Italian Democratic Socialist Party

Italian Democratic Socialist Party

Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano
Italian Democratic Socialist Party Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano
Abbreviation	PSDI
Leading figures	Giuseppe Saragat (first); Carlo Vizzini (last);
Founder	Giuseppe Saragat
Founded	11 January 1947; 77 years ago
Dissolved	10 May 1998; 26 years ago
Split from	Italian Socialist Party
Merged into	Italian Democratic Socialists
Headquarters	Largo Toniolo 16, Rome
Newspaper	L'Umanità
Youth wing	Young Social Democrats
Ideology	Social democracy
Political position	Centre-left
National affiliation	Centrist coalition (1947–1958); Organic centre-left (1962–1976); Unified Socialist Party (1966–1971); Pentapartito (1980–1993); Quadripartito (1991–1994);
European affiliation	Party of European Socialists (1992–1994)
European Parliament group	Party of European Socialists (1979–1994); Forza Europa (1994–1995);
International affiliation	Socialist International
Colours	Red (official); Pink (customary);
	Politics of Italy; Political parties; Elections;

The Italian Democratic Socialist Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, PSDI), also known as Italian Social Democratic Party,^[1]^[2]^[3] was a social-democratic political party in Italy.^[4] The longest serving partner in government for Christian Democracy,^[5] the PSDI was an important force in Italian politics,^[6] before the 1990s decline in votes and members. The party's founder and longstanding leader was Giuseppe Saragat, who served as President of the Italian Republic from 1964 to 1971. Compared to the like-minded Italian Socialist Party, it was more centrist,^[7]^[8]^[9] at least until Bettino Craxi's leadership, infact, it identified with the centre-left.^[10]^[11]^[12]

After a rightward shift in the 1990s, which led some observers to question the PSDI as a social democratic party, it was expelled from the European Socialist Party.^[13] When Enrico Ferri founded with Luigi Preti the current European Liberal Social Democracy (SOLE), which was in favour of an alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right coalition, the choice was stigmatized by the PES and the Socialist International, and an official statement was issued. In January 1995, the party congress put the current of Ferri and Preti in the minority and elected Gian Franco Schietroma as secretary. After the party was disbanded in 1998, the majority went to the Socialist Party of the centre-left coalition, while the party's right-wing current joined centre-right coalition parties. In 2004, the party was established with the same name, Italian Democratic Socialist Party, which remains a minor party associated with both centre-left and centre-right coalitions.

History

Early years and government coalitions

The party was founded as the Socialist Party of Italian Workers (PSLI) in 1947 by a splinter group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) due to the decision of the latter to join the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the Popular Democratic Front's electoral list for the 1948 Italian general election. The split, led by Giuseppe Saragat and the sons of Giacomo Matteotti, took the name ofscissione di Palazzo Barberini, from the name of a palace in Rome where it took place. On 1 May 1951, it joined forces with the smaller Unitary Socialist Party and Labour Democratic Party and took the name Socialist Party – Italian Section of the Socialist International (PS–SIIS). On 7 January 1952, the PS–SIIS was ultimately renamed Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI). From 1949 to 1965, members of the PSDI held the presidency of the Istituto Nazionale di Previdenza Sociale (INPS).^[14]

In 1966, the party joined the PSI to form the Unified Socialist Party. In 1969, after a disappointing result at the 1968 Italian general election, it left the new unified party, taking the name Unitary Socialist Party (PSU).^[15] It returned to the PSDI name in 1971. In 1980, the party joined Christian Democracy (DC), the PSI, the Italian Republican Party (PRI), and the Italian Liberal Party (PLI) in the five-party coalition (Pentapartito), which ruled the country until 1991, and until 1994 without the PRI. The party's role in the coalition was minimal and was over-shadowed by the more powerful PSI. The PSDI was a member of Socialist International and a founder member of the Party of European Socialists (PES). Its members of the European Parliament sat within the Socialist Group since 1979.^[16]^[17]^[18] In 1994, having grown increasingly conservative among social democratic parties, the PSDI was expelled from the PES.^[13]

Decline and re-foundation

The PSDI was involved in the corruption scandals known as Tangentopoli and almost disappeared from the political scene. The 1994 Italian general election resulted in an almost overnight decline of the Pentapartito coalition parties and the rise of Silvio Berlusconi-led Forza Italia, which absorbed many PSDI voters. In January 1995, Gian Franco Schietroma was elected national secretary of the party replacing Enrico Ferri, who wanted to join the centre-right Pole of Freedoms. The followers of Ferri left and established the European Liberal Social Democracy and joined the centre-right Christian Democratic Centre (CDC).

In 1998, the party, led by Schietroma, finally merged with the Italian Socialists, one of the successor parties of the PSI, to form the Italian Democratic Socialists. By then, most members and voters of the party have joined other parties: Forza Italia (as Carlo Vizzini, party leader in 1992–1993), the CDC (as Ferri, party leader in 1993–1995), and The Democrats (as Franco Bruno). The party was re-established in 2004 with the same name, Italian Democratic Socialist Party, as the continuation of the party of Saragat, so that the new PSDI numbers its congresses in perfect continuity with the late PSDI.

Popular support

The PSDI had its best result at its first appearance in the 1948 Italian general election, when it gained 7.1% of the vote. In that occasion, the party was successful in stealing many votes from the PSI, which was damaged by the split as well as by the alliance with the PCI in the Popular Democratic Front. The PSDI found its heartlands in Northern Italy: 12.9% in the Province of Turin, 11.9% in Cuneo, 10.6% in Milan, 13.9% in Sondrio, 12.6% in Treviso, 15.9% in Belluno, and 14.9% in Udine.^[19]

Starting in the 1953 Italian general election, the party's support was around 4–5%, with the sole exception of the 1963 Italian general election, when it gained 6.1%. In the 1992 Italian general election, the last before Tangentopoli, the PSDI won 2.7%. The party maintained for decades its strongholds in the North-West and North-East; since the 1960s, it started to gain support in Southern Italy. By the 1987 Italian general election, the party's strongholds had moved South, especially Apulia, Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, and Sicily,^[20] similarly to what also the other parties of Pentapartito (DC, PSI, PRI, and PLI) were experiencing. This was partly due to the growth of regionalist parties in the North, which were united in Lega Nord starting in 1991. After Tangentopoli, Mani pulite, and subsequent political crisis, the PSDI almost disappeared electorally; it retained some support locally in the South, especially in Apulia.

The electoral results of PSDI in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 1948 are shown in the chart above.

Electoral results

Italian Parliament

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
Chamber of Deputies
1948	1,858,116 (3rd)	7.7	33 / 574	–	Giuseppe Saragat
1953	1,222,957 (6th)	4.5	14 / 590	19	Giuseppe Saragat
1958	1,345,447 (5th)	4.6	22 / 596	8	Giuseppe Saragat
1963	1,876,271 (5th)	6.1	33 / 630	11	Giuseppe Saragat
1968	Into PSU	–	29 / 630	4	Giuseppe Saragat
1972	1,718,142 (5th)	5.1	29 / 630	–	Mario Tanassi
1976	1,239,492 (5th)	3.4	15 / 630	14	Pier Luigi Romita
1979	1,407,535 (5th)	3.8	20 / 630	5	Pietro Longo
1983	1,508,234 (6th)	4.9	23 / 630	3	Pietro Longo
1987	1,140,209 (6th)	3.0	17 / 630	6	Franco Nicolazzi
1992	1,066,672 (10th)	2.7	16 / 630	1	Antonio Cariglia
1994	179,495 (14th)	0.5	0 / 630	16	Carlo Vizzini

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
Senate of the Republic
1948	1,219,287 (3rd)	5.0	10 / 237	–	Giuseppe Saragat
1953	1,046,301 (6th)	4.3	4 / 237	6	Giuseppe Saragat
1958	1,136,803 (5th)	4.4	5 / 246	1	Giuseppe Saragat
1963	1,743,837 (5th)	6.4	14 / 315	9	Giuseppe Saragat
1968	Into PSU	–	10 / 315	4	Giuseppe Saragat
1972	1,614,273 (5th)	5.4	11 / 315	1	Mario Tanassi
1976	974,940 (5th)	3.1	6 / 315	5	Pier Luigi Romita
1979	1,320,729 (5th)	4.2	9 / 315	3	Pietro Longo
1983	1,184,936 (6th)	3.8	8 / 315	1	Pietro Longo
1987	822,593 (6th)	2.5	6 / 315	2	Franco Nicolazzi
1992	853,895 (10th)	2.6	3 / 315	3	Antonio Cariglia
1994	66,589 (14th)	0.2	0 / 315	3	Carlo Vizzini

European Parliament

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
European Parliament
1979	1,514,272 (5th)	4.3	4 / 81	–	Pietro Longo
1984	1,225,462 (6th)	3.5	3 / 81	1	Pietro Longo
1989	945,383 (7th)	2.7	2 / 81	1	Antonio Cariglia
1994	227,439 (13th)	0.7	1 / 87	1	Carlo Vizzini

Regional elections

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
Regions of Italy
1970	1,897,034 (4th)	7.0	41 / 720	–	Giuseppe Saragat
1975	1,701,864 (5th)	5.6	36 / 720	5	Mario Tanassi
1980	1,505,607 (5th)	5.0	31 / 720	5	Pietro Longo
1985	1,150,788 (6th)	3.6	23 / 720	8	Pietro Longo
1990	894,318 (6th)	2.8	21 / 720	2	Antonio Cariglia

Symbols

1947–1948
1948–1983
Unified PSI-PSDI symbol, 1966–1969
1983–1992

Leadership

Secretary: Giuseppe Saragat (1947–1948), Alberto Simonini (1948), Ugo Guido Mondolfo (1949), Ludovico D'Aragona (1949), Giuseppe Saragat (1949–1952), Ezio Vigorelli (1952), Giuseppe Romita (1952), Giuseppe Saragat (1952–1954), Gianmatteo Matteotti (1954–1957), Giuseppe Saragat (1957–1964), Mario Tanassi (1964–1966), unification with PSI in the PSU (1966–1969), Mauro Ferri (1969–1972), Mario Tanassi (1972), Flavio Orlandi (1972–1975), Mario Tanassi (1975–1976), Giuseppe Saragat (1976), Pier Luigi Romita (1976–1978), Pietro Longo (1978–1985), Franco Nicolazzi (1985–1988), Antonio Cariglia (1988–1992), Carlo Vizzini (1992–1993), Enrico Ferri (1993–1995), Gian Franco Schietroma (1995–1998)
President: Giuseppe Saragat (1975–1976)
Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Giuseppe Modigliani (1947), Rocco Gullo (1947–1948), Mario Langhena (1948–1950), Luigi Benanni (1950–1951), Ezio Vigorelli (1951–1954), Paolo Rossi (1954–1956), Alberto Simonini (1956–1958), Giuseppe Saragat (1958–1963), Virginio Bertinelli (1963–1966), Mario Tanassi (1966), Egidio Ariosto (1966–1969), Flavio Orlandi (1969–1972), Antonio Cariglia (1972–1976), Luigi Preti (1976–1978), Franco Nicolazzi (1978–1979), Alessandro Reggiani (1979–1987), Filippo Caria (1987–1992), Dino Madaudo (1992), Enrico Ferri (1992–1994)

References

^ Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 9788170233077.
^ Social Democratic Parties in the European Union. Springer. 13 January 1999. p. 228. ISBN 9780230374140.
^ The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. Oxford University Press. 2015. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-19-966974-5.
^ Lawrence Ezrow (2011). "Electoral Systems and Party Responsiveness". In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (eds.). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
^ Marco Valbruzzi (2015). "Trasformismo". In Erik Jones; Gianfranco Pasquino (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. OUP. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-966974-5.
^ Il Pentapartito – Storia della Repubblica Italiana
^ Michael Sommer (2002). "Im Süden nichts Neues: Zur aktuellen Entwicklung des italienischen Parteiensystems" (PDF). Politische Vierteljahresschrift. Westdeutscher Verlag. p. 115.
^ "Il punto sull'attivita' e sulla collocazione politica del PSDI; la olidarieta' del PSDI al digiuno di Marco Pannella contro la disinformazione della RAI in particolar modo sui 13 referendum". RadioRadicale (in Italian). 21 January 1994. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ Günter Trautmann (1984). "Entpolitisierung und demographischer Machtwechsel in den politischen Systemen Frankreichs und Italiens seit 1972/73". In Jürgen W. Falter; Christian Fenner; Michael Th. Greven (eds.). Politische Willensbildung und lnteressenvermittlung. p. 185. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-14338-3. ISBN 978-3-663-14338-3.
^ Di Alberto Stabile (1 May 1984). "Nicolazzi, L' Anti-Longo Sogna Per Il Psdi Un Futuro A Sinistra". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ "Il punto sull'attivita' e sulla collocazione politica del PSDI; la solidarieta' del PSDI al digiuno di Marco Pannella contro la disinformazione della RAI in particolar modo sui 13 referendum". RadioRadicale (in Italian). 21 January 1994. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ "The Fate of the Party". Jacobin. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b Marina Costa Loba; Pedro C. Magalhães (2004). "The Portuguese Socialists and the Third Way". In Giuliano Bonoli; Martin Powell (eds.). Social Democratic Party Policies in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-134-40891-7.
^ A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988 by Paul Ginsborg
^ Alessandro Orsini (2015). Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-set of Modern Terrorists. Cornell University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-80-146139-2.
^ "Parlement Européen 1979". Europe-politique. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ "Parlement Européen 1984". Europe-politique. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ "Parlement Européen 1989". Europe-politique. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ "::: Ministero dell'Interno ::: Archivio Storico delle Elezioni - Camera del 18 Aprile 1948". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
^ "Ministero dell'Interno. Archivio Storico delle Elezioni". Elezionistorico. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

External links

[1] Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 9788170233077.

[2] Social Democratic Parties in the European Union. Springer. 13 January 1999. p. 228. ISBN 9780230374140.

[3] The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. Oxford University Press. 2015. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-19-966974-5.

[4] Lawrence Ezrow (2011). "Electoral Systems and Party Responsiveness". In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (eds.). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.

[5] Marco Valbruzzi (2015). "Trasformismo". In Erik Jones; Gianfranco Pasquino (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. OUP. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-966974-5.

[6] Il Pentapartito – Storia della Repubblica Italiana

[7] Michael Sommer (2002). "Im Süden nichts Neues: Zur aktuellen Entwicklung des italienischen Parteiensystems" (PDF). Politische Vierteljahresschrift. Westdeutscher Verlag. p. 115.

[Ideologia-8] "Il punto sull'attivita' e sulla collocazione politica del PSDI; la olidarieta' del PSDI al digiuno di Marco Pannella contro la disinformazione della RAI in particolar modo sui 13 referendum". RadioRadicale (in Italian). 21 January 1994. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[9] Günter Trautmann (1984). "Entpolitisierung und demographischer Machtwechsel in den politischen Systemen Frankreichs und Italiens seit 1972/73". In Jürgen W. Falter; Christian Fenner; Michael Th. Greven (eds.). Politische Willensbildung und lnteressenvermittlung. p. 185. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-14338-3. ISBN 978-3-663-14338-3.

[10] Di Alberto Stabile (1 May 1984). "Nicolazzi, L' Anti-Longo Sogna Per Il Psdi Un Futuro A Sinistra". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[11] "Il punto sull'attivita' e sulla collocazione politica del PSDI; la solidarieta' del PSDI al digiuno di Marco Pannella contro la disinformazione della RAI in particolar modo sui 13 referendum". RadioRadicale (in Italian). 21 January 1994. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[12] "The Fate of the Party". Jacobin. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2023.

[Bonoli_&_Powell_2004,_p._84-13] Marina Costa Loba; Pedro C. Magalhães (2004). "The Portuguese Socialists and the Third Way". In Giuliano Bonoli; Martin Powell (eds.). Social Democratic Party Policies in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-134-40891-7.

[14] A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988 by Paul Ginsborg

[15] Alessandro Orsini (2015). Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-set of Modern Terrorists. Cornell University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-80-146139-2.

[16] "Parlement Européen 1979". Europe-politique. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[17] "Parlement Européen 1984". Europe-politique. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[18] "Parlement Européen 1989". Europe-politique. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[19] "::: Ministero dell'Interno ::: Archivio Storico delle Elezioni - Camera del 18 Aprile 1948". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.

[20] "Ministero dell'Interno. Archivio Storico delle Elezioni". Elezionistorico. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[1]

v t e Italian Socialist Party
Secretary	Carlo Dell'Avalle (1892–1894) Filippo Turati (1895–1896) Enrico Ferri (1896) Carlo Dell'Avalle (1896–1898) Alfredo Bertesi (1898–1899) Enrico Bertini (1899–1900) Savino Varazzani (1900–1904) Enrico Ferri (1904–1906) Oddino Morgari (1906–1908) Pompeo Ciotti (1908–1912) Costantino Lazzari (1912–1918) Egidio Gennari (1918) Costantino Lazzari (1918–1919) Arturo Vella (1919) Nicola Bombacci (1919–1920) Egidio Gennari (1920–1921) Giovanni Bacci (1921) Domenico Fioritto (1921–1923) Tito Oro Nobili (1923–1925) Olindo Vernocchi (1925–1930) Ugo Coccia (1930–1932) Pietro Nenni (1933–1939) Giuseppe Saragat, Oddino Morgari and Angelo Tasca (1939–1942) Giuseppe Romita (1942–1943) Pietro Nenni (1943–1945) Sandro Pertini (1945) Rodolfo Morandi (1945–1946) Ivan Matteo Lombardo (1946–1947) Lelio Basso (1947–1948) Alberto Jacometti (1948–1949) Pietro Nenni (1949–1963) Francesco De Martino (1963–1968) Mario Tanassi (1966–1968) Mauro Ferri (1968–1969) Francesco De Martino (1969–1970) Giacomo Mancini (1970–1972) Francesco De Martino (1972–1976) Bettino Craxi (1976–1993) Giorgio Benvenuto (1993) Ottaviano Del Turco (1993–1994) Valdo Spini (1994)
Related articles	Italian Workers' Party Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party Fasci Siciliani Avanti! Critica Sociale Red Guards Marxism Revolutionary socialism Maximalists National syndicalism Reformist socialism Social democracy Democratic socialism Division over World War I National Liberation Committee Italian resistance movement Craxism Sigonella incident Banco Ambrosiano scandal Mani pulite
Derivatives	Italian Reformist Socialist Party Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria / Fasci Italiani di Combattimento / National Fascist Party / Republican Fascist Party Italian Communist Party / International Communist Party Unitary Socialist Party Maximalist Italian Socialist Party Socialist Unity Italian Democratic Socialist Party Italian Socialists / Italian Democratic Socialists / Socialist League Labour Federation Reformist Socialist Party Socialist Party / New Italian Socialist Party Italian Socialist Party (2007) Forza Italia (social-democrats faction) Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (social-democrats faction)
Alliances	Popular Democratic Front (1947-1948) Organic centre-left (1962-1976) Unified Socialist Party (1966-1971) Pentapartito (1981-1993) Alliance of Progressives (1994)

v t e Historical political parties in Italy
Communist	Proletarian Unity Party (1972–1984) Italian Communist Party (1921–1991) Proletarian Democracy (1978–1991) Party of Italian Communists (1998–2014)
Democratic socialist	Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party (1881–1893) Italian Workers' Party (1882–1892) Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (1964–1972) Democratic Party of the Left (1991–1998) Democratic Left (2007–2010) Left Ecology Freedom (2010-2016)
Green	Rainbow Greens (1989–1990) Federation of Green Lists (1986–1990) Federation of the Greens (1990–2021)
Social-democratic and liberal-socialist	Italian Reformist Socialist Party (1912–1926) Unitary Socialist Party (1922–1930) Action Party (1929–1947) Labour Democratic Party (1943–1948) Union of Socialists (1948–1949) Unitary Socialist Party (1949–1951) Unified Socialist Party (1966–1969) Italian Socialist Party (1892–1994) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (1947–1998) Labour Federation (1994–1998) Democrats of the Left (1998–2007) Italian Democratic Socialists (1998–2007) Article One (2017–2023)
Radical and social-liberal	Action Party (1853–1867) Italian Radical Party (1904–1922) Democratic Party (1913–1919) Social Democracy (1922–1926) Republican Democratic Concentration (1946) Radical Party (1955–1989) Democratic Alliance (1993–1997) The Network (1991–1999)
Centrist and centrist liberal	Constitutional Democratic Party (1913–1919) Italian Democratic Liberal Party (1919–1926) Democratic Union for the Republic (1998–1999) Union for the Republic Italian Renewal (1996–2002) The Democrats (1999–2002) Segni Pact (1993–2003) Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (2002–2007) Civic Choice (2013–2019) Liberal Popular Alliance (2015–2018)
Regionalist and federalist	Movement for the Independence of Sicily (1943–1951) Federalists and Liberal Democrats (1994–1996) Federalist Italian League (1995–1996) Great South (2011–2013)
Christian-democratic	Italian Catholic Electoral Union (1906–1919) Conservative Catholics (1913–1919) Italian People's Party (1919–1926) Christian Democracy (1943–1994) Italian People's Party (1994–2002) Christian Democrats for the Republic (1998) Christian Democratic Centre (1994–2002) United Christian Democrats (1995–2002) European Democracy (2001–2002) Christian Democracy for Autonomies (2005–2009) Union of Democrats for Europe (1999–2013)
Conservative-liberal	Liberal Union (1913–1922) Italian Liberal Party (1922–1994) National Democratic Alliance (1953–1954) Union of the Centre
Liberal-conservative	Economic Party (1919–1924) Forza Italia (1994–2009) The People of Freedom (2009–2013) Future and Freedom (2010–2014) New Centre-Right (2013–2017) Conservatives and Reformists (2015–2017) Direction Italy (2017–2019) Cambiamo! (2019–2022)
National-conservative	Common Man's Front (1946–1949) Monarchist National Party (1946–1959) People's Monarchist Party (1954–1959) Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (1959–1972) National Democracy (1977–1979) National Alliance (1995–2009)
Nationalist	Italian Nationalist Association (1910–1923) Combatants' Party (1919–1923) National Fascist Party (1921–1943) Republican Fascist Party (1943–1945) Italian Social Movement (1946–1995)
List of political parties in Italy 19th-century Italian political groups Early 20th-century Italian political parties 1950s–1990s Italian political parties Current Italian political parties

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF
National	United States France BnF data
Other	IdRef