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{{Elementa caput | numerus atomicus=26 | symbolus=Fe | nomen=ferrum
 | sinister=[[manganum]] | dexter=[[cobaltum]] |super=<!-- [[aluminium|Al]] -->| sub=[[ruthenium|Ru]]
 | color1=#fcc | color2=black }} 
|}
[[Fasciculus:Electron shell 026 iron.png|thumb|Configuratio electronica ferri, [[Nucleus atomi|nucleus]] et 26 [[electron]]es (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]]
'''Ferrum'''<ref>"Ferrum": Peter van der Krogt, "[http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/list_element.php?language=la&sort=A Elementa chemica]" apud situm ''Elementymology & Elements Multidict''. Verbum Latinum classicum.</ref> est [[elementum chemicum]] cuius signum est '''Fe''' et [[numerus atomicus]] '''26.''' Id est [[metallum]] in [[prima transitionis series|prima transitionis serie]] digestum, per [[massa]]m frequentissimum [[elementum]] quod omnem [[tellus|tellurem]] componit, multum [[nucleus interior|nuclei interioris]] et [[nucleus exterior|exterioris]] effingens.
[[Fasciculus:Mars symbol.svg|thumb|upright=0.3|left|[[Signum]] [[Mars (deus)|Martis]] post [[antiquitas|antiquitatem]] ad repraesentandum ferrum adhibitum est.]]

Quod attinet ad frequentiam, ferrum est [[quattuor|quartum]] [[elementum chemicum]] in [[cortex Telluris|cortice telluris]] inventum. Frequentia quidem ferri in [[planeta|planetis]] [[saxum|saxosis]] sicut Tellus est effectus [[fusio nuclearis|fusionis]] in [[stella|stellis]] [[massa]]e magnae, ubi generatio [[niccolum-56|niccoli-56]] (quod in frequentissimum ferri [[isotopus|isotopum]] tabescit) est ultima [[reactio fusionis nuclearis]] [[exothermicus|exothermica]]. Hoc efficit ut [[niccolum]] [[radioactivitas|radioactivum]] fiat ultimum elementum generatum antequam conlapsus [[supernova |supernovae]] generis II ad eventum explosivum quae hunc [[praecursor (chemia)|praecursorem]] [[radionucleidum]] ferri abundanter in [[spatium]] spargit.

Sicut alia [[elementum gregis 8|elementa gregis 8]], ferrum variissimos [[status oxidationis]] habet, –2 ad +6, quamquam status +2 et +3 sunt frequentissimi. Ferrum elementale fit in [[meteoroidum|meteoroidis]] et aliis circumiectibus quibus est paulum [[oxygenium|oxygenii]], sed oxygenium et [[aqua]]m fert.<!--reacts to o. & a--> [[Superficies]] ferri novi apparent [[argenteus|griseoargenteae]] et inlustreae, sed in [[aer]]e quotidiano oxidizantes, [[oxidum ferri|oxida ferri]] generant, etiam [[robigo]] appellata. Dissimilis multorum metallorum aliorum quae passivantia{{dubsig}}<!-- +passivating--> oxidi strata pariunt, oxida ferri plus [[volumen]] metallo ferreo occupant, et ergo oxida ferri defringuntur et superficies novas pro [[corrosio]]ne exponunt.
[[Fasciculus:Ferrocene-2D.png|thumb|upright=0.25|[[Ferrocenum]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Widmanstatten hand.jpg|thumb|left|[[Meteorites ferri]] compositionis [[nucleus interior|nucleorum interioris]] et [[nucleus exterior|exterioris]] [[Tellus|Telluris]] similes sunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Pure iron phase diagram (EN).png|thumb|[[Diagramma phasis]] ferri puri [[pressura]]e humilis (tabula Anglice signata).]]

Metallum ferreum adhibitum est post antiquitatem, quamquam [[ligatio metallica|ligationes metallicae]], quibus sunt humiliores [[temperatura]]e [[liquefactio]]nis, primum in [[historia]] adhibitae sunt. Ferrum purum est mollis ([[aluminium|aluminio]] mollior), sed fundendo non fieri potest. Materies magnopere per impuritates fundendi, sicut [[carbonium]], dura fit et stabilitur. Certa carbonii proportio (inter 0.2% et 2.1%) [[chalybs|chalybem]] efficit, qui ferro puro esse potest usque ad millies durior. Crudum metallum ferreum in [[fornax alta|fornacibus altis]]<!--blast furnaces-->, ubi aes<!--ore--> per ''[[coke]]'' ad [[ferrum crudum]]<!--pig iron--> convertitur, cui est multum carbonii. Addita purgatio per oxygenium summam carbonii ad proportionem rectam ad faciendum [[chalybs|chalybem]] deminuit.

Chalybes et ferrum carbonii humilis [[ligatio metallica|mixturas]] cum aliis metallis ([[chalybs ligatus|chalybibus ligatis]]<!--alloy steels-->) sunt amplissima metalla in usu [[industria]]e, ob eorum multas proprietates optabiles et abundantiam ferri.

[[Chemia|Chemicis]] ferri compositis, quae composita ferrea et ferrica comprehendunt, sunt multi usus. [[Oxidum ferri]] cum pulvi [[aluminium|aluminii]] mixtum accendi potest ad generandam [[thermites|reactionem thermitis]], in conferruminando<!--welding--> et aeribus<!--ores--> purgandis adhibitam. Binaria parit composita cum [[halogenum|halogenis]] et [[chalcogenum|chalcogenis]]. Inter eius composita organometallica est [[ferrocenum]], primum "[[compositum sandwich]]" inventum. 

Ferrum personam magni momenti in [[biologia]] agit, prompte tenues complexes cum [[oxygenium|oxygenio]] [[molecula]]ri in [[haemoglobin]] et [[myoglobin]] generat; haec [[duo]] composita sunt frequentia transportationis oxygenii [[proteinum|proteina]] in [[vertebrata|vertebratis]]. Etiam adhibetur ferrum in situ activo{{dubsig}} multorum [[enzymum|enzymorum]] ''[[redox]]'' magni momenti quae de [[respiratio cellularis|respiratione cellulari]] et oxidatione et reductione in [[planta|plantis]] et [[animal]]ibus tractat.
[[Fasciculus:Prussian blue.jpg|thumb|[[Color]] [[Caeruleus Berolinensis|caeruleus Borussicus]].]]

Verbo ''ferro'' sunt multi sensus translati, inter quos:
* Ferrum est res ferrea, exempli gratia [[catena]]. 
* Ferrum est [[arma]]mentum, exempli gratia [[gladius]] vel [[telum]].
* Ferrum est signum duritiae, et signum absentiae affectu.

== Proprietates ==
=== Proprietates mechanicae ===
{|class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-size: 80%"
|+ Aestimationes propriae [[vires tensiles|virium tensilium]] (VT) et [[duritia Brinelliana|duritiae Brinellianae]] (DB) variorum ferri formarum.<ref name=pure>{{Cite book| url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Ll6qjWB-RUC&pg=PA164| pages=164–167| title=Handbook of materials and techniques for vacuum devices|last=Kohl|first= Walter H.| publisher=Springer| year=[[1995]]| isbn=1-56396-387-6.}}</ref><ref name=corr>{{Cite book| url=http://www.gorni.eng.br/e/Gorni_SFHTHandbook.pdf| title=ASM Handbook – Mechanical Testing and Evaluation|publisher= ASM International| volume= 8| year= [[2000]]| page= 275| isbn=0-87170-389-0|editor=Kuhn, Howard and Medlin, Dana (sub ASM International Handbook Committee)}}.</ref>
!Materia
!VT <br />(MPa)
!DH <br />([[Gradus Brinellianus|Brinellianus]])
|-
|[[Genae pilosae monocrystallinae|Genae pilosae ferri]]<!--?Iron whiskers-->
|11000
|
|-
|Chalybs durificatus<!--hardened-->
|2930
|850–1200
|-
|[[Martensites|Chalybs martensiticus]]
|2070
|600
|-
|[[Bainites|Chalybs bainiticus]]
|1380
|400
|-
|[[Pearlites|Chalybs pearliticus]]
|1200
|350
|-
|Ferrum frigore confectum
|690
|200
|-
|Ferrum granorum parvorum
|340
|100
|-
|Ferrum carbonium continens
|140
|40
|-
|Purum crystallorum singulorum ferrum
|10
|3
|}

[[mechanismus|Mechanicae]] ferri et eius mixturarum proprietates aestimari possunt per varia certamina, inter quae [[gradus Brinellianus|certamen Brinellianum]], [[gradus Rockwellianus|certamen Rockwellianum]], et [[certamen duritiae Vickersianum]]. [[Scientia (ratio)|Scientia]] de ferro est tam constans quam ea ad ordinandas mensuras vel ad comparanda certamina saepe adhibetur.<ref name=corr/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://mdmetric.com/tech/hardnessconversion.html| title=Hardness Conversion Chart|accessdate=[[23 Maii]] [[2010]]|publisher=Maryland Metrics}}.</ref> Sed mechanicae ferri proprietates a puritate speciminum magnopere adficiuntur: puri [[crystallum|crystalli]] singuli pro investigationibus revera sunt [[aluminium|aluminio]] molliores,<ref name=pure/> et purissimum ferrum per [[industria]]m effectum (99.99%) duritiam 20–30 Brinellianorum habet.<ref>{{Cite journal| title=Properties of Various Pure Irons: Study on pure iron I| url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001459778/en| volume=50| issue=1| pages=42–47| journal=Tetsu-to-Hagane| first1 = Kusakawa|last1 = Takaji|first2 = Otani|last2 =Toshikatsu| year=[[1964]]}}.</ref> Incrementum [[carbonium|carbonii]] intra ferrum primum efficit ut duritia tensilesque ferri vires pariter amplificantur. Maxima [[gradus Rockwellianus|65 R<sub>c</sub>]] duritia per 0.6 centesimam carbonii efficitur, quamquam hoc [[metallum]] cui sunt humiles vires tensiles generat.<ref>{{Cite book| url=http://books.google.com/?id=LgB5dkmPML0C&pg=PA218| page=218| title=Materials Science and Engineering|first=V.| last= Raghavan| publisher =PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=81-203-2455-2 |year=[[2004]]}}.</ref>

===Diagramma phasium et allotropi===
Ferrum est exemplum [[allotropismus|allotropismi]] in [[metallum|metallo]]. Sunt saltem [[quattuor]] allotropicae ferri formae, ''α, γ, δ,'' et ''ε'' appellatae; [[pressura|pressuris]] altissimis, nonnulla indicia controversa monstrat phasim β pressuris et [[temperatura|temperaturis]] altissimis esse stabilem.<ref name="beta-iron">{{Cite journal| first = Reinhard| last = Boehler|title = High-pressure experiments and the phase diagram of lower mantle and core materials| journal = Review of Geophysics| volume = 38| pages = 221–245| publisher = American Geophysical Union| year = [[2000]]| doi=10.1029/1998RG000053| issue = 2| bibcode=2000RvGeo..38..221B}}.</ref>
[[Fasciculus:Pure iron phase diagram (EN).png|thumb|[[Diagramma phasium]]<!--P. diagram--> ferri puri pressuris humilibus observati.]]<!--PLUS IN EN:-->
[[Fasciculus:QtubIronPillar.JPG|thumb|[[Ferrea Dellii columna]] est exemplum [[India|Indarum]] ferri extracti et conversi rationum. Columna [[corrosio]]nem 1600 annorum resistitit.]]
 
== Notae ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
 
== Bibliographia ==
* Barbucci, R., A. Sabatini, et P. Dapporto. [[1998]]. ''Tavola periodica e proprietà degli elementi.'' Florentiae: Edizioni V. Morelli.
* Beck, Ludwig. [[1884]]–[[1903]]. ''Die Geschichte des Eisens in technischer und kulturgeschichtlicher Beziehung.'' Voll. 1–5. Braunschweig: Viewegg.
* Binder, Harry H. [[1999]]. ''Lexikon der chemischen Elemente: das Periodensystem in Fakten, Zahlen und Daten.'' Stuttgartiae: S. Hirzel Verlag. ISBN 3-7776-0736-3.
* Borgese, Francesco Borgese. [[1993]]. ''Gli elementi della tavola periodica: Rinvenimento, proprietà, usi: Prontuario chimico, fisico, geologico.'' Romae: CISU. ISBN 88-7975-077-1.
* Buchwald, Vagn Fabritius. [[2005]]. ''Iron and steel in ancient times.'' Hafniae: Kong. Danske Videnskab. Selskab. ISBN 87-7304-308-7.
* Johannsen, Otto. [[1925]]. [http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Johannsen/johannsen_index.html ''Geschichte des Eisens.''] Dusseldorpiae.
* Johannsen, Otto. [[1953]]. ''Geschichte des Eisens.'' Ed. 3a. Auftrag des Vereins Deutscher EisenhüttenleuteDusseldorpiae: Verlag Stahleisen.
* Schoppa, H. [[1992]]. ''Was der Hochöfner von seiner Arbeit wissen muss.'' Dusseldorpiae: Verlag Stahleisen ISBN 3-514-00443-9.
* Schubert, H. R. [[1957]]. ''History of the British Iron and Steel Industry . . . to 1775 AD.'' Londinii: Routledge.
* Smith, William F. [[1995]]. ''Scienza e tecnologia dei materiali.'' Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 88-386-0709-5.
* Tylecote, R. F. [[1992]]. ''History of Metallurgy.'' Londinii: Institute of Materials.
* Tylecote, R. F. [[1991]]. Iron in the Industrial Revolution. In ''The Industrial Revolution in Metals,'' edd. J. Day et R. F. Tylecote, 200–260. Londinii: Institute of Materials.
* {{Cite book
|last = Weeks
|first = Mary Elvira
|coauthor = Leichester, Henry M.
|year = [[1968]]
|title = Discovery of the Elements
|publisher = ''Journal of Chemical Education''
|location = Easton, Pennsylvaniae
|chapter = Elements Known to the Ancients
|pages = 29–40
|id = LCCCN 68-15217
|ref = CITEREFWeeks1968
|isbn = 0-7661-3872-0
}}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Aetas Ferrea]]
* [[Chalybs]]
* [[El Mutún]] in [[Bolivia]], ubi 20 centesimae facilis [[Tellus|Telluris]] ferri situm est
* [[Faber ferrarius]]
* [[Ferrugo]]
* [[Ferrum (metaphora)]]<!--
* [[Ferrum in eruditione populari]]-->
* [[Fecundatio ferrea]]<!--proposed fertilization of oceans to stimulate phytoplankton growth-->
* [[Haemochromatosis]]
* [[Siderosis]]
* [[Solea equorum]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|iron|ferrum}}
{{Vicicitatio|ferrum}}
{{Wiktionary|iron|ferrum}}
{{CommuniaCat|Iron|ferrum}}
* [http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp "Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3),] apud www.rsc.org ([[Chemsitry World]], [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]): [http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_iron_48kbps_tcm18-120046.mp3 "Iron"]
* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html "It's Elemental – Iron,"] apud education.jlab.org
* [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin2.html "The Most Tightly Bound Nuclei,"] apud hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/026.htm Hoc elementum] apud ''Patreon: periodic videos''
 
{{Elementa chemica}}
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[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]
[[Categoria:Ferrum|!]]
[[Categoria:Metalla]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}
Formulae hac in pagina adhibitae:
Redire ad Ferrum.
Receptum de "https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrum"