika (Tocii: Sasakawa Pacific Island Nations Fund (SPINF) 8 [4]
Clark, G.; A. Anderson et T. Vunidilo (Iunio 2000). The archaeology of Lapita dispersal in Oceania: papers from the 4th Lapita conference. Canberrae: Pandanus Books. pp. 15–23
Gifford, Edward Winslow, et Dick Shutler. 1956. Archaeological excavations in New Caledonia. Berkeleiae: University of California Press.
Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997). The Lapita Peoples: Ancestors of the Oceanic World. Oxoniae: Blackwell
Märtin,Ralf-Peter. 2000. Navigation: Die kühnen Fahrten der ersten Polynesier. In GEO spezial Südsee. Hamburgi: Gruner und Jahr. ISBN 3-570-19058-7.
Noury, Arnaud. Le reflet de l'ame Lapita. Lutetiae: Noury. ISBN 2-9524455-0-8.
Noury, Arnaud; Galipaud J.-C. (2011). Les Lapita, nomades du Pacifique. IRD Editions (Francogallice)
Noury, Arnaud (2012). Grammaire des décors lapita. Andromaque Editions (Francogallice)
Smith, Roff. 2009. Aufbruch ins Ungewisse: Wie Seefahrer vor Jahrtausenden die Inseln des Pazifiks besiedelten. National Geographic Deutschland, Aprili, pp. 128–145.
Steadman, David W., J. Peter White, Jim Allen. 1999. "Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: Extinctions on a large Melanesian island" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:2563-2568.
Summerhayes, Glenn R. 2000. Far Western, Western and Eastern Lapita: A re-evaluation. Asian Perspectives 39(1–2):109–138.

Nexus interni

Lapitaichthys
Teouma, maior locus archaeologicus in Vanuatu

Nexus externi

De "Lapita cultural complex" cum brevi figlinae descriptionne, (Central Queensland University School of Humanities)
"Lapita cultural complex": Lapita designs, texts about Lapita, LapitaDraw ("software to aid in studying archaeological ceramic artefacts") (Archéologie et Informatique, Francice)
"Heads found in pots in Vanuatu dig," de calvariis Lapitensibus anno 2004 inventis (ANU media release, 14 Iulii 2005)
"Hundreds of Lapita photographs from the University of Auckland Anthropology Photographic Archive database,"
Felgate, Matthew (2003), "Reading Lapita in near Oceania: intertidal and shallow-water pottery scatters, Roviana Lagoon, New Georgia, Solomon Islands," (dissertatio, University of Auckland)

[barb-1] 1.0 ^1.1 West, Barbara A. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. p. 460. ISBN 0-8160-7109-8, 9780816071098 .

[chris-2] Sand, Christophe; Sean P. Connaughton (2007). Oceanic explorations: Lapita and western Pacific settlement. Australia: ANU E Press. pp. 3–29. ISBN 0-9751229-0-8, 9780975122907 .

[3] Mortaigne, Véronique (28 Decembris 2010). "Lapita: Oceanic Ancestors – review". Guardian UK. Primum in Le Monde apparuit .

[test-4] [1] Roger C. Green et Helen M. Leach, "New Information for the Ferry Berth Site, Mulifanua, Western Samoa," Journal of the Polynesian Society, 98 (1989), no. 3. Confirmatus 3 Aprilis 2013.

[Blust1999-5] Blust, R. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In E. Zeitoun et P. J.-K. Li.. Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Symposium Series of the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica .

[Science-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Richard Stone, "Graves of the Pacific's First Seafarers Revealed," Science Magazine, 21 April 2006, vol. 312, no. 5772, p. 360 [2].

[GreenhillandGray2005-7] S. J. Greenhill et R. D. Gray (2005), "Testing Population Dispersal Hypotheses: Pacific Settlement, Phylogenetic Trees, and Austronesian Languages," in The Evolution of Cultural Diversity: Phylogenetic Approaches, ed. R. Mace, C. Holden, et S. Shennan (UCL Press).[3].

[8] Burley, David V.; Barton, Andrew; Dickinson, William R.; Connaughton, Sean P.; Taché, Karine (2010). "Nukuleka as a Founder Colony for West Polynesian Settlement: New Insights from Recent Excavations". Journal of Pacific Archaeology 1 (2): 128–144 .

[AnitaSmith-9] Anita Smith, An Archaeology of West Polynesian Prehistory (2002).

[10] Anglice: "There do not appear to be new or different kinds of evidence associated with plain-ware ceramics, only the disappearance of a minor component of material culture and faunal assemblages is apparent. There is continuity in most aspects of the archaeological record that appears to mimic post Lapita sequences of Fiji and island Melanesia (Mangaasi and Naviti pottery)." Anita Smith, An Archaeology of West Polynesian Prehistory, 2002.

[11] Anglice: "Ceramics were not manufactured by Polynesian societies at any time in East Polynesian prehistory."

[12] Anglice: "The possibility of cultural continuity between Lapita Potters and Melanesians has not been given the consideration it deserves. In most sites there was an overlap of styles with no stratigraphic separation discernible. Continuity is found in pottery temper, importation of obsidian and in non-ceramic artefacts." Matthew Spriggs, The Lapita Cultural Complex, 1985.

[1]