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{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name  = {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}<br />''Rhōmanía''<br />Romania<br />{{aut|Imperium Romanum}}
|conventional_long_name = Kamaharajan Romawi Bizantin
|common_name  = Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan
|continent    = Afrika, Éropa, Asia
|region       = Segara Tengah
|era          = Abad Kuno-Akhir Abad Pertengahan
|status       = Kamaharajan
|government_type = [[Otokrasi]]
|year_start   = 330
|event_start  = Pendirian [[Konstantinopèl]]
|date_start   = 11 Mèi
|year_end     = 1453
|event_end    = [[Lèngsèré Konstantinopèl]]
|date_end     = 29 Mèi
|event1       = Penjatuhan [[Romulus Augustulus]], Kaisar Romawi Kulon
|date_event1  = 476
|event2       = Skisma Wétan-Kulon
|date_event2  = 1054
|event3       = Lèngsèré Konstantinopèl menyang [[Wadya Salib]]
|date_event3  = 1204
|event4       = Penaklukan manèh Konstantinopèl
|date_event4  = 1261
|event_pre    = [[Diokletianus]] mecah papréntahan kamaharajan antarané kulon lan étan
|date_pre     = 285
|event_post   = Lèngsèré [[Kamaharajan Trebizond|Trebizond]]
|date_post    = 1461
|image_flag   = Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg
|flag         = Heraldri Romawi Timur
|flag_type    = Gendéra Kamaharajan ing mangsa pungkasan (abad kaping 14)
|image_coat   = Byzantine Palaiologos Eagle.svg
|symbol       =
|symbol_type  = Lambang kamaharajan ing ngisoré [[Palaiologos]]
|
|image_map    = Byzantine Empire animated.gif
|image_map_caption  = Perkembangan wewengkon Kamaharajan
|p1           = Kakaisaran Romawi
|flag_p1      = Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg
|s1           = Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
|flag_s1      = Ottoman flag.svg
|capital = [[Konstantinopèl]]
|common_languages = [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Basa Latin|Latin]]
|religion     = [[Agama Romawi Kuno|Paganisme Romawi]] nganti taun 391, [[Gréja Ortodoks Wétan|Ortodoks Wétan]] ditoléransi sawisé [[Edictum Mediolanense]] taun 313, lan dadi agama nagara sawisé taun 380
|currency     = [[Solidus (koin)|Solidus]], [[Hiperpiron]]
|
|leader1      = [[Konstantinus I|Konstantinus ingkang Agung]]
|leader2      = Konstantinus XI
|year_leader1 = 306–337
|year_leader2 = 1449–1453
|title_leader = [[Kaisar Romawi Wétan|Kaisar]]
|
|legislature  = [[Senat Romawi Wétan|Senat]]
|
|stat_year1   = Abad kaping 4
|stat_area1   =
|stat_pop1    = 34.000.000
|stat_year2   = Abad kaping 8 (780 AD)
|stat_area2   =
|stat_pop2    = 7.000.000
|stat_year3   = Abad kaping 11 (1025 AD)
|stat_area3   =
|stat_pop3    = 12.000.000
|stat_year4   = Abad kaping 12 (1143 AD)
|stat_area4   =
|stat_pop4    = 10.000.000
|stat_year5   = Abad kaping 13 (1281 AD)
|stat_area5   =
|stat_pop5    = 5.000.000
|today =
{{flag|Albania}}<br />{{flag|Aljazair}}<br />{{flag|Armenia}}<br />{{flag|Bosnia dan Herzegovina}}<br />{{flag|Bulgaria}}<br />{{flag|Georgia}}<br />{{flag|Gibraltar}}<br />{{flag|Israèl}}<br />{{flag|Itali}}<br />{{flag|Kroasia}}<br />{{flag|Lebanon}}<br />{{flag|Libya}}<br />{{flag|Malta}}<br />{{flag|Mesir}}<br />{{flag|Montenegro}}<br />{{flag|Prancis}}<br />{{flag|Républik Makedonia}}<br />{{flag|Rumeni}}<br />{{flag|San Marino}}<br />{{flag|Serbia}}<br />{{flag|Siprus}}<br />{{flag|Slowén}}<br />{{flag|Spanyol}}<br />{{flag|Suriah}}<br />{{flag|Tunisia}}<br />{{flag|Turki}}<br />{{flag|Ukraina}}<br />{{flag|Vatikan}}<br />{{flag|Yordania}}<br />{{flag|Yunani}}
}}

'''Kakaisaran Byzantium'''' utawi '''Kakaisaran Romawi Wétan''' (Éjaan liya: '''Bizantin''', '''Byzantin''', '''Byzantine''', '''Bizantium''') ya iku wewengkon wétané [[Kamaharajan Romawi]] ingkang mligine nganggo [[basa Yunani|berbasa Yunani]]<ref>{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|James|2010|p=5}}: "But from the start, there were two major differences between the Roman and Byzantine empires: Byzantium was for much of its life a Greek speaking empire oriented towards Greek, not Latin culture; and it was a Christian empire."</ref> ing [[Abad Kuno]] lan [[Abad Pertengahan|Pertengahan]]. Warga lan tangga cedhaké Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan mènèhi jeneng nagara iki kanthi asma Kamaharajan Romawi, utawa Romania ([[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}, ''Rōmanía''). Kamaharajan iki musaté ing [[Konstantinopèl]], lan dikuasani déning kaisar-kaisar panggantiné kaisar Romawi kuna sawisé lèngsèré [[Kamaharajan Romawi Kulon]]. Boten wonten konsensus ngenani tanggal wiwité kalamangsa [[Romawi Wétan]]. Pérangan wong nyebat manawi mangsa kekuasaan [[Diokletianus]] (284-305) sebab reformasi-reformasi papréntahan ingkang ditepangake marang dhèwèké, mbagi nagara mau dadi ''pars Orientis'' lan ''pars Occidentis''.<ref>{{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=847}}.</ref> Pihak liyané nyebat mangsa kekuasaan [[Theodosius I]] (379-395), utawa sawisé kematiané ing taun [[395]], wektu kamaharajan kepecah dadi pérangan Wétan lan Kulon. Wonten uga ingkang nyebat taun [[476]], ya iku wektu [[Roma]] dijajah kaping telu ing saabad ingkang mertandhakaken lèngsèré Kulon (Latin), lan ngakibatkaké kaisar ing Wétan (Yunani) pikantuk kekuasaan tunggal.<ref>{{harvnb|Benz|1963|p=176}}.</ref> Upama makaten, titik ingkang wigati ing sajarah Romawi Wétan ya iku wektu [[Konstantinus ingkang Agung]] mindhah kutha krajan saka [[Nikomedia]] (ing [[Anatolia]]) menyang [[Byzantium]] (ingang arep dadi Konstantinopèl) ing taun 330.

Negera punika madek kirang luwih sampun ewunan taun. Sajeroning anané, Romawi Wétan, dumadi kekiyatan ékonomi, budaya, lan militèr ingkang rosa ing Éropa, sandyan terus ngalami kamunduran, mligi ing mangsa [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Sassaniyah|Paperangan Romawi-Pèrsi]] lan [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Arab|Romawi Wétan-Arab]]. Kamaharajan iki direstorasi ing mangsa [[Dinasti Makedonia]], bangkit dadi kekiyatan gedhé ing [[Mediterania Wétan]] ing pungkasan abad kaping 10, lan bisa nyaingi [[Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah]]. Sawisé taun 1071, sapérangan gedhé [[Asia Cilik]] direbut déning [[Turki Seljuk]]. [[Restorasi Komnenos]] kasil ngiyataken dominasi ing abad kaping 12, nanging sawisé sedanipun [[Andronikos I Komnenos]] Lan paripurnané [[Dinasti Komnenos]] ing pungkasan abad kaping 12, kamaharajan ngalami kamunduran manèh. Romawi Wétan saya kagoncang ing mangsa [[Perang Salib Kapapat]] taun 1204, wektu kamaharajan iki dibubaraké mawi peksa lan dipisah dadi nagara-nagara Yunani lan Latin ingkang satru. Kamaharajan kasil didekné malih ing taun 1261 ning ngisoré pimpinan kaisar-kaisar [[Palaiologos]], nanging perang sadulur ing abad kaping 14 terus nglemesaké kekiyatan kamaharajan. Turahan wewengkone dicaplok déning [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] ing [[Paperangan Romawi Wétan-Utsmaniyah]]. Pungkasané, [[lèngsèré Konstantinopel|Konstantinopel ksil direbut]] déning Utsmaniyah ing tanggal 29 Mèi 1453, pratandha paripurnané Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan.

== Tata asma ==
Kamaharajan punika wiwit diarani '''"Bizantium"''' ing [[Éropa Kulon]] taun 1557, wektu sejarawan Jérman [[Hieronymus Wolf]] nerbitake karyané ingkang gadhah sesirah ''Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ''. Tembung "Bizantium" dumadi saka tembung "[[Byzantium]]", inggih punika namanipun kutha [[Konstantinopèl]] sakdèrèngé dadi kutha krajan [[Konstantinus ingkang Agung]]. Kawiwitan saka iku, jeneng tuwa iki jarang dienggo, kejawi ing konteks sajarah lan geguritan. Sakalajengipun, ''Byzantine du Louvre'' (''Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ'') taun 1648 lan ''Historia Byzantina'' karya [[Du Cange]] taun 1680 saya misuwuraké tetembungan Bizantium ing antarané pangarang-pangarang Prancis, kaya ta [[Montesquieu]].<ref>Fox, [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine?]</ref> Istilah punika sabanjuré ngilang nganti abad kaping 19 wektu piyantun Kulon bali nganggo manèh.<ref>{{harvnb|University of Chile: Center of Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies|1971|p=69}}.</ref> Sakdèrèngé, istilah ''Yunani'' iki ingkang diginakaken kanggé kamaharajan punika.

Negera punika dipunparingi asma dhumateng rakyaté kanthi asma '''Kamaharajan Romawi''', '''Kamaharajan Orang-orang Romawi''' ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Imperium Romanum'', ''Imperium Romanorum'', [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn'', {{Polytonic|Αρχη τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Arche tôn Rhōmaíōn''), '''Romania'''{{#tag:ref|''Romania'' (utawi ''Rhōmanía'') inggih punika asma kamaharajan ingkang misuwur<ref>{{harvnb|Fossier|Sondheimer|1997|p=104}}.</ref> ingkang diginakaken boten resmi, ya iku "nagari tiyang Romawi". Istilah punika boten sarujuk ing [[Rumeni]] modhèren.|group="n"}} ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Romania'', [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}, ''Rhōmanía''), '''Républik Romawi''' ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Res Publica Romana'', [[basa Yunani|Yunani]]: {{Polytonic|Πολιτεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}, ''Politeίa tôn Rhōmaíōn''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dio.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/124/47 |title=Nation and Liberty: the Byzantine Example|doi=10.1177/039219218303112403 |publisher=Dio.sagepub.com|date=|accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> '''Graikía''' (Yunani: Γραικία),<ref>[[Theodore the Studite]]. ''Epistulae'', 145, Line 19 ("ή ταπεινή Γραικία") and 458, Line 28 ("έν Αρμενία καί Γραικία").</ref> lan uga '''Rhōmaís''' ({{Polytonic|Ῥωμαΐς}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Cinnamus|1976|p=240}}.</ref>

Sanadyan Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan duwé ciri multietnis ing sejarahipun,<ref>{{harvnb|Ahrweiler|Laiou|1998|p=3}}; {{harvnb|Mango|2002|p=13}}.</ref> sarta njaga tradhisi Romawi-Helenistik,<ref>{{harvnb|Gabriel|2002|p=277}}.</ref> nagara punika dipunmangertosi nagara-nagara kulon lan lor ing jamané kanthi asma '''Kamaharajan Piyantun Yunani'''{{#tag:ref|"''Imperium Graecorum''", "''Graecia''", "''Yunastan''", ''dll'', asma kulon sanèsipun ingkang diginakaken inggih punika "kamaharajan Konstantinopel" (''imperium Constantinopolitanum'') lan "kamaharajan Romania" (''imperium Romaniae'').|group="n"}} amargi rosané prabawa Yunani.<ref>{{harvnb|Millar|2006|pages=2, 15}}; {{harvnb|Ahrweiler|Laiou|1998|p=vii}}; {{harvnb|Davies|1996|p=245}}; {{harvnb|Moravcsik|1970|pp=11–12}}; {{harvnb|Ostrogorsky|1969|pp=28, 146}}; {{harvnb|Lapidge|Blair|Keynes|1998|p=79}}; {{harvnb|Winnifrith|Murray|1983|p=113}}; {{harvnb|Gross|1999|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou|1973|p=331}}.</ref> Pangageman istilah ''Kamaharajan Piyantun Yunani'' (Latin: ''Imperium Graecorum'') ing Kulon dumadi lambang penolakan klaim Bizantium makilaké [[Kamaharajan Romawi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fouracre|Gerberding|1996|p=345}}: "The Frankish court no longer regarded the Byzantine Empire as holding valid claims to universality; instead it was now termed the 'Empire of the Greeks'."</ref> Klaim Romawi Wétan dhumateng warisan Romawi ditentang ing Kulon ngepasi jaman Maharani [[Irene dari Athena]] amargi pangangkatan [[Karel ingkang Agung]] dadi [[Kaisar Romawi Suci]] ing taun 800 déning [[Paus Leo III]], ingkang meruhi takhta Romawi kosong (boten wonten panguasa jaler). Paus lan panguasa saking Kulon luwih nyenengi istilah ''Imperator Romaniæ'' tinimbang ''Imperator Romanorum'', gelar ingkang diginakaken namung kanggé Karel ingkang Agung lan panerus-paneruse.<ref name="Helios">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hellas, Byzantium|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios}}</ref>

Sawetara iku, ing peradaban [[Perseia]], [[Islam]], lan [[Slavia]], idhèntitas Romawi negera iki diakoni. Ing donya Islam, Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan dingertèni kanthi asma {{lang|ar| روم }} (''[[Rûm]]'' "Roma").<ref>{{harvnb|Tarasov|2004|p=121}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|El-Cheikh|2004|p=22}}.</ref>

Wonten ing atlas-atlas sajarah modhèren, kamaharajan punika lumrahé dipunparingi asma ''Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan'' ing kalamangsa antara 395 nganti 610. Ing peta-peta kang nggambaraké Kamaharajan sawisé taun 610, istilah ''Kamaharajan Bizantium'' lumrahé dienggo amargi ing taun 620 kaisar [[Heraklius]] nggantèni basa resmi kamaharajan saking [[Basa Latin|Latin]] menyang [[basa Yunani|Yunani]].<ref name="Davis p. 260">[[#refDavis1990|Davis 1990]], hal. 260.</ref>

== Jati diri ==
'''Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan''' saged dipundefinisikaken dadi kamaharajan multi-ètnis kang njedhul dadi kamaharajan Kristen, banjur kapérang dadi kamaharajan Wétan kang wis di-Helenisasi lan mungkasi sajarah èwuan taun, ing 1453, dadi Nagara [[Ortodoks Yunani]]: Sawijining kraton kang dadi [[nagara]], ingkang mèh padha tegesé modhèren saka tembung mau".<sup>[[#Réferènsi|1]]</sup>

Wonten ing abad-abad sawisé penjajahan [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] lan [[Langobardi]] ing [[abad kaping 7]], watek multi-etnisné (sanadyan dudu multi-bangsa) tetep ana pramila pérangan-bagiané, [[Balkan]] lan [[Asia Cilik]], duwé populasi Yunani kang gedhé. Etnis minoritas lan komunitas gedhé agama liya (contoné bangsa [[Armenia]]) manggon ing cedhak perbatesan. Rakyat Romawi Wétan nganggep dhèwèké wong Ρωμαίοι (Rhomaioi-[[Romawi]]) kang wus dadi sinonim kanggo wong Έλλην (Hellene-[[Yunani]]), lan sregep ngembangaké kesadaran diri dumadi nagara, dadi penduduk Ρωμανία (Romania, ya iku celukané kanggo Nagara Romawi Wétan lan donyané). Perkawis iki gamblang diweruhi ing karya sastra kalamangsa iku, mligi ing [[wiracarita]] kaya [[Digenes Akrites]].

Paleburan resmi nagara Romawi Wétan ing  [[abad kaping 15]] ora langsung ngancuraké masarakat Romawi Wétan. Ing mangsa pandudukan Turki, wong Yunani terus nyeluk pribadining dhèwèké kanthi asma Ρωμαίοι (bangsa Romawi) lan Έλληνες (bangsa Yunani), sawijining ciri-ciri ingkang tetep ana nganti wiwité abad kaping 21 lan isih ana ing [[Yunani]] modhèren saiki, sanadyan “Romawi” wus dadi jenengé “rakyat” saka sinonim bangsa kaya ing jaman mbiyèn.

== Sajarah ==
=== Wiwité Sajarah Kamaharajan Romawi ===
Bala wadya Romawi wayah iku kasil nguwasani panggonan kang amba ingkang nyakup sakabèhing wewengkon [[Mediterania]] lan pérangan gedhé [[Éropa Wétan]]. Wewengkon-wewengkon iki kapérang saka akèh golongan budaya, wiwit kang ijik primitif nganti kang wus nduwé peradaban maju. Kadeleng kanthi umum, provinsi-provinsi ing wewengkon Mediterania wétan luwih makmur lan maju amarga wis ngalami perkembangan kang rikat ing jaman [[Kamaharajan Makedonia]] sarta wis ngalami prosès [[hellenisasi]]. Saliyané iku, provinsi ing wewengkon Kulon akèh-akèhé mung wujud padésan kang ketinggalan jaman. Bédané antara kaloro wewengkon iki anané suwé lan dadi wigati ing taun-taun saterusé.<ref>{{harvnb|Wells|1922}}, Chapter 33.</ref>

=== Pamisahan Kamaharajan Romawi ===
Dekret [[Caracalla]] ing [[212]], ''Constitutio Antoniniana'', ngambakake [[kewarganagaraan]] ing njaba Italia kanggo kabèh wong lanang gedhé bébas ing sakabèhing Kamaharajan Romawi, kanthi èfèktif ningkatkaké populasi provinsi kanggo madhakaké status karo kutha [[Roma]] dhéwé. Pentingé dèkret iki luwih bersejarah tinimbang cara pulitik. Dekret iku ya iku dhasar kanggo integrasi. Mekanisme ékonomi lan ukum saka nagara bisa diterapkaké ing sakabèhing [[Mediterania]] kang naté dilakoké sadurungé saka [[Latium]] menyang sakabèhing Italia. Wis mesthi, integrasi ora kadadéan kanthi seragam. Masarakat kang wus nyawiji karo Roma, kaya [[Yunani]] ketulung karo dekret iki, dibandingké karo panggoné kang luwih adoh, mlarat banget utawa asing banget kang kaya [[Karajan Manunggal]], [[Palestina (wewengkon)|Palestina]] utawa [[Mesir]].

Ing taun 293, [[Diokletianus]] nyipta sistem administratif kang anyar ([[tetrarki]])<ref name="B1">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/1*.html#1 hal. 1]}}</ref> dadi institusi kang dimaksudke kanggo ngefisienaké kontrol Kamaharajan Romawi kang amaba. Dhèwèké mbagi Kamaharajan dadi loro pérangan, kanthi loro kaisar mréntah saka Italia lan Yunani, pendhak duwé wakil-kaisar. Sabanjuré jaman kakuasaan Diokletianus lan [[Maximianus]] paripurna, tetrarki runtuh, lan [[Konstantinus I]] nggantèkaké kanthi prinsip panggantiyan turun temurun.<ref name="BG">Gibbon (1906), Part II Chapter 14: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625235855/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Tamanexts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol02/PDFs/0214-02_Pt06_Chap14.pdf200].</ref>

Konstantinus mindhahaké punjer kamaharajan, lan nggawa owah-owahan kang wigati ing konstitusi sipil lan religius.<ref name="G168">{{harvnb|Gibbon|1906|loc=III, {{PDFlink| [http://web.archive.org/web/20080625235904/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Texts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol03/PDFs/0214-03_Pt04_Chap18.pdf 168] |2.35&nbsp;MB}}}}.</ref> Ing taun 330, dhèwèké ngadegaké Konstantinopèl dadi Roma kapindho ing Byzantium. Posisi kutha mau strategis ing adol tinuku antarané Wétan lan Kulon. Sang kaisar ngenalaké koin ([[solidus (koin)|solidus]] emas) kang duwé rega dhuwur lan stabil,<ref name="esler-1081">{{harvnb|Esler|2004|p=1081}}.</ref>  sarta ngubah struktur angkatan prasenjata. Ing kontrolé Konstantinus, kekiyatan militèr kamaharajan wus mari. Periode kastabilan lan kasejahteran uga bisa dirasakaké.

[[Gambar:Raphael Baptism Constantine.jpg|thumb|left|''Pembaptisan Konstantinus'' yang dilukis olèh murid-murid [[Raphael]]]] (1520–1524). [[Eusebius dari Caesaria]] mencatat bahwa Konstantinus menunda [[pembaptisan]] hingga saat sebelum kematiannya, seperti yang menjadi tradisi padha mangsa itu.<ref>Eusebius, IV, [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iv.lxii.html lxii].</ref>]]

Ing kakuasan Konstantinus, [[Kekristenan]] ora dadi agama eksklusif nagara, nanging dijurung karo kamaharajan, apamenèh sang kaisar ndukungé kanthi hak-hak kang akèh. Sang kaisar ngenalaké prinsip upama kaisar ora perlu ngebaraké pitakonan dhoktrin, nanging perlu nimbali dewan-dewan kagerejan kanggo tujuwan iku. [[Sinode Arles]] dinyawijikaké karo Konstantinus, lan [[Konsili Nicea Kapisan]] mameraké klaim dhèwèké kanggo dadi kepala gréja.<ref name="B163">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/2*.html#5 hal. 63]}}.</ref>

Kaanan kamaharajan taun 395 bisa diarani dadi asil kerjané Konstantinus. Prinsip wangsa kang diterapaké kanthi tegas saéngga kaisar kang séda ing jaman iku, [[Theodosius I]], bisa merisaké kamaharajan tumuju anak-anaké: [[Arcadius]] ing Kulon lan [[Honorius (kaisar)|Honorius]] ing Wétan. Theodosius ya iku kaisar pungkasan kang nguasani sakabèhing Romawi Kulon lan Wétan.<ref name="Br">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

Kamaharajan Wétan kasingkrih saka kangélan-kangélan kang diadhepi karo Kulon ing abad katelu lan kapapat, amarga Wétan duwé budaya urban kang luwih mapan lan sumber daya finansial kang luwih kuwat, saéngga bisa mandhekaké panyerangan nganggo [[upeti]] lan nyéwa wadya-wadya bayaran. [[Theodosius II]] nguatkaké [[témbok Konstantinopel]], saéngga kutha mau aman saka serangan-serangan; témbok iku ora bisa ditembus nganti taun 1204. Kanggo ngusir [[bangsa Hun|wong-wong Hun]] kang ana ing ngisoré kapemimpinan [[Attila]], Theodosius mènèhi dhèwèké subsidi (jaréné 300&nbsp;kg (700&nbsp;lb) emas).<ref name="Nathan">Nathan, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm Theodosius II (408–450&nbsp;AD)].</ref> Dhèwèké uga njurung pedagang Konstantinopel kang dodolan karo wong Hun lan bangsa liyané.

[[Berkas:RomanEmpire500AD.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur taun 500 M.]]

Panerusé, [[Marcianus]], nolak nerusaké mbayar upeti iki. Untungé, Attila wus ngalihaké perhatiané tumuju Kamaharajan Romawi Kulon.<ref>{{harvnb|Treadgold|1995|p=193}}.</ref> Sawisé matiné taun 453, negera Attila ancur lan Konstantinopel mbukak gayutan kang nguntungaké karo wong Hun kang jik ana. Dhèwèké akhiré tempur dadi wadya bayaran ing angkatan bala wadya Romawi Wétan.<ref>{{harvnb|Alemany|2000|p=207}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=184}}.</ref>

Sawusé runtuhé Attila, katentreman bisa dirasakaké ing Romawi Wétan, sawatara Romawi Kulon runtuh (karuntuhané kacatet ing taun 476, wayah jenderal Romawi Jermanik [[Odoacer]] nglèngsèraké kaisar [[Romulus Augustulus]]).

Kanggo ngrebut manèh Italia, kaisar [[Zeno (kaisar)|Zeno]] mung bisa negosiasi karo [[Ostrogoth]] kang wus manggon ing [[Moesia]]. Dhèwèké ngirim ratu Ostrogoth  [[Theodoric kang Agung|Theodoric]] menyang Italia dadi ''magister militum per Italiam'' ("kepala komando kanggo Italia"). Sawusé kasil nglèngsèraké Odoacer ing taun 493, Theodoric nguwasani Italia.<ref name="Br" />

Ing taun 491, [[Anastasius I (kaisar)|Anastasius I]] dadi kaisar. Dhèwèké ya iku wong reformis energetik lan administrator kang cakap. Anastasius nyempurnakaké sistem koin Konstantinus I kanthi ngatur bobot ''[[follis]]'' perunggu, koin kang akèh dienggo ing kauripan sabendina.<ref>{{harvnb|Grierson|1999|p=17}}.</ref> Dhèwèké uga ngubah sistem perpajekan, sarta ngilangaké pajeg [[chrysargyron]] kang ora disenengi. Wayah Anastasius séda ing taun 518, jumlah kas nagara kacathet gedhéné 320.000&nbsp;lbs (145.150&nbsp;kg) emas.<ref>{{harvnb|Postan|Miller|Postan|1987|p=140}}.</ref>

=== Panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon ===
{{main|Yustinianus I}}
[[Gambar:Justinian.jpg|thumb|upright|Mosaik Yustinianus I di [[Basilika San Vitale]], [[Ravenna]].]]

[[Yustinianus I]], kang munggah singgasana ing taun 527, nglancaraké panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon.<ref name="BEv">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}; Evans, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm Justinian (AD&nbsp;527–565)].</ref> Ing taun 532, putra tani [[Illyria]] iku [[Panentreman Abadi (532)|nandatangani prajanjèn damai]] karo [[Khosrau I|Khosrau I saka Pèrsi]]. Sanadyan kudu mbayar upeti taunan kang akèh, front wétan Bizantium dadi aman. Ing taun kang padha, Yustinianus slamet saka [[karusuhan Nika]] ing Konstantinopel, kang dipungkasi kanthi matiné telung puluh èwu perusuh. Kamenangan iki nguataké posisi Yustinianus.<ref name="Ev">Evans, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm Justinian (AD&nbsp;527–565)].</ref> [[Paus Agapetus I]] dikirim menyang Konstantinopel karo ratu [[Ostrogoth]] [[Theodahad]], nanging wurung tumuju prajanjèn perdamaian karo Yustinianus. Nanging, ora kasil agawé [[monofisitisme]] dicela.

Panaklukan manèh Romawi Kulon diwiwiti ing taun 533. Yustinianus ngirim jendralé [[Belisarius]] lan 15.000 wadya kanggo ngrebut manèh provinsi Afrika saka [[Vandal|suku Vandal]] kang wus kuwasa saka taun 429.<ref>{{harvnb|Gregory|2010|loc=2E, hal. 145}}.</ref> Karajan Vandal kasil ditundhukaké.<ref name="Ev" /> Sawetara iku, ing [[Italia Ostrogoth]], ratu [[Athalaric]] ninggal ing tanggal 2 Oktober 534. Ibuné, [[Amalasuntha]], dikunjara lan dipatèni [[Theodahad]] ing [[Tlaga Bolsena|pulau Martana]]. Yustinianus ndelok kanthi kesempatan kanggo nglakokaké intervensi. Ing taun 535, wadya Romawi Wétan dikirim menyang [[Sisilia]]. Kamenangan kasil karaih, nanging Ostrogoth nguataké pralawanan dhèwèké. Kamenangan anyar bener-bener kasil ing taun 540, wayah Belisarius ngrebut [[Ravenna]].<ref name="B180-216">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/18C*.html 180–216]}}.</ref>

[[Gambar:LocationByzantineEmpire.svg|thumb|left|Wewengkon Romawi Timur padha mangsa Yustinianus.]]

Émané, Ostrogoth kasil didakaké manèh ing ngisoré kapemimpinan [[Totila]] lan ngrebut Roma ing tanggal 17 Dhésèmber 546. Belisarius ditarik déning Yustinianus wiwit taun 549.<ref name="B236-258">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19B*.html 236–258]}}.</ref> Kasim [[Narses]] nggantekaké ing pungkasan taun 551 karo nggawa bala wadya 35.000 akèhé. Totila kasil dikalahaké lan mati ing [[Paperangan Busta Gallorum]]. Panerusé, [[Teia]], kasil ditaklukaké ing [[Paperangan Mons Lactarius]] (Oktober 552). Sakbanjuré iku, suku Goth isih terus nglawan. [[Suku Franka]] lan [[Alamanni]] uga nglancaraké invasiné. Sanadyan mangkono, perang kanggo nguwasani ujung Italia wus rampung kanthi kamenangan Romawi Wétan.<ref name="B259-281">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19C*.html 259–281]}}.</ref>

Ing taun 551, bangsawan [[Visigoth]] ing [[Hispania]], [[Athanagild]], njaluk bantuan Yustinianus ing pamberontakan nglawan ratu. Sang kaisar ngirim wadya ing ngisoré pimpinan Liberius. Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan kasil nguasani sapérangan wewengkon ing pasisir [[Spania]] nganti mangsa kakuasaan [[Heraklius]].<ref name="B86-288">{{harvnb|Bury|1923|loc=[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19D*.html 286–288]}}.</ref>

Sawetara iku, ing wétan, [[Paperangan Romawi-Pèrsi]] kadadéan nganti taun 561, wayah Yustinianus lan Khosrau nyetujoni panentreman 50 taun suwéné. Ing panengahan taun 550, Yustinianus wus éntuk kamenangan ing sakabèhing paperangan, kanthi pengecualian ing [[Balkan]], wektu kamaharajan terus diserang déning [[bangsa Slavia]]. Ing taun 559, kamaharajan diancem déning [[Kutrigur]] lan [[Bangsa Slavia|Sklavinoi]]. Yustinianus ngundang Belisarius, lan mangkono bebaya wus ilang, sang kaisar ngenggoni kakuasaan dhéwékan. Pawarta upama Yustinianus nguataké armada Donaunya agawe Kutrigur bingung, saéngga dhèwèké sarujuk kanthi traktat kang menèhi dhèwèké subsidi lan ngolèhaké dhèwèké mulih kanthi aman ngléwati kali Donau.<ref name="Ev" />

Yustinianus uga misuwur amarga préstasiné ing babagan ukum.<ref name="VJ">Vasiliev, [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0832/_PC.HTM The Legislative Work of Justinian and Tribonian].</ref> Ing taun 529, komisi kang cacahé sepuluh wong kang dikepalani déning [[Iohannis Orientalis]] merevisi undang-undang Romawi kuna. Sakabèhing "undang-undang Yustinianus" jaman saiki kaloka kanthi jeneng ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]''.

Sasuwéné abad kaping 6, [[budaya Yunani-Romawi]] isih duwé prabawa kuwat ing Wétan. Filsafat lan budaya Kristen dadi saya wigati lan wiwit ndominasi budaya mbiyen. Himne-himne kang [[Romanus Melodus]] nandai pangembangan [[Liturgi Suci]]. Aristek-arsitèk lan para tukang makarya abot kanggo ngebaraké gréja anyar [[Hagia Sophia]] kang nggantèkaké gréja mbiyèn kang ancur akibat haruhara Nika. Sasuwéné abad kaenam lan kapitu, kamaharajan diguncang déning wabah [[pes]], kang matèni akèh jiwa, sarta ngakibataké kemunduran ékonomi lan lemesé kamaharajan.<ref>{{harvnb|Bray|2004|pp=19–47}}; {{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=110–111}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=196–197}}.</ref>

Sawisé Yustinianus séda ing taun 565, panggantiné, [[Yustinus II]], nolak mbayar upeti kanggo Pèrsi. Sawetara iku, [[suku Langobardi]] nyerbu Italia. Pangganti Yustinus, [[Tiberius II Konstantinus|Tiberius II]], mènèhi subsidi menyang [[Avar Eurasia|suku Avar]], sawatara nglancarake serangan tumuju Pèrsi. Subsidi wurung menangaké suku Avar. Dhèwèké ngrebut bètèng [[Sirmium]] taun 582, sinambiyan bangsa Slavia wiwit nyeberang kali Donau. [[Maurice (kaisar)|Maurice]], kang nggantèkaké Tiberius, mèlu cawé-cawé ing paperangan sadulur Pèrsi, sarta manggonaké [[Khosrau II]] bali tumuju kakuasaané lan nikahaké putriné karo dhèwèké. Traktat Maurice karo iparé kang anyar nggawa ''status quo'' anyar ing wétan, lan ngurangi biaya pertahanan sasuwéné perdamaian iki (yutanan solidi kasil dislametaké kanthi remisi upeti kanggo Pèrsi). Sawisé kamenangané ing front wétan, Maurice bisa ngalihaké perhatiané dateng Balkan, lan [ing taun 602, dhèwèké kasil ngusir suku Avar lan Slavia.<ref name="Br" />

=== Nyusuté wates ===
==== Dinasti Heraklius ====
Sawisé Maurice dipatèni [[Phocas]], Khosrau nyoba naklukaké provinsi [[Mesopotamia]] Romawi.<ref>{{harvnb|Foss|1975|p=722}}.</ref> Phocas, sawijining pemimpin ora populèr kang dideskripsikaké dumadi "tiran" ing sumber-sumber Romawi Wétan, ya iku target konspirasi-konspirasi senat. Dhèwèké dilèngsèraké ing taun 610 déning [[Heraklius]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=41}}; {{harvnb|Speck|1984|p=178}}.</ref> Sawisé Heraklius kuwasa, bala wadya Pèrsi terus ndesek nganti lumebu Asia Cilik. Dhèwèké madeki [[Damaskus]] lan [[Yerusalem]], sarta mindhahaké [[Salib Sejati]] menyang [[Ctesiphon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=42–43}}.</ref> Heraklius nglancaraké serangan walesan kanthi ciri perang suci. Bala wadya Romawi Wétan perang kanthi nggawa citra [[acheiropoietos]] Kristus dumadi panji militèr.<ref>{{harvnb|Grabar|1984|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Cameron|1979|p=23}}.</ref> Bala wadya Pèrsi kasil diancuraké ing [[pertempuran Nineweh (627)|pertempuran di Ninewe]] taun 627. Ing taun 629, Heraklius mbalikaké Salib Sejati menyang Yerusalem ing upacara kang agung.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=46}}; {{harvnb|Baynes|1912}}, ''passim''; {{harvnb|Speck|1984|p=178}}.</ref> Perang iki nyuda kakuwatané Romawi Wétan lan [[Kamaharajan Sassaniyah|Sassaniyah Pèrsi]], sarta nggawé kaloroné ringkih karo serangan [[penaklukan Islam|Muslim Arab]] kang lagi bangkit ing mangsa iku.<ref>{{harvnb|Foss|1975|pp=746–747}}.</ref> Bala Wadya Arab kasil ngancuraké wadya Romawi Wétan ing [[Pertempuran Yarmuk]] taun 636, lan [[Ctesiphon]] tiba ing taun 634.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=50}}.</ref>

[[Gambar:Byzantiumby650AD.JPG|thumb|left|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur padha taun 650.]]

Bala Wadya Arab, kang wus [[panaklukan Islam ing Suriah|naklukaké Suriah lan Levant]], terus nyerang Anatolia, lan antara taun 674 nganti 678 [[Pangepungan Konstantinopel (674)|ngepung Konstantinopel]]. Armada Arab kasil diusir nganggo [[geni Yunani]] lan perang senjata sasuwéné telung puluh taun disetujui antara kamaharajan karo [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=61–62}}.</ref> Serangan marang Anatolia terus kalaksanan lan agawé écepet matiné budaya urban klasik. Panduduk-panduduk akèh kang mbèntèngi manèh wewengkon-wewengkon kang luwih cilik ing njero bètèng kutha lawas, utawa pindhah menyang bètèng-bètèng kang paling cedhak.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=102–114}}.</ref> Agungé Konstantinopel uga nyusut, saka 500.000 penduduk dumadi 40.000-70.000 waé, kang disebabaké amarga Konstantinopel kélangan sumber gandum ing taun 618 wayah Mesir direbut déning Pèrsi (provinsi iki bisa direbut manèh taun 629, nanging akhiré dikuasani déning Arab ing taun 642).<ref>{{harvnb|Wickham|2009|p=260}}.</ref>

[[Gambar:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Api Yunani]] dienggo kang kapisan karo angkatan bersenjata Romawi Wétan sasuwéné [[Peperangan Romawi Timur-Arab]].]]

Panarikan wadya ing Balkan kanggo tempur nglawan Pèrsi lan Arab ing wétan wus mbukak lawang kanggo ngambakaké wewengkon [[bangsa Slavia]]. Akibaté, kaya ing Anatolia, akèh kutha nyusut dadi pamukiman kabèntèng kang cilik.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=43–45, 66, 114–115}}.</ref> Pada taun 670-an, [[bangsa Bulgaria]] dhidhesek menyang kidul kali Donau karo [[bangsa Khazar]]. Wadya Romawi Wétan kang dikirim kanggo mbubaraké pemukiman-pemukiman anyar iki dikalahaké ing taun 680. [[Konstantinus IV]] sabanjuré iku nandatangani prajanjèn karo khan Bulgaria [[Asparukh saka Bulgaria|Asparukh]], lan [[Kamaharajan Bulgaria Kapisan|nagara Bulgaria anyar]] éntuk kedaulatan saka pérangan suku-suku Slavia kang sadurungé ngakoni kekuasaan Romawi Wétan.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=66–67}}.</ref> Ing taun 687–688, kaisar [[Yustinianus II]] mimpin èkspèdhisi nglawan Slavia lan Bulgaria kang cukup kasil.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=71}}.</ref>

Kaisar Heraklius pungkasan, [[Yustinianus II]], nyoba ngancuraké kakuwatan aristokrasi prakuthon mawi perpajekan lan panunjukkan "wong njaba" ing kalungguhan-kalungguhan administratif. Dhèwèké dilèngserké ing taun 695, lan golèk perlindungan menyang bangsa Khazar, banjur Bulgaria. Ing taun 705, Yustinianus II bali menyang Konstantinopel bebarengan wadya khan Bulgaria, [[Tervel saka Bulgaria|Tervel]]. Dhèwèké ngrebut manèh takhta, lan madekaké rezim teror kanggo musuh-musuhé. Yustinianus II dilèsèraké menéh ing taun 711, saéngga paripurna Dinasti Heraklius.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=70–78, 169–171}}; {{harvnb|Haldon|2004|pp=216–217}}; {{harvnb|Kountoura-Galake|1996|pp=62–75}}.</ref>

==== Dinasti Isauria tumeka mangsa Basil I munggah singgasana ====
[[Gambar:ByzantineEmpire717+extrainfo+themes.PNG|thumb|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur saat [[Leo III si orang Isauria|Leo III]] munggah takhta taun 717. Wewengkon bergaris ya iku laladan kang diserang déning bangsa Arab.]]

[[Leo III si orang Isauria|Leo III]] kasil ngusir serangan Muslim taun 718, lan pikantuk kamenangan kanthi bantuan saka khan Bulgaria, Tervel, kang kasil matèni 32.000 prajurit Arab karo tentarané. Panerusé, [[Konstantinus V]], éntuk kamenangan ing Suriah elor, lan nglemesaké kakuwatan Bulgaria.<ref>{{harvnb|Cameron|2009|pp=67–68}}.</ref>

Ing taun 826, Arab ngrebut [[Kréta]] lan nyerang [[Sisilia]], nanging ing 3 September 863, jendral [[Petronas sang Patrician|Petronas]] kasil pikantuk [[Pertempuran Lalakaon|kamenangan gedhé]] ing pertempuran nglawan [[Umar al-Aqta]], [[emir]] [[Melitene]]. Ing ngisoré kapemimpinan kaisar Bulgaria [[Krum]], anceman Bulgaria njedhul manèh, nanging ing taun 814, putra Krum, [[Omortag]], rerukun karo Kamaharajan Romawi Wétan.<ref name="BH">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}; {{cite encyclopedia|title=Hellas, Byzantium|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=432–433}}.</ref>

[[Gambar:Clasm Chludov detail 9th century.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Ikonoklasme|Ikonoklasme Romawi Timur]] padha abad ke-9.]]
Abad kawolu lan kasanga rempeg karo kontroversi lan perpecahan religius akibat [[ikonoklasme]]. Ikon-ikon ora diéntuki karo Leo III lan Konstantinus V, ngakibataké pamberontakan kang dilancarkan déning [[ikonodul]] (pandukung ikon) ing sakabèhing kamaharajan. Saka upaya [[Maharani Irene]], [[Konsili Nicea Kaloro]] dikempulaké taun 787, lan negesaké upama ikon bisa dihormati nanging ora disembah.<!--Irene diomongké wus nyoba negosiasèkaké pernikahan antarané dhèwèké karo [[Karel kang Agung]]. Ananging, miturut [[Theophanes Confessor]], rencana iki diobrak - abrik karo Aetios.<ref name="G89">{{harvnb|Garland|1999|p=89}}.</ref>--> Pada taun 813, [[Leo V si orang Armenia|Leo V]] ngukuhaké manèh kebijakan ikonoklasme, nanging [[Theodora (abad kasanga)|Maharani Theodora]] mulihaké pamujan ikon karo bantuan [[Patriark Methodios]] ing taun 843.<ref name="P11">{{harvnb|Parry|1996|pp=11–15}}.</ref> Ikonoklasme ngambakaké jurang kapecahan antarané Wétan lan Kulon, kang saya èlèk ing mangsa [[skisma Photios]], wektu [[Paus Nikolas I]] nentang pangangkatan [[Patriark Photios I dari Konstantinopel|Photios]] dadi patriark.<ref>{{harvnb|Cameron|2009|p=267}}.</ref>

=== Dinasti Makedonia lan Kebangkitan ===
==== Paperangan nglawan Muslim ====
[[Gambar:ByzantineEmpire867AD4lightpurple.PNG|thumb|350px|Kamaharajan Romawi Timur taun 867.]]

Ing taun 867, Romawi Wétan wus agawé stabil posisiné ing wétan lan kulon. Amarga efisiensi ing struktur militèr, kaisar bisa ngrencana perang panaklukan manèh ing wétan.

Prosès panaklukan manèh diwiwiti kanthi kasil kang ora tetep. [[Kreta]] kasil ditaklukaké kanggo sawatara (843), nanging sabanjuré wadya Romawi Wétan kalah ing [[Bosporus]], sawatara kaisar ora kuwasa nyegah panaklukan Muslim ing [[Sisilia]] (827–902). Kanthi nggunakaké [[Tunisia]] dumadi watu lumpatan, wadya Muslim naklukaké [[Palermo]] taun 831, [[Messina]] taun 842, [[Enna]] taun 859, [[Siracusa]] taun 878, [[Catania]] taun 900, lan bètèng Romawi Wétan pungkasan, [[Taormina]], taun 902.

[[Gambar:Paris psaulter gr139 fol1v.jpg|thumb|left|Keberhasilan militèr padha abad kesepuluh diikuti dengan kebangkitan budaya, yang ingaran [[Renaisans Makedonia]].]]

Kekurangan mau ndang diseimbangaké mawi keberhasilan èkspèdhisi tumuju [[Damietta]] ing Mesir (856), [[Pertempuran Lalakaon|dikalahké]] Emir [[Melitene]] (863), pamasthèn kakuasaan kamaharajan ing [[Dalmatia]] (867), lan serangan Basil I menyang [[Efrat]] (870s). Basil I bisa nangani situasi ing Italia kidul kanthi apik,<ref name="Browning-1992-96">{{harvnb|Browning|1992|p=96}}.</ref> pramila provinsi mau tetap ing tangané Romawi Wétan sasuwéné 200 taun salajengipun.<ref>{{harvnb|Karlin-Heyer|1967|p=24}}.</ref>

Ing taun 904, masalah tumeka ing kamaharajan wayah kaloro kutha iku, [[Thessalopunika]], dijarah déning armada Arab kang dimandhégani déning pengkhianat Romawi Wétan [[Leo saka Tripoli]]. Wadya Romawi Wétan males kanthi ngancuraké armada Arab taun 908, sarta njarah kutha [[Laodicea]] ing Suriah rong taun sawusé. sandyan piwalesan wus kalaksanan, Romawi Wétan ora bisa nginterfensi Muslim, kang wus ngancuraké wadya kamaharajan ing Kreta taun 911.<ref name="B101">{{harvnb|Browning|1992|p=101}}.</ref>

Kaanan ing wates karo Arab tetep cair. [[Varangia]], kang nyerang Konstantinopel [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan (860)|kanggo kapisané ing taun 860]], dadi tantangan anyar. Ing taun 941, [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan (941)|dhèwèké njedhul]] ing pasisir Bosporus pérangan Asia. Wayah iki dhèwèké kasil diancuraké, ndudohaké kuaté kekuwatan militèr Romawi Wétan sawusé taun 907, wektu [[Traktat Rus'-Romawi Wétan (907)|namung diplomasi kang bisa ngusir panyerang-panyerang mau]].

Kaisar [[Nikephoros II Phokas]] (kuasané 963–969) lan [[Yohanes I Tzimiskes]] (969–976) njembaraké wewengkon kamaharajan nganti [[Suriah]], nundukaké emir-emir ing [[Irak]] kulon laut, sarta naklukaké manèh [[Kreta]] lan [[Siprus]]. Ing papréntahan Yohanes, wadya kamaharajan sempet ngancem [[Yerusalem]].<ref name="Browning-1992-113">{{harvnb|Browning|1992|pp=113}}.</ref> Emirat [[Aleppo]] lan tangga-tanggané dadi vassal kamaharajan. Sawusé akèh nglancaraké kampanye militèr, anceman Arab kang pungkasan kanggo Romawi Wétan kasil ditaklukaké wayah Basil II kanthi rikat narik 40.000 wadya jaran kanggo mbébasaké Suriah Romawi. Kanthi surplus sumber daya alam, Basil II ngrencana èkspèdhisi menyang Sisilia kanggo ngrebut saka bangsa Arab. Sawusé matiané taun 1025, èkspèdhisi kalaksanan ing taun 1040-an, lan kasil éntuk sukses ing ngarepé, nanging suksèsé iku sabanjuré seret.

==== Paperangan nglawan Kamaharajan Bulgaria ====
{{details|Peperangan Romawi Timur-Bulgaria}}
[[Gambar:Basilios II.jpg|thumb|upright|Kaisar [[Basil II]] sang Pembantai Bulgar (976–1025).]]

Pargumulan suwé karo [[Takhta Suci]] kalaksanan; wayah iki diakibataké karo perebutan kakuasaan religius Bulgaria kang lagi dikristenaké. Akibaté, [[Tsar]] [[Simeon I dari Bulgaria|Simeon I]] nglancaraké invasi ing taun 894, nanging kasil dimandekaé mawi diplomasi Romawi Wétan, kang njaluk bantuan saka bangsa Honggari. Romawi Wétan akhiré dikalahké ing [[Pertempuran Bulgarophygon]] (896) lan diwajibké mbayar upeti marang bangsa Bulgaria. Sabanjuré (912), Simeon kasil meksa Romawi Wétan mènèhi anugrah takhta ''basileus'' (kaisar) Bulgaria lan agawé Kaisar [[Konstantinus VII]] nikahi salah siji putri Simeon. Wektu pemberontakan ing Konstantinopel nyeretaké upaya iki, Simeon nyerang Trakia lan naklukaké [[Edirne|Adrianopel]].<ref name=Norwich />

Ekspedisi kamaharajan di ngisoré pimpinan [[Leo Phocas]] lan [[Romanos I|Romanos Lekapenos]] ngalami kekalahan gedhé ing [[Pertempuran Acheloos]] (917), lan ing taun saterusé Bulgaria ngleboni lan ngrampok Yunani elor nganti sadawané [[Korintus]]. Adrianopel kasil direbut manèh ing taun 923, nanging ing taun 924 wadya Bulgaria ngepung Konstantinopel. Kaanan ing Balkan dadi apik sawusé matiné Simeon taun 927. Ing taun 968, Bulgaria diserbu déning [[Rus']] ing ngisoré pimpinan [[Sviatoslav I saka Kiev]]. Telung taun sawisé, Kaisar [[Yohanes I Tzimiskes]] kasil [[Pangepungan Dorostolon|ngalahaké]] bangsa Rus' lan nglebokaké wewengkon Bulgaria wétan menyang kamaharajan.

[[Gambar:Map Byzantine Empire 1025-en.svg|thumb|left|300px|Wewengkon kamaharajan di bawah pimpinan Basil II.]]

Perlawanan Bulgaria kadadéan ing mangsa [[wangsa Cometopuli]]. Kaisar anyar [[Basil II]] (kuwasa 976–1025) ngupaya nundukaké bangsa Bulgaria. Ekspedisi kapisan Basil ngalami kawurungan ing [[Pertempuran Gerbang Trajanus|Gerbang Trajanus]]. Ing taun-taun sawusé, kaisar sibuk karo pemberontakan internal ing [[Anatolia]], sawatara Bulgaria ngambakaké kakuasaan dhèwèké ing Balkan. Perang kalangsungan suwéné mèh rong puluh taun. Kamenangan Romawi Wétan ing [[Pertempuran Spercheios|Spercheios]] lan [[Pertempuran Skopje|Skopje]] kasil nglemesaké wadya Bulgaria. Ing kampanye militèr tauné, Basil terus ngurangi jumlah bètèng Bulgaria. Akhiré, ing [[Pertempuran Kleidion]] taun 1014, Bulgaria kasil dikalahaké.<ref name="Angold">{{harvnb|Angold|1997}}.</ref> Wadya Bulgaria ditangkap, lan jaréné 99 saka 100 wadya diwutakaké, sauntara liyané diwènèhi siji mripat kanggo mimpin kanca sabangsané mulih. Wayah Tsar [[Samuel saka Bulgaria|Samuil]] ndeleng nasib tentarané, dhèwèké mati akibat syok. Ing taun 1018, bètèng Bulgaria pungkasan wus nyerah, lan nagarané dhèwèké dadi péranganing Romawi Wétan. Kamenangan iki ngréstorasi wates [[Donau]], kang ora dikuasani saka mangsa kaisar Heraklius.<ref name=Norwich />

==== Hubungan karo Rus' Kiev ====
{{details|Perang Rus'–Romawi Timur}}
[[Gambar:Царьград.jpg|thumb|right|165px|[[Rus' Kiev]] di bawah témbok Konstantinopel (860).]]

Antarané taun 850 nganti 1100, kamaharajan mbina gayutan karo [[Rus' Kiev]]. Romawi Wétan ya iku kanca budaya lan pradagangan kanggo Kiev, nanging gayutan antarané dhèwèké ora mesthi guyub. Konflik paling serius antara kaloro nagara ya iku perang 968–971 ing Bulgaria. [[Perang Rus'-Romawi Wétan|Serangan-serangan Rus']] tumuju kutha-kutha Romawi Wétan ing pasisir [[Laut Hitam]] lan Konstantinopel uga kacathet ing sajarah. Sanadyan serangan-serangan mau bisa ditampék, serangan iku katutup kanthi [[Traktat Rus'-Romawi Timur|traktat dagang]] kang nguntungaké Rus'.

Hubungan Rus'-Romawi Wétan dadi apik sawuse nikahé ''[[porfirogenita]]'' [[Anna Porfirogeneta|Anna]] karo [[Vladimir ingkang Agung]]. Amarga [[Kristenisasi Rus' Kiev|Kristenisasi]] uga, gayutan kaloro nagara saya raket. Pendheta, arsitèk, lan artis Romawi Wétan diundang kanggo mbiyantu pagawéan katedral lan gréja ing Rus', saéngga prabawa budaya Romawi Wétan saya amba. Pirang-pirang wadya Rus' dadi wadya bayaran ing angkatan perang Romawi Wétan, lan kang paling kaloka ya iku [[Penjaga Varangia]].

== Penjelasan ==
{{Reflist|group="n"}}

==Cathetan suku==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Réferénsi ==
=== Sumber primèr ===
{{Refbegin|2}}
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{{Refend}}

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{{Refend}}

== Bacaan lanjut ==
<div class="references-small">
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</div>

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons|Byzantine Empire|Kakaisaran Byzantium}}
=== Studi, sumber, lan bibliografi Byzantium ===
* Adena, L. "[http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium The Enduring Legacy of Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122722/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium |date=2020-04-13 }}", ''Clio History Journal'', 2008.
* Ciesniewski, C. "[http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement The Byzantine Achievement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122728/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement |date=2020-04-13 }}", ''Clio History Journal'', 2006.
* Fox, Clinton R. [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Ensiklopedia Kaisar-kaisar Romawi Daring)]
* [http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Cambridge/IV/Eastern-Door.html The Cambridge Medieval History (IV) The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127205009/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Cambridge/IV/Eastern-Door.html |date=2010-11-27 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123427/http://www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html Halaman studi Bizantium] di [[Dumbarton Oaks]]. Meliputi pranala ke beberapa tèks elektronik.
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ Byzantium: Byzantine Studies on the Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008060507/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ |date=2014-10-08 }}. Pranala ke berbagai sumber daring.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021021181126/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html Translated Excerpts from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700-1204]. Sumber daring.
* [http://www.deremilitari.org/ De Re Militari]. Sumber-sumber untuk sajarah abad pertengahan, meliputi beberapa sumber pertalan mengenai peperangan Bizantium.
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html |date=2014-08-14 }}. Beberapa sumber primer mengenai sajarah Romawi Timur.
* [http://www.univie.ac.at/byzantine/ Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life]. Di''host'' olèh [[Universitas Wina]]; dalam bahasa Inggris.
* [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp Constantinople Home Page]. Pranala ke tèks, gambar, dan video tentang Bizantium.
* [http://graal.org.ua/en/theodoro-principality Bizantium di Krimea: Sejarah Politik, Seni, dan Budaya].
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/ Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences]

=== Liyané ===
* [http://www.romanemperors.org/startup.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis]. Biografi ilmiah kaisar-kaisar Bizantium.
* [http://rutube.ru/tracks/639717.html?v=8a96fcfe7400898167971e4d057e86a2 Jatuhnya Kekaisaran. Pelajaran Bizantium (2007). (Russian: Гибель империи. Византийский урок)] Film yang menjelaskan mengapa Romawi Timur tiba dari sudut pandang pulitik dan ékonomi, difilemkan olèh Gréja Ortodoks Ruslan.
* [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Penguasa Bizantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date=2016-07-18 }} olèh Lars Brownworth dari [[The Stony Brook School]]; sesorah audio. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/education/31education.html ulasan NYTimes].
* [http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html 18 abad Kekaisaran Romawi oleh Howard Wiseman] (Peta-peta Romawi/Bizantium selama keberadaannya)
{{Empires}}

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