Inyamurai

Inyamurai

Jimlar yawan jama'a
35,000,000
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Najeriya
Addini
Kiristanci

Inyamurai Turanci: / i b oʊ / EE -boh, kuma US : / ɪ ɡ b oʊ /. Kuma tattaɓa kalma Ibo da kuma da har ila yau Iboe, Ebo, Eboe, ^[1] Eboans, Heebo ; ƙasa Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò [ìɡ͡bò] ( </img> ne a meta-ƙabilanci da 'yan qasar zuwa ba-rana kudu-tsakiya da kuma kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Ana samun yawancin kabilun Ibo a Kamaru, Gabon, da Equatorial Guinea, har ma da wajen Afirka. An yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce sosai game da asalin kabilar Ibo, kasancewar ba a san takamaiman yadda ƙungiyar ta fara ba. A yanayin kasa, ƙasar Igbo ta kasu zuwa ɓangarori biyu da ba daidai ba a gefen Kogin Neja - gabas (wacce ta fi girma daga su biyun) da kuma ɓangaren yamma. Kabilar Ibo na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun Afirka.

Harshen Igbo wani ɓangare ne na dangin harsunan Nijar-Congo . Ya kasu kashi zuwa yaruka da yawa na yanki kuma ana iya fahimtar juna tare da babbar ƙungiyar "Igboid". Ƙasar Ibo ta ratsa ƙananan Kogin Neja, gabas da kudu na ƙungiyoyin Edoid da Idomoid, da yamma na ƙungiyar Ibibioid (Cross River).

Kafin zamanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya a karni na 20, ƙabilar Ibo kungiyar siyasa ce da ta wargaje, tare da wasu manyan sarakuna kamar Nri, Aro Confederacy, Agbor da Onitsha . Frederick Lugard ya gabatar da tsarin Eze na "shugabanni masu bada umarni". Ba tare da yakin Fulani ba da yaɗuwar addinin Musulunci a Najeriya a cikin karni na 19, suka zama Krista da yawa a karkashin mulkin mallaka. Dangane da mamayar mulkin mallaka, Ibo sun sami karfi na nuna bambancin kabila. A lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya na shekarar 1967-1970, yankunan Ibo suka balle a matsayin Jamhuriyar Biafra wacce ba ta daɗe ba. Kungiyar 'Movement for Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra', ƙungiyar 'yan ɗarikar da aka kafa a shekarar 1999, na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya ba tashin hankali don neman kasar Igbo mai cin gashin kanta.

"Igbo" a matsayin asalin kabilanci ya bunƙasa kwatankwacin kwanan nan, a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka da kuma Yaƙin basasar Najeriya. Al’ummomin da ke magana da Kuma harshen Ibo daban-daban sun kasu kashi biyu bisa tarihi kuma an rarraba su; a ra'ayin marubucin littattafan nan na Chinua Achebe, ya kuma kamata a sanya asalin Ibo a wani wuri tsakanin "kabila" da "ƙasa". Tun lokacin da aka kayar da Jamhuriyyar Biafra a shekarar 1970, wani lokacin ana yiwa ƙabilar Igbo kallon " kasa mara kasa ".

Harsunan Igboid suna da tarin a cikin Volta – Niger phylum, mai yuwuwa an hada su da Yoruboid da Edoid . ^[2] Babban bambanci tsakanin kungiyar Igboid shine tsakanin Ekpeye da sauran. Williamson (2002) yayi iƙirarin cewa bisa ga wannan tsarin, ƙaura zuwa Igbo-ƙaura zai sauko da Nijer daga wani yankin arewa mai nisa a cikin savannah kuma ya fara zama kusa da yankin Delta, tare da cibiyar sakandare ta Igbo mafi dacewa zuwa arewa, a yankin Awka . ^[3] Nazarin kwayar halitta ya nuna Igbo su kasance cikin kusanci da sauran mutanen da ke magana da yaren Nijar-Congo. Babban haplogroup na Y-chromosmoal shine E1b1a1-M2 .

An samo tukwane tun daga kusan 3,000-2,500 BC wanda ke nuna kamanceceniya da aikin Igbo daga baya aka samo shi a yankin Nsukka da Afikpo na Igboland a shekarun 1970s, tare da tukwane da kayan aiki a Ibagwa da ke kusa; al'adun dangin Umueri suna da asalin kwarin Anambara . A cikin shekarun 1970s bangarorin Owerri, Okigwe, Orlu, Awgu, Udi da Awka sun ƙudurta zama "Igboasar Ibo" daga shaidar harshe da al'adu. A yankin Nsukka na ƙassr Igbo, an tono shaidar narkewar baƙin ƙarfe da wuri, wanda ya fara zuwa shekara ta 750 kafin haihuwar Yesu a wurin Opi da 2,000 BC a wurin Lejja .

Ita ma al'ummar Ibo tana da nata al'adu da kuma addinin da take bin kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka, a cewar Farfesa Ihechukwu Madubuike:

''Al'adar al'umma ita ce, illahirin al'amuransu, wadda ta ƙunshi abubuwan da sukan yi yau da kullum, da yadda cimarsu take, da yadda suke noma, da yadda suke raye-rayensu, da yadda suke magana, da yadda suke kallon duniya da dai sauransu''.

''Addinin gargajiya na dan kabilar Ibo, shi ne bauta wa Ubangiji guda daya, wanda muke kira 'Chukwu', wanda ke nufin Ubangiji mai girma.

''Abin da ke nuna cewa akwai wasu ƙananan ababen bauta na gargajiya, waɗanda a kan bi ta wajensu a kai ga 'Chukwu' ko 'Chineke', wanda shi mahaliccin dukkan halittu. Sai daga baya ne Turawan mulkin mallaka suka shigo mana da addinin Kirista.''

Al'ummar Ibo dai sun yi fice a sana'o'i da harkokin kasuwanci, abin da Farfesa Ihechukwu Madubuike ya ce a jininsu yake.

''Ibo mutane ne masu matuƙar sauƙin cuɗanya da sauran al'ummomi, masu aiki tukuru ne. Kafin zuwan Turawa, babbar sana'ar Ibo ita ce noma.

''Ibo yana da kokarin samun wani abu daga inda ake ganin kamar babu komai. Wannan ya sa za ka ga akwai 'yan kabilar Ibo a cikin harkokin kasuwanci da masana'antu da dai sauransu, kuma suna samun ci gaba''.

Yawan al'ummar Ibo wani abu ne da masanin tarihin ya ce, ya zuwa yanzu babu tartibiyar kididdiga game da shi, sai dai a yi kiyasi.

''Yawan al'ummar Ibo ya zarta miliyan hamsin a duniya baki daya, akwai Ibo 'yan asalin wurare daban-daban a kusan kowacce jiha ta kudancin Najeriya.

''Muna da ire-iren wadannan Ibo a jihohi Akwa Ibom da Kuros Riba, da Ribas da Delta da Edo. Kuma sana'o'i da harkokin kasuwanci sun kai su sauran sassan kasar, da ma kasashen waje.

Mutanen Nri na ƙasar Ibo suna da tatsuniyoyin ƙirƙira halitta wanda ɗayan ɗayan tatsuniyoyin kirkirar halittu ne da ake samu a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Igbo. Mutanen Nri da Aguleri suna cikin yankin ƙabilar Umueri waɗanda suka gano asalinsu daga asalin sarki mai martaba Eri . Asalin Eri bashi da tabbas, kodayake an bayyana shi da "sama" wanda Chukwu (Allah) ya aiko. Ya kasance mutum ne wanda ya fara ba da umarnin jama'a ga mutanen Anambra . Masanin tarihi Elizabeth Allo Isichei ya ce "Nri da Aguleri kuma wasu daga cikin dangin Umueri, [ƙungiya ce] ta ƙungiyoyin ƙauyukan Ibo waɗanda suka samo asalinsu zuwa sama da ake kira Eri."

Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa tasirin Nri a cikin Igboland na iya komawa har zuwa ƙarni na 9, kuma an binne kabarin masarauta akalla zuwa ƙarni na 10. Eri, mai kama da allahn wanda ya kafa Nri, an yi imanin cewa ya daidaita yankin a kusan 948 tare da wasu al'adun Ibo masu alaƙa da shi bayan ƙarni na 13. Eze Nri na farko (Sarkin Nri) Ìfikuánim ya bi shi kai tsaye. Bisa ga al'adar gargajiya ta Ibo, mulkinsa ya fara ne a shekarar 1043. Aƙalla wani masanin tarihi ya sanya mulkin Ìfikuánim daga baya, kusan 1225 AD.

Kowane sarki yana gano asalinsa ne tun daga kakannin da suka kafa, Eri. Kowane sarki al'ada ce ta Eri. Tsarin farawa na sabon sarki ya nuna cewa tsarin al'ada na zama Ezenri (Nri firist-king) yana bin hanyar da jarumi ya bi a cikin kafa masarautar Nri.

- E. Elochukwu Uzukwu

Masarautar Nri ta kasance mai bin addini da addini, wani nau'in tsarin mulki, wanda ya bunkasa a tsakiyar yankin yankin Ibo. Nri yana da nau'ikan taboo guda bakwai waɗanda suka haɗa da mutum (kamar haihuwar tagwaye ), dabba (kamar kisan ko cin abincin alloli), abu, na ɗan lokaci, na ɗabi'a, magana da wurin taboos. Anyi amfani da dokoki game da waɗannan abubuwan koyarwar don ilimantar da kuma sarrafa batutuwan Nri. Wannan yana nufin cewa, yayin da wasu Igbo zasu iya zama a karkashin mulki daban daban, duk masu bin addinin Ibo dole suyi biyayya ga dokokin imani kuma suyi biyayya ga wakilin ta a duniya, Eze Nri.

Ƙungiyar siyasa ta gargajiya ta Ibo ta ginu ne bisa tsarin jamhuriya irin ta dimokiradiyya. A cikin al'ummomin da ke da haɗin kai, wannan tsarin ya ba da tabbaci ga 'yan ƙasa daidaito, sabanin tsarin fandarewa tare da sarki mai sarauta kan batutuwa. Wannan tsarin mulkin ya sami halarta daga Turawan Fotigal wadanda suka fara zuwa suka hadu da mutanen Ibo a karni na 15. Ban da wasu sanannun garuruwan Ibo kamar Onitsha, wanda ke da sarakuna da ake kira Obi da wurare kamar Masarautar Nri da Arochukwu, waɗanda ke da sarakuna firistoci; Ƙungiyoyin Ibo da gwamnatocin yanki sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar majalisar tuntuba ta jamhuriya ta talakawa. Usuallyungiyoyin galibi galibi majalisar dattawa ce ke iko da su.

Kodayake ana girmama masu riƙe da muƙami saboda nasarorinsu da iyawarsu, ba a girmama su a matsayin sarakuna amma galibi suna yin ayyuka na musamman da irin waɗannan majalisun suka ba su. Wannan hanyar mulkin ta bambanta da yawancin al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka kuma Ewe ne kawai na Ghana ke raba su. Umunna wani nau'i ne na kakannin uba wanda Igbo suka kula dashi. Doka tana farawa ne da Umunna wacce ita ce layin maza daga asalin kakanni (wanda a wasu lokuta ake kiran layin da sunan) tare da rukunin mahaɗan da ke ƙunshe da dangin da ke kusa da juna wanda babban ɗan dangi ke jagoranta. Ana iya ganin Umunna a matsayin babbar ginshiƙan al'ummar Ibo. Hakanan al'ada ce wacce aka sake gina jinsi kuma aka aiwatar da ita bisa larurar zamantakewa, “inda jinsi da jima'i ba su dace ba. Maimakon haka, jinsi ya kasance mai sassauci kuma mai ruwa, yana ba mata damar zama maza kuma maza su zama mata ”

Lissafi a cikin 'yan asalin Ibo na bayyane a cikin kalandar su, tsarin banki da kuma wasan caca da ake kira Okwe. A cikin kalandar asalinsu, mako guda yana da kwana huɗu, wata yana da makonni bakwai, kuma ana yin watanni 13 a shekara. A cikin watan da ya gabata, an kara ranar. Wannan kalandar har yanzu ana amfani da ita a ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka na ƙabilar Ibo don ƙayyade ranakun kasuwa. Sun sasanta al'amuran doka ta hanyar masu shiga tsakani, kuma tsarin bankin su na lamuni da tanadi, wanda ake kira Isusu, ana amfani dashi har yanzu. Sabuwar shekarar Igbo, farawa da watan Ọ́nwạ́ M̀bụ́ ( Igbo ) yana faruwa a mako na uku na Fabrairu, kodayake farkon gargaɗin shekara ga yawancin al'ummomin Ibo yana kusa da lokacin bazara a ́́nwạ́ Áarshi (Yuni). Amfani da matsayin bukukuwan rubutun da sirrin jama'a, da Igbo da wani 'yan asalin bayanin kimiyyar sa na alamomin kira Nsibidi, yana da asali daga makwabciyar Ejagham mutane. Mutanen Ibo sun samar da tagulla tun daga farkon karni na 9, wasu daga cikinsu an same su a garin Igbo Ukwu, Jihar Anambra .

Tsarin bautar mara izini ya kasance tsakanin Ibo kafin da bayan gamuwa da Turawa. Olaudah Equiano ne ya bayyana ayyukan cikin gida a yankunan Igbo a cikin tarihin sa . Ya bayyana yanayin bayi a yankinsa na Essaka kuma ya nuna bambanci tsakanin yadda ake kula da bayi a ƙarƙashin Igbo a Essaka da wadanda ke hannun Turawa a Yammacin Indiya:

... amma yaya yanayinsu ya bambanta da na bayi a Yammacin Indiya! Tare da mu, ba sa yin aiki kamar sauran membobin al'umma, ... har ma da maigidansu; ... (sai dai ba a ba su izinin cin abinci tare da wadancan ... haihuwar ba;) kuma akwai karancin wani bambanci tsakanin su ga cikin waɗannan bayi suna da ... bayi a karkashin su a matsayin dukiyoyin su ... don amfanin su.

Kogin Neja ya zama yankin da ake hulɗa tsakanin 'yan kasuwar Afirka da Turai a 1434. Mutanen Fotigal ne suka fara yin hulɗa da mutanen Ibo. A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihi, an fi mai da hankali kan kasuwanci sabanin ginin daula; saboda haka, Turawan Fotigal sun tsunduma cikin fataucin bayin Igbo. Daga nan sai Yaren mutanen Hollan suka shigo cikin hoton, kuma daga karshe Turawan Ingila . Cinikin bayi ya ƙare a shekara ta 1807, don haka turawan suka fara karkata akalar su daga kasuwanci zuwa masana'antu. Musamman Turawan ingila, sun nemi faɗaɗa ikonsu na mulkin mallaka zuwa ƙasar Igbo. Kafin tuntuɓar Bature, hanyoyin cinikin Ibo sun miƙe har zuwa Makka, Madina da Jeddah a nahiyar.

Chambers (2002) yayi ikirarin cewa yawancin bayin da aka karɓo daga Bight of Biafra a fadin hanyar wucewa sun kasance Igbo. Waɗannan bayin galibi kungiyar ta Confederacy ce ke sayar da su ga Turawan, wadanda suka sace ko suka sayi bayi daga kauyukan Igbo da ke yankin na bayan kasa. Mayila bayin Ibo ba su sha wahala daga yaƙe-yaƙen ɓarnatar da bayi ko balaguro ba amma wataƙila bashi ko kuma 'yan kabilar Ibo da suka aikata laifuka a cikin al'ummominsu. Tare da burin neman 'yanci, bautar Igbo mutane da aka sani zuwa Turai planters matsayin kasancewa m da ciwon high kudi na kunar bakin wake a kubuta bauta. Akwai shaidar cewa yan kasuwa sun nemi matan Igbo. An haɗu da matan Ibo tare da maza na Coromantee ( Akan ) don su rinjayi maza saboda imanin cewa matan suna ɗaure ne zuwa asalin 'ya'yansu na fari.

An yi zargin cewa an ba da labarin dillalan bayi na Turai game da kabilun Afirka da yawa, abin da ya haifar da masu bautar da wasu 'yan kabilun da masu gonakin suka fi so. Saboda haka wasu ƙabilun da ake so saboda haka suka zama masu karko sosai a wasu sassa na Amurka. An warwatsa Igbo zuwa yankuna kamar Jamaica, ^[1] Cuba, Saint-Domingue, Barbados, Amurka ta Mulkin Mallaka, Belize da Trinidad da Tobago, da sauransu.^[4]

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1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named jamaicaigbo
2. ↑ Williamson & Blench (2000) 'Niger–Congo', in Heine & Nurse, African Languages.
3. ↑ Kay Williamson in Ebiegberi Joe Alagoa, F. N. Anozie, Nwanna Nzewunwa (eds.), The Early History of the Niger Delta (1988) 92f.
4. ↑ Isichei, Elizabeth Allo (1977). Igbo Worlds: An Anthology of Oral Histories and Historical Descriptions. Macmillan. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-333-19836-0. Retrieved 2008-12-18.