Taiwanese Hangul

Taiwanese Hangul
Taiwanese Hangul;
	Chinese characters "臺語諺文" written in Taiwanese Hangul
Script type	Featural alphabet
Creator	Hsu Tsao-te [zh] (first proposed)
Time period	since 1987
Languages	Taiwanese Hokkien
Related scripts
Parent systems	Hangul Taiwanese Hangul;
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Taiwanese Hangul (Hangul: 대끼깐뿐; Chinese: 臺語諺文; pinyin: Táiyǔ Yànwén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is an orthography system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted by Taiwanese linguist Hsu Tsao-te [zh] in 1987, it uses modified Hangul letters to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported by Ang Ui-jin.^[1]^[2] Because both Chinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use of Chinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.

Letters

Initials

		Bilabial		Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			ᄆ [m] ㄇ毛 (mo͘ )		ᄂ [n] ㄋ耐 (nāi)				ㄸ [ŋ] ㄫ雅 (ngá)
Stop	Unaspirated	ᄇ [p] ㄅ邊 (pian)	ᄈ [b] ㆠ 文 (bûn)	ᄃ [t] ㄉ地 (tē)				ᄀ [k] ㄍ求 (kiû)	ᄁ [ɡ] ㆣ 語 (gí)
Stop	Aspirated	ᄑ [pʰ] ㄆ波 (pho)		ᄐ [tʰ] ㄊ他 (thaⁿ)				ᄏ [kʰ] ㄎ去 (khì)
Affricate	Unaspirated			ᄌ [ts] ㄗ曾 (tsan/chan)	ᄍ [dz] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)	ᄌ [tɕ] ㄐ尖 (tsiam/chiam)	ᄍ [dʑ] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)
Affricate	Aspirated			ᄎ [tsʰ] ㄘ出 (tshut/chhut)		ᄎ [tɕʰ] ㄑ手 (tshiú/chhiú)
Fricative				ㅅ [s] ㄙ衫 (saⁿ)		ㅅ [ɕ] ㄒ寫 (siá)				ᄒ [h] ㄏ喜 (hí)
Lateral					ᄅ [l] ㄌ柳 (liú)

Vowels

Monophthongs
	Front		Central	Back
	Simple	Nasal	Simple	Simple	Nasal
Close	ᅵ [i] ㄧ衣 (i)	잇 [ĩ] ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ)		ᅮ [u] ㄨ污 (u)	웃 [ũ] ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ)
Mid	ᅦ [e] ㆤ 禮 (lé)	엣 [ẽ] ㆥ 生 (seⁿ)	ᅥ [ə] ㄜ高 (ko)	ᅩ [ɔ] ㆦ 烏 (o͘ )	옷 [ɔ̃] ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ)
Open	ᅡ [a] ㄚ查 (cha)	앗 [ã] ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)

Diphthongs & Triphthongs
Diphthongs	ᅢ [aɪ] ㄞ (ai)	알 [aʊ] ㄠ (au)	ᅣ [ɪa] ㄧㄚ (ia)	ᅧ [ɪo] ㄧㄜ (io)
Diphthongs	ᅲ [iu] ㄧㄨ (iu)	ᅪ [ua] ㄨㄚ (oa)	ᅰ [ue] ㄨㆤ (oe)	ᅱ [ui] ㄨㄧ (ui)
Triphthongs	얄 [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ (iau)		ᅫ [uai] ㄨㄞ (oai)

Coda endings

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal consonant	ᄆ [m] ㆬ (-m)	ᄂ [n] ㄣ (-n)	ㅇ [ŋ] ㆭ (-ng)
Stop consonant	ᄇ [p̚] ㆴ (-p)	ᄃ [t̚] ㆵ (-t)	ᄀ [k̚] ㆶ (-k)	ᄒ [ʔ] ㆷ (-h)

Tone markings

No.	Hangul	Latin diacritics	Chinese tone name	Examples Hangul/Latin/Hanzi (Listen 🔊) meaning
1	ᄋ	absent	陰平 (yinping) dark level	카_ᄋ/kha/跤 🔊 foot; leg
2	ᄅ	◌́	上聲 (sióng-siaⁿ)/陰上 (yinshang) rising / dark rising	쥐_ㄹ/tsúi/水 🔊 water
3	ᄂ	◌̀	陰去 (yinqu) dark departing	갈_ㄴ/kàu/到 🔊 arrive
4	ᄋ	absent	陰入 (yinru) dark entering	빻_ㅇ/bah/肉 🔊 meat
5	ᄉ	◌̂	陽平 (yangping) light level	옹_ㅅ/ông/王 🔊 king
(6) appears only in Lukang dialect; merged to 7 in the prestige dialect	not devised	◌̆	陽上 (yangshang) light rising	[]/huǎn (Lukang)/犯 violate / commit (a crime)
7	ᄀ	◌̄	陽去 (yangqu) light departing	환_ㄱ/huān (prestige)/犯 🔊 violate / commit (a crime)
8	ᄇ	̍ (overstroke/vertical line above)	陽入 (yangru) light entering	쫳_ㅂ/joa̍h/熱 🔊 hot
Continuous tone sandhi	ㅣ	absent	occurs when a character/syllable is before another one in a phrase. Rule of the prestige dialect: 5→7, 7→3, 3→2, 2→1, 1→7; 4→8, 8→4	대_시끼_ㄹ/Tâi-gí/臺語 🔊 Taiwanese language

Different use of Hangul between Taiwanese and Korean

	Taiwanese Hokkien	Korean	Note
ㅃ	/b/, a voiced consonant	/p͈/, a tense consonant
ㄲ	/g/, a voiced consonant	/k͈/, a tense consonant
ㅉ	/ʣ/ or /ʥ/, a voiced consonant	/t͡ɕ͈/, a tense consonant
ㄸ	/ŋ/,	/t͈/	as the syllable onset such as 따
ㅎ	/ʔ/, a glottal stop	/t̚/	as the syllable coda such as 앟
ㅅ	/ⁿ/, vowel nasalization	/t̚/	as the syllable coda such as 앗
ㅆ	/ⁿʔ/, a combination of ㅅ and ㅎ	/s͈/ or /t̚/	as the syllable coda such as 았
ᅥ	/o/ or /ə/	/ʌ/
ᅩ	/ɔ/	/o/
ㅐ	/ai/	/ɛ/
알	/au/	/aɭ/
ㅡ	silent	/ɯ/
ㅢ	읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/	/ɰi/, /i/, /ɛ/

Examples

Matthew 6:1

Taiwanese Hangul		Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Chinese characters	關係行善的教訓恁著謹慎，毋通為著欲予儂看，故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行；恁若按呢做，恁就袂當對天父得著報賞。
Chinese-Hangul mixed writing	關係行善에教訓 린뎧謹慎，음탕為뎧뼇호儂看，故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行； 린若안네做，린就뻬당뒤天父得뎧報賞。	Chinese-Latin mixed writing	關係行善ê教訓 Lín tio̍h謹慎，m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看，故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行； Lín若án-ne做，lín就bē-tàng tùi天父得tio̍h報賞。
Hangul	관헤 형센 에 갈훈 린 뎧 긴신，음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃，고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형； 린 나 안네 저，린 쥬 뻬당 뒤 텐후 딛뎧 버슛。	Romanization	Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng. Lín nā án-ne chò, lín chiū bē-tàng tùi Thian-hū tit-tio̍h pò-siúⁿ.

References

^ Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society
^ 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編

External links

Taiwanese Hangul

[1] Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society

[台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編-2] 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編

[1]