Lihat sumber Psikosis yang diinduksi zat

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{{Infobox medical condition|name=Psikosis induksi senyawa|image=|caption=|Synonyms=Gangguan psikotik induksi senyawa, psikosis induksi obat, psikosis toksik|DiseasesDB=|ICD10={{ICD10|F|10||f|10}}.5-{{ICD10|F|19||f|10}}.5|ICD9={{ICD9|292.1}}|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|ICDO=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=D011605}} '''Psikosis induksi senyawa''' (umumnya dikenal sebagai '''psikosis toksik''') adalah bentuk [[Substance use disorder|gangguan penggunaan senyawa]] yang mana [[psikosis]] ini dapat dikaitkan dengan penggunaan senyawa. Psikosis ini dihasilkan oleh efek beracun bahan kimia atau obat-obatan, termasuk yang diproduksi oleh tubuh sendiri. Berbagai zat psikoaktif memiliki implikasi dalam menyebabkan atau memperburuk psikosis pengguna.

== Tanda dan gejala ==
Psikosis bermanifestasi sebagai disorientasi, [[Halusinasi|halusinasi visual]], dan / atau [[Tactile hallucination|halusinasi haptik]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pitts|first=Ferris N|last2=Allen|first2=Robert E|last3=Aniline|first3=Orm|last4=Burgoyne|first4=Rodney W|date=August 1982|title=The Dilemma of the Toxic Psychosis: Differential Diagnosis and the PCP Psychosis|journal=Psychiatric Annals|volume=12|issue=8|pages=762–8|doi=10.3928/0048-5713-19820801-07|oclc=5584879101}}</ref> Ini adalah keadaan yang mana kapasitas mental seseorang dalam mengenali kenyataan, berkomunikasi, dan terhubung dengan orang lain terganggu. Kapasitas dalam menangani tuntutan hidup terganggu. Meskipun ada banyak jenis psikosis, psikosis induksi senyawa dapat diacu kepada bahan kimia tertentu.<ref><div> http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/toxic+psychosis{{full citation needed|date=February 2016}} </div></ref>

== Senyawa ==
Keadaan psikotik dapat terjadi setelah menggunakan berbagai zat legal dan ilegal. Biasanya keadaan tersebut bersifat sementara dan reversibel; psikosis induksi m[[Fluoroquinolone|fluorokuinolon]] adalah pengecualian. Obat-obatan yang penggunaan, penyalahgunaan, atau pemberhentiannya terlibat dalam psikosis termasuk berikut ini:

=== [[ICD]] -10 ===

* F10.5 [[alkohol]]: <ref name="alcohol">{{EMedicine|article|289848|Alcohol-Related Psychosis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Soyka|first=Michael|date=March 1990|title=Psychopathological characteristics in alcohol hallucinosis and paranoid schizophrenia|journal=[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]]|volume=81|issue=3|pages=255–9|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb06491.x|pmid=2343749}}</ref><ref name="Gossman_2005">{{EMedicine|article|166032|Delirium Tremens (DTs)}}</ref> Alkohol adalah penyebab umum gangguan atau episode psikotik, yang dapat terjadi dalam keracunan akut, alkoholisme kronis, pemberhentian obat, eksaserbasi gangguan yang ada, atau reaksi idiosinkrasi akut.<ref name="alcohol" /> Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyalahgunaan alkohol menyebabkan peningkatan risiko gangguan psikotik 8 kali lipat pada pria dan 3 kali lipat pada wanita.<ref name="Tien AY, Anthony JC 1990 473–80">{{Cite journal|date=August 1990|title=Epidemiological analysis of alcohol and drug use as risk factors for psychotic experiences|url=|journal=J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.|volume=178|issue=8|pages=473–80|doi=10.1097/00005053-199017880-00001|pmid=2380692}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cargiulo T|date=March 2007|title=Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence|url=|journal=Am J Health Syst Pharm|volume=64|issue=5 Suppl 3|pages=S5–11|doi=10.2146/ajhp060647|pmid=17322182}}</ref> Walaupun sebagian besar kasus bersifat akut dan selesai cukup cepat dengan pengobatan dan / atau pemantangan, kasus ini kadang dapat menjadi kronis dan persisten.<ref name="alcohol" /> Psikosis alkoholik terkadang salah didiagnosis sebagai penyakit mental lain seperti [[skizofrenia]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuckit MA|date=November 1983|title=Alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders|url=|journal=Hosp Community Psychiatry|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1022–7|doi=10.1176/ps.34.11.1022|pmid=6642446}}</ref>
* F12.5 [[Cannabinoid|kanabinoid]]: Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa [[Ganja|kanabis]] dapat memicu psikosis total.<ref name="Deg">{{Cite journal|last=Degenhardt L|date=January 2003|title=The link between cannabis use and psychosis: furthering the debate|journal=Psychological Medicine|volume=33|issue=1|pages=3–6|doi=10.1017/S0033291702007080|pmid=12537030}}</ref> Studi terbaru menemukan peningkatan risiko psikosis pada pengguna ganja.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2007|title=Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review|journal=Lancet|volume=370|issue=9584|pages=319–28|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3|pmid=17662880}}</ref>
* F13.5 obat penenang / hipnotik ( [[barbiturat]] ;<ref name="de_Paola_et_al_2004">{{Cite journal|date=June 2004|title=Bizarre behavior during intracarotid sodium amytal testing (Wada test): are they predictable?|journal=Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria|volume=62|issue=2B|pages=444–8|doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2004000300012|pmid=15273841}}</ref><ref name="Sarrecchia_et_al_1998">{{Cite journal|year=1998|title=[Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome: a case associated with the abuse of a headache medication]|journal=Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna|language=Italian|volume=13|issue=4|pages=237–9|pmid=10349206}}</ref> [[benzodiazepin]] <ref name="White_et_al_1982">{{Cite journal|date=February 1982|title=Psychosis associated with clonazepam therapy for blepharospasm|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=170|issue=2|pages=117–9|doi=10.1097/00005053-198202000-00010|pmid=7057171}}</ref><ref name="Jaffe_et_al_1986">{{Cite journal|date=June 1986|title=Clonazepam withdrawal psychosis|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology|volume=6|issue=3|pages=193|doi=10.1097/00004714-198606000-00021|pmid=3711371}}</ref><ref name="Hallberg_et_al_1964">{{Cite journal|date=August 1964|title=Korsakoff-Like Psychosis Associated With Benzodiazepine Overdosage|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?Volume=121&page=188&journalID=13|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=121|issue=2|pages=188–9|doi=10.1176/ajp.121.2.188|pmid=14194223}}</ref> ): Penting dalam topik ini pemahaman mengenai [[Paradoxical effects|efek paradoks]] beberapa obat penenang.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1981|title=Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=11|issue=Suppl 1|pages=99S–104S|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01844.x|pmc=1401636|pmid=6133541}}</ref> Komplikasi serius dapat terjadi bersamaan dengan penggunaan obat penenang menciptakan efek yang berlawanan dengan yang diinginkan. [[Malcolm Lader]] dari [[Institute of Psychiatry]] di London memperkirakan insiden reaksi merugikan ini berkisar sekitar 5% bahkan dalam penggunaan obat jangka pendek.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1991|title=Benzodiazepine Problems|url=|journal=British Journal of Addiction|volume=86|issue=7|pages=823–828|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01831.x}}</ref> [[Paradoxical reactions|Reaksi paradoks]] dapat terdiri dari [[Gangguan depresi mayor|depresi]], dengan atau tanpa [[Bunuh diri|kecenderungan bunuh diri]], [[fobia]], agresivitas, [[Kekerasan|perilaku kekerasan]], dan gejala yang kadang salah didiagnosis sebagai ''psikosis'' .<ref><div> [http://www.benzo.org.uk/paradox.htm Benzodiazepin: Reaksi paradoks & Efek Samping Jangka Panjang] </div></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=1976|title=Serious Psychological Symptoms Caused by Clonazepam|url=|journal=Läkartidningen|volume=73|issue=|pages=1210–1211}}</ref> Namun, psikosis lebih umum terkait dengan [[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome|sindrom pemberhentian benzodiazepin]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pétursson H|date=November 1994|title=The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome|journal=Addiction|volume=89|issue=11|pages=1455–9|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03743.x|pmid=7841856}}</ref>
* F14.5 kokain <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=K. T.|last2=R. B. Lydiard|last3=R. Malcolm|last4=J. C. Ballenger|date=December 1991|title=Cocaine-induced psychosis|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=12|pages=509–512|pmid=1752853}}</ref>
* F15.5 [[stimulan]] lainnya: [[Amfetamina|amfetamin]] ;<ref name="Diaz"><div> Diaz, Jaime. Bagaimana Obat Mempengaruhi Perilaku. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1996. </div></ref> [[Metamfetamina|metamfetamin]] ;<ref name="Diaz" /> [[Methylphenidate|metilfenidat]] .<ref name="Diaz" /> Lihat juga [[Stimulant psychosis|psikosis stimulan]] .
* F16.5 [[halusinogen]] ( [[Asam lisergat dietilamida|LSD]] dan lainnya) {{Butuh rujukan|date=November 2017}} 

Kode F11.5 dicadangkan untuk psikosis induksi opioid, dan F17.5 untuk psikosis induksi tembakau. Namun, kedua zat tidak secara tradisional dikaitkan dengan induksi psikosis.

Kode F15.5 juga mencakup psikosis induksi [[Kafeina|kafein]] meskipun tidak secara khusus tercantum dalam [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-IV]] . Ada bukti bahwa kafein, dalam dosis akut yang ekstrem atau ketika disalahgunakan dalam waktu lama, dapat menyebabkan psikosis.<ref name="caffeine_psychosis">{{Cite journal|date=March 2009|title=Caffeine-induced psychosis|journal=CNS Spectrums|volume=14|issue=3|pages=127–9|pmid=19407709}}</ref><ref name="energy_psychosis">{{Cite journal|date=March 2010|title=Psychosis following excessive ingestion of energy drinks in a patient with schizophrenia|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=167|issue=3|pages=353|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09101456|pmid=20194494}}</ref>

=== Lain ===

* Obat-obatan [[fluorokuinolon]] yang mana penggunaan fluorokuinolon dikaitkan dengan kasus serius psikosis toksik yang dilaporkan bersifat ireversibel dan permanen, lihat [[Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones|efek samping fluorokuinolon]] <ref name="pnawf">{{Cite journal|last=Cohen JS|date=December 2001|title=Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with Fluoroquinolones|url=http://fqvictims.org/fqvictims/News/neuropathy/Neuropathy.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Ann Pharmacother|volume=35|issue=12|pages=1540–7|doi=10.1345/aph.1Z429|pmid=11793615}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2006|title=Gatifloxacin-induced hallucinations in a 19-year-old man|url=http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/47/4/360|dead-url=yes|journal=Psychosomatics|volume=47|issue=4|pages=360|doi=10.1176/appi.psy.47.4.360|pmid=16844899|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722214034/http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/47/4/360|archive-date=2012-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1995|title=Ciprofloxacin-induced acute psychosis|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0090-4295(99)80171-X|journal=Urology|volume=46|issue=1|pages=102–3|doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80171-X|pmid=7604468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reeves RR|year=1992|title=Ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis|journal=Ann Pharmacother|volume=26|issue=7–8|pages=930–1|doi=10.1177/106002809202600716|pmid=1504404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 1999|title=[Levofloxacin-induced neurological adverse effects such as convulsion, involuntary movement (tremor, myoclonus and chorea like), visual hallucination in two elderly patients]|url=|journal=Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi|language=Japanese|volume=36|issue=3|pages=213–7|doi=10.3143/geriatrics.36.213|pmid=10388331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reeves RR|year=1992|title=Ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis|journal=Ann Pharmacother|volume=26|issue=7–8|pages=930–1|doi=10.1177/106002809202600716|pmid=1504404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 1999|title=[Levofloxacin-induced neurological adverse effects such as convulsion, involuntary movement (tremor, myoclonus and chorea like), visual hallucination in two elderly patients]|url=|journal=Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi|language=Japanese|volume=36|issue=3|pages=213–7|doi=10.3143/geriatrics.36.213|pmid=10388331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2005|title=Ciprofloxacin-induced chorea|journal=Mov. Disord.|volume=20|issue=4|pages=513–4; author reply 514|doi=10.1002/mds.20425|pmid=15739219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2004|title=Mechanisms of pefloxacin-induced pain|url=|journal=Bull. Exp. Biol. Med.|volume=137|issue=4|pages=336–8|doi=10.1023/B:BEBM.0000035122.45148.93|pmid=15452594}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2005|title=Generalized seizure and toxic epidermal necrolysis following levofloxacin exposure|url=http://www.theannals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15827068|dead-url=yes|journal=Ann Pharmacother|volume=39|issue=5|pages=953–5|doi=10.1345/aph.1E587|pmid=15827068|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111103748/http://www.theannals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15827068|archive-date=2013-01-11}}</ref> Turunan kuinolin terkait, [[Mefloquine|meflokuin]] (Lariam) juga dikaitkan dengan psikosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1993|title=[Encephalopathy and memory disorders during treatments with mefloquine]|url=|journal=Rev Med Interne|language=French|volume=14|issue=8|pages=788–91|doi=10.1016/S0248-8663(05)81426-2|pmid=8191092}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1995|title=CNS adverse events associated with antimalarial agents. Fact or fiction?|url=|journal=Drug Saf|volume=12|issue=6|pages=370–83|doi=10.2165/00002018-199512060-00003|pmid=8527012}}</ref>
* Beberapa [[obat bebas]] termasuk:
** [[Dekstrometorfan]] (DXM) pada dosis tinggi.<ref name="DXM">{{Cite journal|last=Price|first=L. H.|last2=Lebel, J.|year=2000|title=Dextromethorphan-Induced Psychosis|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/157/2/304|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=157|issue=2|pages=304|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.304|pmid=10671422}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lachover, L.|year=2007|title=Deciphering a Psychosis: A Case of Dextromethorphan-Induced Symptoms|url=http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=953|journal=Primary Psychiatry|volume=14|issue=1|pages=70–72|access-date=2019-02-05|archive-date=2013-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330163952/http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=953|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
** [[Antihistamin]] tertentu pada dosis tinggi.<ref name="diphenhydramine_trip_therapeutic">{{Cite journal|last=Sexton,  J. D.|last2=Pronchik, D. J.|year=1997|title=Diphenhydramine-induced psychosis with therapeutic doses|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=5|pages=548–549|doi=10.1016/S0735-6757(97)90212-6|pmid=9270406}}</ref><ref name="diphenhydramine_trip_supratherapeutic">{{Cite journal|last=Lang|first=K.|last2=Sigusch, H.|last3=Müller, S.|year=1995|title=Anticholinergisches Syndrom mit halluzinatorischer Psychose nach Diphenhydramin-Intoxikation|trans-title=An anticholinergic syndrome with hallucinatory psychosis after diphenhydramine poisoning|journal=[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]|language=German|volume=120|issue=49|pages=1695–1698|doi=10.1055/s-2008-1055530|pmid=7497894}}</ref><ref name="diphenhydramine_poisoning_psychosis">{{Cite journal|last=Schreiber|first=W.|last2=Pauls, A. M.|last3=Krieg, J. C.|year=1988|title=Toxische Psychose als Akutmanifestation der Diphenhydraminvergiftung|trans-title=Toxic psychosis as an acute manifestation of diphenhydramine poisoning|journal=[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]|language=German|volume=113|issue=5|pages=180–183|doi=10.1055/s-2008-1067616|pmid=3338401}}</ref><ref name="Promethazine">{{Cite journal|last=Timnak|first=C.|last2=Gleason, O.|year=2004|title=Promethazine-Induced Psychosis in a 16-Year-Old Girl|journal=Psychosomatics|volume=45|issue=1|pages=89–90|doi=10.1176/appi.psy.45.1.89|pmid=14709767}}</ref>
** Obat flu <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gunn|first=V. L.|last2=Taha|first2=S. H.|last3=Liebelt|first3=E. L.|last4=Serwint|first4=J. R.|year=2001|title=Toxicity of Over-the-Counter Cough and Cold Medications|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/108/3/e52|journal=Pediatrics|volume=108|issue=3|page=e52|doi=10.1542/peds.108.3.e52}}</ref> (mengandung [[fenilpropanolamin]], atau PPA)
* Obat resep:
** [[Prednisone|Prednison]] dan [[kortikosteroid]] lain <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=R. C.|last2=Popkin|first2=M. K.|last3=Stickney|first3=S. K.|last4=Gardner|first4=E. R.|year=1979|title=Presentation of the steroid psychoses|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=167|issue=4|pages=229–236|doi=10.1097/00005053-197904000-00006|pmid=438794}}</ref>
** [[Isotretinoin]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hull P. R.|last2=D'Arcy C.|year=2003|title=Isotretinoin Use and Subsequent Depression and Suicide: Presenting the Evidence|url=|journal=American Journal of Clinical Dermatology|volume=4|issue=7|pages=493–505|doi=10.2165/00128071-200304070-00005|pmid=12814338}}</ref>
** Obat antikolinergik
*** [[Atropine|Atropin]] <ref name="Bergman_et_al_1980">{{Cite journal|last=Bergman|first=K. R.|last2=Pearson, C.|last3=Waltz, G. W.|last4=Evans R. III|year=1980|title=Atropine-induced psychosis. An unusual complication of therapy with inhaled atropine sulfate|journal=Chest|volume=78|issue=6|pages=891–893|doi=10.1378/chest.78.6.891|pmid=7449475}}</ref><ref name="Varghese_et_al_1990">{{Cite journal|last=Varghese|first=S.|last2=Vettath, N.|last3=Iyer, K.|last4=Puliyel, J. M.|last5=Puliyel, M. M.|year=1990|title=Ocular atropine induced psychosis--is there a direct access route to the brain?|journal=Journal of the Association of Physicians of India|volume=38|issue=6|pages=444–445|pmid=2384469}}</ref>
*** [[Hyoscine hydrobromide|Skopolamin]] <ref name="Barak_and_Weiner_2006">{{Cite journal|last=Barak|first=Segev|last2=Weiner, I.|year=2006|title=Scopolamine Induces Disruption of Latent Inhibition Which is Prevented by Antipsychotic Drugs and an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|volume=32|issue=5|pages=989–999|doi=10.1038/sj.npp.1301208|pmid=16971898}}</ref>
** [[Antidepressants|Antidepresan]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ellison Gaylord|year=1995|title=The N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine as both behavioral and anatomical models of the dementias|url=|journal=Brain Research Reviews|volume=20|issue=2|pages=250–267|doi=10.1016/0165-0173(94)00014-G|pmid=7795658}}</ref>
** [[L-dopa]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carey, R. J.|last2=Pinheiro-Carrera, M.|last3=Dai, H.|last4=Tomaz, C.|last5=Huston, J. P.|year=1995|title=l-DOPA and psychosis: Evidence for l-DOPA-induced increases in prefrontal cortex dopamine and in serum corticosterone|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=38|issue=10|pages=669–676|doi=10.1016/0006-3223(94)00378-5|pmid=8555378}}</ref>
** [[Antiepileptics|Antiepilepsi]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ettinger, A. B.|year=2006|title=Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs|journal=Neurology|volume=67|issue=11|pages=1916–1925|doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000247045.85646.c0|pmid=17159095}}</ref>
* [[Antipsikotik]] dalam reaksi idiosinkratik
* Obat terlarang lainnya termasuk:
** [[Metilendioksimetamfetamina|MDMA]] (ekstasi) <ref><div> http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=526 Psikosis dan Kilas Balik 'Ekstasi' FJ CREIGHTON, DL BLACK dan CE HYDE </div></ref>
** [[Phencyclidine|Fensiklidin]] (PCP) <ref><div> http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Substance-induced-psychotic-disorder.html Gangguan psikotik yang diinduksi zat </div></ref>
** [[Ketamin]]
* [[Bahan kimia penelitian]] sintetik sebagai rekreasi termasuk:
** [[JWH-018]] dan beberapa [[Synthetic cannabinoids|kanabinoid sintetis]] lain, atau campuran yang mengandung mereka ( misalnya "Spice", "Kronic", "MNG" atau "Mr. Nice Guy", "Relaxinol", dll. ).<ref><div> http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2011/06/air-force-spice-users-risk-psychosis-says-doctor-061111w/ risiko psikosis pengguna bumbu, kata dokter oleh Gidget Fuentes - staf penulis yang mengakses 06- 25-2011 </div></ref> Berbagai senyawa "JWH-..." dalam "Spice" atau "Incense" juga ditemukan dan didapati menyebabkan psikosis pada beberapa orang.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shalit|first=Nadav|last2=Barzilay|first2=Ran|last3=Shoval|first3=Gal|last4=Shlosberg|first4=Dan|last5=Mor|first5=Nofar|last6=Zweigenhaft|first6=Nofar|last7=Weizman|first7=Abraham|last8=Krivoy|first8=Amir|date=2016-07-05|title=Characteristics of Synthetic Cannabinoid and Cannabis Users Admitted to a Psychiatric Hospital: A Comparative Study|url=http://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/article/Pages/2016/aheadofprint/15m09938.aspx|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|language=English|volume=77|issue=|pages=e989|doi=10.4088/JCP.15m09938|issn=0160-6689|pmid=27379411}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Every-Palmer S|year=2010|title=Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid-receptor agonists such as JWH-018 may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals|url=|journal=Addiction|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1859–60|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03119.x|pmid=20840203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes|url=|journal=Schizophr. Res.|volume=118|issue=1–3|pages=309–10|doi=10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.001|pmid=20056392}}</ref>
** [[Mephedrone|Mefedron]] dan obat sejenis amfetamin terkait yang dijual sebagai "garam mandi" atau "makanan tumbuhan".<ref><div> https://www.addictions.com/bath-salts/ Kecanduan Garam Mandi, Diakses 06-25-2011 </div></ref>

* Tanaman
** [[Hawaiian baby woodrose|Baby woodrose Hawaii]] (mengandung [[Ergine|ergin]] )
** Biji [[morning glory]] (mengandung [[Ergine|ergin]] )
** [[Jimson weed]] <ref name="Kurzbaum">{{Cite journal|last=Kurzbaum|first=Alberto|last2=Claudia Simsolo|last3=Ludmilla Kvasha|last4=Arnon Blum|date=July 2001|title=Toxic Delirium due to Datura Stramonium|url=http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar01jul-16.pdf|dead-url=yes|format=PDF|journal=Israel Medical Association Journal|volume=3|issue=7|pages=538–539|pmid=11791426|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614091335/http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar01jul-16.pdf|archive-date=2007-06-14|access-date=2006-10-17}}</ref> (Datura, angel's trumpet, thorn apple)
** [[Atropa belladonna|Belladonna]] (solanaceae mematikan)
** [[Salvia divinorum]] <ref name="Przekop">{{Cite journal|last=Przekop|first=Peter|last2=Timothy Lee|date=July 2009|title=Persistent Psychosis Associated With ''Salvia Divinorum'' Use|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/166/7/832|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=166|issue=832|pages=832|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121759|pmid=19570943|access-date=2010-05-14}}</ref>
* Pelarut dan gas yang mudah menguap (inhalansia)
** [[Toluena]],<ref name="Tarsh">{{Cite journal|last=Tarsh|first=M.J.|year=1979|title=Schizophreniform Psychosis caused by Sniffing Toluene|url=http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/29/4/131.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Journal of the Society for Occupational Medicine|volume=1979|issue=29|pages=131–133|doi=10.1093/occmed/29.4.131|access-date=2010-05-14}}</ref><ref name="Rao">{{Cite journal|last=Rao|first=Naren P.|last2=Arun Gupta|last3=K. Sreejayan|last4=Prabhat K. Chand|last5=Vivek Benegal|last6=Pratima Murthy|year=2009|title=Toluene associated schizophrenia-like psychosis|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=51|issue=4|pages=329–330|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.58307|pmc=2802388|pmid=20048466}}</ref> ada dalam lem, cat, thinner, dll. Lihat juga [[Toluene toxicity|toksisitas toluena]] .
** [[Butana]] <ref name="Jung">{{Cite journal|date=December 2004|title=Persistent psychotic disorder in an adolescent with a past history of butane gas dependence|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=19|issue=8|pages=519–20|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.09.010|pmid=15589716}}</ref>
** [[Bensin]] <ref name="Hernandez">{{Cite journal|last=Hernandez-Avila|first=Carlos A.|last2=Hector A. Ortega-Soto|last3=Antonio Jasso|last4=Cecilia A. Hasfura-Buenaga|last5=Henry R. Kranzler|year=1998|title=Treatment of Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder With Carbamazepine Versus Haloperidol|url=http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/49/6/812#R34961161|journal=Psychiatric Services|volume=49|issue=6|pages=812–815|doi=10.1176/ps.49.6.812|pmid=9634163|access-date=2010-05-28}}</ref>

== Referensi ==
<references group=""></references>

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