User:Hew2126/sandbox

Third Balkan War
Part of the Balkan Wars
Serbian infantry positioned at Ada Ciganlija.
Date 28 July 1914 – 24 November 1915 (1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks and 6 days) Location Serbia, Montenegro, Albania Result Central Powers victory Treaty of Belgrade Territorial changes Serbia partitioned between Austria and Bulgaria
Belligerents
Central Powers: Austria Italy Bulgaria (from 1915)	Balkan League: Serbia Montenegro Greece
Commanders and leaders
Francis II Oskar Potiorek Conrad von Hötzendorf A. A. von Straußenburg H. K. von Kövessháza Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Emanuele Filiberto di Aosta Ferdinand I Nikola Zhekov Konstantin Zhostov	Peter I Radomir Putnik Zivojin Mišić Petar Bojović Stepa Stepanović Pavle Jurišić Šturm Nikola I Janko Vukotić Constantine I Panagiotis Danglis
Strength
662,000 100,000 300,000	680,000 98,000 115,000
Casualties and losses
: 289,855 67,855 killed and missing 222,000 wounded or sick : 10,538 3,161 killed and missing 7,377 wounded or sick : 37,390 13,460 killed and missing 23,930 wounded or sick Total: 337,783 killed, wounded or died of disease	: 257,557 126,203 killed and missing 131,354 wounded or sick : 23,325 13,325 killed and missing 10,000 wounded or sick : 27,159 6,159 killed and missing 21,000 wounded or sick Total: 308,041 killed, wounded or died of disease
150,000 to 450,000 Serbian civilians died of war-related causes from 1914 to 1915

Austrian Civil War
Part of the Hungarian Question
Date 12 April 1928 – 26 May 1932 (4 years, 1 month and 2 weeks) Location Austria, Adriatic Sea Result Austrian victory
Belligerents
Austria	Hungary Croatia (1928-30)
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand II Ludwig von Eimannsberger and others...	Tivadar Batthyány Vince Nagy Pál Prónay Aleksandar Horvat Slavko Kvaternik and others...
Strength
2,200,000 (total) 700,000 (peak)	1,000,000 (total) 360,000 (peak)
Casualties and losses
371,193 killed and missing 285,000+ wounded	: 168,872 killed and missing 340,000+ wounded : 83,484 killed and missing 160,000+ wounded
Around 130,000 civilians dead of war-related causes

Louisiana Annexation
Part of the Bonapartist Wars
British infantry at the Battle of New Orleans.
Date 18 June 1805 – 17 February 1808 (2 years, 7 months, 4 weeks and 2 days) Location North America, Atlantic Ocean Result Anglo-American victory Treaty of Ghent Territorial changes Louisiana annexed by the United States
Belligerents
France File:Flag of The Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma.svg Shawnee	Great Britain United States Iroquois Choctaw Cherokee Muscogee Chickasaw other Native allies
Commanders and leaders
Charles Leclerc † Vicomte de Rochambeau File:Flag of The Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma.svg Black Hoof	Lord Carlisle George Prevost John Jay James Wilkinson Joseph Brant Pushmataha Black Fox William McIntosh Levi Colbert
Strength
52,000 File:Flag of The Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma.svg 1,500	9,200 480,000 1,000 125 280 4,000 600
Casualties and losses
2,500 dead in combat 15,000 died of disease File:Flag of The Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma.svg 1,000+ civilians and warriors	2,000 13,000 Native allies: 1,500 dead across all nations

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death	Claim
House of Stuart
Anne (Queen of England and Scotland from 8 March 1702) (12 years, 147 days)		6 February 1665[a] St James's Palace Daughter of James VII and II and Anne Hyde	George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 5 children	1 August 1714 Kensington Palace Aged 49	Daughter of James VII and II Bill of Rights 1689
House of Hanover
George I George Louis 1 August 1714 – 11 June 1727 (12 years, 315 days)		28 May 1660 Leineschloss Son of Sophia of the Palatinate, and Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover	Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle 21 November 1682 2 children div. 28 December 1694	11 June 1727 Osnabrück Aged 67	Great-grandson of James VI and I Act of Settlement 1701
George II George Augustus 11 June 1727 – 25 October 1760 (33 years, 137 days)		30 October 1683 Herrenhausen Palace Son of George I, and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle	Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 22 August 1705 8 children	25 October 1760 Kensington Palace Aged 76	Son of George I
George III George William Frederick 25 October 1760 – 5 February 1789 (28 years, 104 days)		24 May 1738 Norfolk House Son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 8 September 1761 15 children	5 February 1789 Windsor Castle Aged 50	Grandson of George II
George IV George Augustus Frederick 5 February 1789 – 26 June 1830 (41 years, 142 days)		12 August 1762 St James's Palace Son of George III, and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz	Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 8 April 1795 1 daughter	26 June 1830 Windsor Castle Aged 67	Son of George III
Charlotte Charlotte Augusta 26 June 1830 – 6 November 1877 (47 years, 134 days)		7 January 1796 Carlton House Daughter of George IV, and Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 2 May 1816 9 children	6 November 1877 Windsor Castle Aged 81	Daughter of George IV
George V George Louis Phillip 6 November 1877 – Abdicated 15 November 1904 (27 years, 10 days)		9 April 1835 Buckingham Palace Son of Charlotte, and Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Alexandra of Denmark 22 August 1853 4 children div. 25 August 1905 Alice Keppel 26 August 1905	17 December 1909 Claremont House Aged 74	Son of Charlotte
Albert I Albert Victor Christian Edward 15 November 1904 – 17 February 1934 (29 years, 95 days)		8 January 1864 Frogmore House Son of George V, and Alexandra of Denmark	Mary of Teck 6 July 1893 6 children	17 February 1934 Sandringham House Aged 70	Son of George V
George VI George Edward Alexander 17 February 1934 – 25 September 1983 (49 years, 221 days)		3 November 1901 Sandringham House Son of Albert I, and Mary of Teck	Astrid of Sweden 10 November 1926 3 children Olivia de Havilland 6 December 1941 3 children	25 September 1983 Thatched House Lodge Aged 81	Son of Albert I
George VII George Nicholas Paul Patrick 25 September 1983 – 31 July 1993 (9 years, 310 days)		7 September 1930 Sandringham House Son of George VI, and Astrid of Sweden	Ragnhild of Norway 15 December 1960 No children	31 July 1993 Sagana Lodge Aged 62	Son of George VI
Albert II Albert George Charles Franklin 31 July 1993 – Abdicated 31 July 2013 (20 years, 1 day)		6 June 1934 White Lodge Son of George VI, and Astrid of Sweden	Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen 2 July 1959 3 children	Living Age 89	Brother of George VII
Philip Philip George Louis 31 July 2013 – present (11 years, 124 days)		15 April 1960 Buckingham Palace Son of Albert II, and Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen	Laura Parker Bowles 4 December 1999 4 children	Living 63	Son of Albert II

List of prime ministers of Great Britain since 1721

Portrait		Prime minister (Lifespan)	Term of office			Elections	Office	Party	Monarch Reign
			Start	End	Duration
​		Robert Walpole (1676–1745)	3 April 1721	11 February 1742	20 years, 315 days	1722	MP for King's Lynn	Whig	George I r. 1714–1727
						1727			George II r. 1727–1760
						1734
						1741
		Spencer Compton 1st Earl of Wilmington (1674–1743)	16 February 1742	2 July 1743	1 year, 137 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
		Henry Pelham (1694–1754)	27 August 1743	6 March 1754	10 years, 192 days	-	MP for Sussex	Whig
						1747
		Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768)	16 March 1754	11 November 1756	2 years, 241 days	1754	House of Lords	Whig
		William Cavendish 4th Duke of Devonshire (1720–1764)	16 November 1756	29 June 1757	226 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
		Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768)	29 June 1757	26 May 1762	5 years, 72 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
						1760			George III r. 1760–1789
​		John Stuart 3rd Earl of Bute (1713–1792)	26 May 1762	8 April 1763	318 days	-	House of Lords	Tory
​		George Grenville (1712–1770)	16 April 1763	10 July 1765	2 years, 86 days	-	MP for Buckingham	Whig
		Charles Watson-Wentworth 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782)	13 July 1765	30 July 1766	1 year, 18 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
		William Pitt (1708–1778)	30 July 1766	14 October 1768	2 years, 77 days	(1767)	MP for Bath	Whig
		Augustus FitzRoy 3rd Duke of Grafton (1735–1811)	14 October 1768	28 January 1770	1 year, 107 days	(-)	House of Lords	Whig
​		Lord Frederick North (1732–1792)	28 January 1770	27 March 1782	12 years, 59 days	1774	MP for Banbury	Tory
						1780
​		Charles Watson-Wentworth 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782)	27 March 1782	1 July 1782	97 days	(-)	House of Lords	Whig
		William Petty 2nd Earl of Shelburne (1737–1805)	4 July 1782	18 December 1783	266 days	(-)	House of Lords	Whig
​		Marquess of Carmarthen (1751–1799)	2 April 1783	18 December 1789	6 years, 261 days	(-)	MP for Helston (1783-1789) House of Lords (1789)	Tory
						1786
​		Frederick Howard 5th Earl of Carlisle (1748–1825)	19 December 1789	12 March 1815	25 years, 84 days	(-)	House of Lords	Whig	George IV r. 1789–1830
						1790
						1796
						1802
						1807
						1812
		George Leveson-Gower 2nd Marquess of Stafford (1758–1833)	12 March 1815	8 January 1828	12 years, 303 days	1806	House of Lords	Whig
						1819
						1826
​		Charles Gordon-Lennox 5th Duke of Richmond (1762-1812)	22 January 1828	16 November 1830	2 years, 299 days	(-)	House of Lords	Tory
​		Charles Grey 2nd Earl Grey (1764-1845)	22 November 1830	30 August 1841	10 years, 282 days	1830	House of Lords	Whig	Charlotte r. 1830–1877
						1832
						1837
​		Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850)	30 August 1841	29 June 1846	4 years, 304 days	(1841)	MP for Tamworth	Conservative
		Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1784-1865)	30 June 1846	18 October 1865	19 years, 111 days	1847	House of Lords	Conservative
						1852
						1857
						1862
		William Ewart Gladstone (1809-1898)	29 October 1865	17 February 1876	10 years, 112 days	1868	MP for Midlothian	Conservative
						1870
​		Sir William Molesworth (1810-1885)	20 February 1876	21 April 1882	6 years, 61 days	(1876)	MP for Southwark	Radical
									George V r. 1877–1904
​		Spencer Cavendish Marquess of Hartington (1833-1908)	23 April 1882	11 August 1891	8 years, 354 days	1882	MP for North East Lancashire (1882-1887) MP for Rossendale (1887-1891)	Conservative
						(1887)
​		Joseph Chamberlain (1836-1914)	11 August 1891	2 March 1894	2 years, 204 days	(-)	MP for Birmingham West	Radical
​		Archibald Primrose 5th Earl of Rosebery (1847-1929)	5 March 1894	4 December 1906	12 years, 275 days	1894	House of Lords	Conservative
						1900
									Albert I r. 1904–1934
​		Sidney Webb (1859-1947)	5 December 1906	25 May 1914	7 years, 172 days	1906	MP for South East Durham	Radical
						1910
​		Richard Haldane (1856-1928)	30 May 1914	05 August 1928	14 years, 68 days	1914	MP for Haddingtonshire	Conservative
						1918
						1923
						1928
		Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940)	05 August 1928	30 October 1940	12 years, 87 days	-	MP for Birmingham West	Conservative
						1932			George VI r. 1934–1983
						1937
		Sir Archibald Sinclair (1890-1970)	31 October 1940	16 April 1952	11 years, 169 days	1942	MP for Caithness	Conservative
						1947
						1952
		John Bannerman (1901-1969)	17 April 1952	16 October 1961	9 years, 183 days	-	MP for Argyllshire	Conservative
						1955
​		Richard Crossman (1907-1974)	16 October 1961	4 March 1972	10 years, 141 days	(1961)	MP for Coventry East	Radical
						1966
​		Charles Byers (1915-1984)	4 March 1972	6 June 1980	8 years, 95 days	1972	MP for North Dorset	Conservative
						1978
		Eric Lubbock 4th Baron Avebury (1928-2016)	7 June 1980	9 April 1992	11 years, 308 days	-	House of Lords	Conservative
						1985			George VII r. 1983–1993
​		Ben Pimlott (1945-2004)	9 April 1992	2 May 1998	6 years, 24 days	1992	MP for Cleveland	Radical
									Albert II r. 1993–2013
​		Sir Menzies Campbell (born 1941)	2 May 1998	11 May 2008	10 years, 10 days	1998	MP for East Fife	Conservative
						2003
​		Colin Crouch (born 1944)	11 May 2008	13 July 2013	5 years, 64 days	(2008)	MP for Oxford University	Radical
​		Vincent Cable (born 1943)	13 July 2013	24 July 2016	3 years, 12 days	(2013)	MP for Brentford	Conservative	Philip r. 2013–present
​		Edward Miliband (born 1969)	24 July 2016	6 October 2021	5 years, 75 days	(2016)	MP for Islington North	Radical
​		David Runciman 4th Viscount Runciman (born 1969)	6 October 2021	Incumbent	3 years, 57 days	2021	House of Lords	Conservative

Chancellors of the German Empire

Portrait		Chancellor (Lifespan)	Term of office			Elections	Party	Emperor Reign
			Start	End	Duration
​		Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)	21 March 1871	20 December 1889	18 years, 275 days	1871	Non-partisan	Wilhelm r. 1871–1888
						1874
						1877
						1878
						1881
						1884
						1887
​		Eugen Richter (1838-1906)	20 December 1889	11 April 1902	12 years, 113 days	-	Radical	Friedrich r. 1888–1918
						1890
						1895
						1900
		Friedrich von Payer (1847-1931)	12 April 1902	5 September 1916	14 years, 147 days	-	Radical
						1905
						1910
						1915
​		Friedrich Naumann (1860-1937)	5 September 1916	19 October 1922	6 years, 30 days	-	Liberal Union
						1919		Heinrich r. 1918–1930
		Hugo Preuß (1860-1925)	23 October 1922	6 December 1924	2 years, 45 days	-	Liberal Union
						1924
		Otto Fischbeck (1865-1939)	6 December 1924	4 June 1929	4 years, 181 days	-	Liberal Union
​		Friedrich Ebert (1871-1945)	5 June 1929	10 May 1934	4 years, 340 days	1929	Social Democrat	Sigismund r. 1930–1978
​		Otto Fischbeck (1865-1939)	11 May 1934	10 November 1938	4 years, 184 days	1934	Liberal Union
		Waldemar Koch (1880-1963)	10 November 1938	26 April 1946	7 years, 168 days	-	Liberal Union
						1939
						1941
​		Kurt Schumacher (1895-1982)	26 April 1946	27 May 1955	9 years, 32 days	1946	Social Democrat
						1950
​		Adam von Trott zu Solz (1909-1984)	27 May 1955	28 July 1964	9 years, 63 days	1955	Liberal Union
						1959
​		Herbert Frahm (1913-1992)	28 July 1964	19 April 1970	5 years, 266 days	1964	Social Democrat
						1965
​		Kai-Uwe von Hassel (1913-1997)	19 April 1970	4 September 1974	4 years, 139 days	1970	Liberal Union
​		Helmut Schmidt (1918-2015)	4 September 1974	6 October 1979	5 years, 33 days	1974	Social Democrat
								Alfred r. 1978–2013
​		Otto von Lambsdorff (1926-2009)	6 October 1979	9 April 1986	6 years, 186 days	1979	Liberal Union
						1983
		Hans-Dietrich Genscher (1927-2016)	9 April 1986	2 October 1997	11 years, 177 days	-	Liberal Union
						1987
						1992
​		Andreas von Bülow (born 1937)	2 October 1997	11 April 2012	14 years, 193 days	1997	Social Democrat
						2001
						2005
​						2010	National
		Ursula Von der Leyen (born 1937)	11 April 2012	Incumbent	12 years, 235 days	-	National
​						2014	Liberal Union	Oskar r. 2013–present
						2018
						2023

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term	Party		Election(s)
1		George Washington (1732–1799)	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797		Unaffiliated	1788–1789 1792
2		John Jay (1745–1829)	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1813		Federalist	1796 1800 1804 1808
3		DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828)	March 4, 1813 – March 4, 1817		Federalist	1812
4		James Madison (1751–1836)	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825		Democratic-Republican	1816 1820
5		Rufus King (1755–1827)	March 4, 1825 – May 23, 1826 Resigned		Federalist	1824
6		John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)	May 23, 1826 – March 4, 1833		Federalist	1828
7		Lewis Cass (1782–1866)	March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1841		Democratic-Republican	1832 1836
8		Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)	March 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845		Federalist	1840
9		John C. Calhoun (1782–1850)	March 4, 1845 – March 31, 1850 Died in office		Democratic-Republican	1844 1848
10		James Buchanan (1791–1868)	March 31, 1850 – March 4, 1853		Democratic-Republican	-
11		Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1881)	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857		Democratic-Republican	1852
12		John Bell (1796-1869)	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861		Federalist	1856
13		William H. Seward (1801-1872)	March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865		Free Soil	1860
14		Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1881)	March 4, 1865 – March 4, 1869		Democratic-Republican	1864
15		Salmon P. Chase (1808–1873)	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873		Liberal	1868
16		George H. Pendleton (1825–1889)	March 4, 1873 – March 4, 1877		Democratic-Republican	1872
17		Roscoe Conkling (1829–1882)	March 4, 1877 – March 2, 1882 Assassinated		Liberal	1876 1880
18		James A. Garfield (1831–1901)	March 2, 1882 – March 4, 1889		Liberal	1884
19		James B. Weaver (1833–1912)	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893		People's	1888
20		Charles F. Adams, Jr. (1835–1898)	March 4, 1893 – July 1, 1898 Assassinated		Liberal	1892 1896
21		Grover Cleveland (1837–1908)	July 1, 1898 – March 4, 1901		Liberal	-
22		William Collins Whitney (1841–1914)	March 4, 1901 – March 4, 1905		Liberal	1900
23		William Jennings Bryan (1860–1925)	March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1913		People's	1904 1908
24		William Howard Taft (1857–1930)	March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1923 Resigned		Liberal	1912 1916 1920
25		Charles F. Adams III (1866–1954)	March 3, 1923 – March 4, 1925		Liberal	-
26		George W. Norris (1861–1944)	March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1933		People's	1924 1928
27		Herbert Hoover (1874–1964)	March 4, 1933 – June 18, 1940 Impeached		Liberal	1932 1936
28		George C. Marshall (1880–1959)	June 18, 1940 – January 20, 1949		Unaffiliated	1940 1944
29		Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (1902–1985)	January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1957		National Union	1948 1952
30		W. Averell Harriman (1891–1986)	January 20, 1957 – January 20, 1961		National Union	1956
31		Prescott Bush (1895–1972)	January 20, 1961 – January 20, 1965		National Union	1960
32		Hubert Humphrey (1911–1979)	January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969		National Union	1964
33		Henry M. Jackson (1912–1983)	January 20, 1969 – January 20, 1973		National Union	1968
34		Hubert Humphrey (1911–1979)	January 20, 1973 – January 20, 1977		National Union	1972
35		George H.W. Bush (1924–2018)	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981		National Union	1976
36		Arlen Specter (1930–2012)	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1985		National Union	1980
37		Jerry Brown born 1938	January 20, 1985 – January 20, 1989		National Union	1984
38		George H.W. Bush (1924–2018)	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993		National Union	1988
39		Joeseph R. Biden (born 1942)	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001		Renewal	1992 1996
40		Donald Trump (born 1946)	January 20, 2001 – November 16, 2011 Impeached		America First	2000 2004 2008
41		Robert Gates (born 1943)	November 16, 2011 – January 20, 2013		Unaffiliated	-
42		Jared Polis (born 1975)	January 20, 2013 – January 20, 2017		New Democrats	2012
43		Al Franken (born 1951)	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021		Progressive	2016
44		Nancy Mace (born 1977)	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent		Brothers of America	2020

Presidency		President		Party		Election
1	February 18, 1861 – February 22, 1868		John C. Breckinridge (1821–1875)		Democratic-Republican	Elected by the Provisional Confederate Congress
						1861
2	February 22, 1868 – February 22, 1874		Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884)		Democratic-Republican	1867
3	February 22, 1874 – February 22, 1880		Wade Hampton III (1818–1902)		Republican	1873
4	February 22, 1880 – April 28, 1884 Died in office		Henry M. Mathews (1834–1884)		Republican	1879
5	April 28, 1884 – February 22, 1886		Isham Harris (1818–1897)		Republican	-
6	February 22, 1886 – February 22, 1892		John G. Carlisle (1834–1910)		Republican	1885
7	February 22, 1892 – February 22, 1898		Murphy J. Foster (1849–1921)		Republican	1891
8	February 22, 1898 – February 22, 1904		Benjamin Tillman (1847–1918)		Democratic	1897
9	February 22, 1904 – February 22, 1910		John G. Evans (1863–1942)		Democratic	1903
10	February 22, 1910 – June 28, 1914 Assassinated		John S. Williams (1854–1914)		Democratic	1909
11	June 28, 1914 – February 22, 1916		Ellison D. Smith (1864–1944)		Democratic	-
12	February 22, 1916 – November 9, 1918 Resigned		James K. Vardaman (1861–1937)		Democratic	1915
13	November 9, 1918 – February 22, 1922		Mason M. Patrick (1863–1942)		Unaffiliated	-
14	February 22, 1922 – February 28, 1925 Assassinated		William Gibbs McAdoo (1863–1925)		Progressive	1921
15	February 28, 1925 – February 22, 1928		Carter Glass (1858–1946)		Progressive	-
16	February 22, 1928 – February 22, 1934		Robert L. Bullard (1861–1935)		Unaffiliated	1927
17	February 22, 1934 – May 23, 1943 Removed from office		Theodore Bilbo (1877–1944)		National Anti-Zionist Institute	1933
						1939
18	May 23, 1943 – October 11, 1946		Chester W. Nimitz (1885–1966)		Unaffiliated	-

Franco-German War
Clockwise from top left: Troupes de Marine in military gas masks during the Battle of Hanover French machine gunners during Operation Bonaparte Victims of the Cologne Massacre on the shore of the River Rhine German machine gun nest in the Battle of Frankfurt French Bloch MB.170 bombers over Germany German soldiers retreating in 1938
Date 7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945 (8 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 5 days) Location Germany German West Africa Result German victory
Belligerents
Germany	France
Commanders and leaders
Sigismund Otto Fischbeck Waldemar Koch Ludwig Beck others	Jean III Henri VI Phillippe Petain Duc de Montpensier Charles de Gaulle others
Strength
2,340,000 (1937) 6,900,000 (1945) 14,000,000 (total)	600,000 (1937) 2,131,000 (1945) 4,100,000 (total)
Casualties and losses
Official data: 1,480,561 killed 2,051,802 wounded 217,324 missing Total: 3,749,687	French medical data: 743,840 killed 2,676,820 wounded and missing Total: 3,420,640
Civilian casualties: 1.4 million due to military action, 2 million due to famine

Anglo-Japanese War
Clockwise from top left: British defenders in trenches during the Siege of Hong Kong, 1943 Japanese naval aircraft prepare for takeoff to attack Hong Kong, 1941 HMS Illustrious after being struck by kamikazes, 1945 Indian soldiers during the Philippine campaign, 1945 Japanese soldiers in Papua during Operation R, 1942 Devastation after the British fire-bombing of Tokyo, 1946
Date 7 December 1941 – 11 May 1946 (4 years, 5 months and 4 days) Location East Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Pacific Ocean Result Armistice of Fukuoka British strategic victory Territorial changes British protectorates declared over Korea, Ryukyu and Formosa; and Independence of Republic of Ezo
Belligerents
British Empire	Japan
Commanders and leaders
Louis Mountbatten Tomas Blamey William Slim Andrew Cunningham Charles Portal	Hajime Sugiyama Tomoyuki Yamashita Osami Nagano Isoroku Yamamoto Jisaburō Ozawa
Strength
6,021,383 (1946)	7,900,000 (1946)
Casualties and losses
Military 12 aircraft carriers 4 battleships 25 cruisers 84 destroyers 63 submarines 25,000+ aircraft 122,367 killed and missing 233,561 wounded Civilian deaths c.350,000	Military 25 aircraft carriers 11 battleships 39 cruisers 135 destroyers 131 submarines 50,000+ aircraft 1.1 million killed and missing Civilian deaths c.700,000

London
Capital city
London skyline, facing west Map of London in south-east England
Coordinates: 51°30′N 0°08′W / 51.500°N 0.133°W / 51.500; -0.133
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	England
Region	London
Settled by Romans	AD 47; 1977 years ago (47), as Londinium
Administrative HQ	County Hall, Lambeth
Local government	103 London boroughs and the City of London
Government
• Type	Metropolitan County
• Body	London County Council
• Mayor	Sadiq Khan (L)
• London County Council	42 constituencies
• UK Parliament	131 constituencies
Area
• Total	3,443 sq mi (8,917 km2)
Population  (2024)
• Total	24,874,333
• Rank	1st in the UK 4th in the world
• Density	7,224.9/sq mi (2,789.54/km2)
Demonyms	Londoner
Ethnicity (2021)
• Ethnic groups	59.79% White British 10.23% Indian 10.07% West Indian 5.71% Mixed 5.40% White Irish 8.80% Others
Religion (2021)
• Religion	66.86% Christianity 15.77% no religion 6.88% Islam 6.23% Hinduism 1.66% Sikhism 1.16% Judaism 0.01% Buddhism 1.43% other
Time zone	UTC+0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)

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