John Wilkins

John Wilkins (January 1 1614 - November 19 1672), an English churchman, served as Bishop of Chester from 1668 until his death.

He was born at Fawsley, Northamptonshire, and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford (then Magdalen Hall). After ordination he became vicar of his home town of Fawsley in 1637, but soon resigned and became chaplain successively to Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Berkeley, and Prince Charles Louis, nephew of King Charles I and afterwards elector palatine of the Rhine.

In 1641, Wilkins published an anonymous treatise entitled Mercury, or The Secret and Swift Messenger. This small but comprehensive work on cryptography proved a timely gift to the diplomats and leaders of the imminent English Civil War. In 1648 he became warden of Wadham College, Oxford. Under him the college prospered extraordinarily, for, although a supporter of Oliver Cromwell, he remained in touch with the most cultured Royalists, who placed their sons in his charge. In 1659, Richard Cromwell appointed him master of Trinity College, Cambridge.

At the Restoration in 1660 the new authorities deprived Wilkins of the position given him by Cromwell; he gained appointment as prebendary of York and rector of Cranford, Middlesex. In 1661 he became preacher at Gray's Inn, and in 1662 vicar of St Lawrence Jewry, London. He became vicar of Polebrook, Northamptonshire, in 1666, prebendary of Exeter in 1667, and in the following year prebendary of St Paul's and bishop of Chester.

Possessing strong scientific tastes, Wilkins was the chief founder of the Royal Society and its first secretary. The Ballad of Gresham College (1663), an ode to the society, describes his efforts to create a universal "Philosophical Language":

He died in London of complications arising from his kidney stones.

His numerous written works include:

• An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (London, 1668), in which he proposes a new universal language for the use of natural philosophers
• The Discovery of a World in the Moone (1638)
• A Discourse Concerning a New Planet (1640)
• Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger (1641), the first English-language book on cryptography
• Mathematical Magick (1648)
• Of the Principle and Duties of Natural Religion (London, 1675).

• M E R C V R Y: The secret and swift Messenger Scan of original book
• Cromwell's moonshot: how one Jacobean scientist tried to kick off the space race
• "The Jacobean Space Program" Printable transcript of Gresham College lecture on Wilkins' space efforts
• The Analytical Language of John Wilkins (in Spanish and English) by Jorge Luis Borges
• MacTutor: John Wilkins
• The Discovery of a World in the Moon
• Galileo Project: Wilkins
• a Wilkins biography
• John Aubrey's Brief Lives - including a Wilkins entry
• Works by John Wilkins at Project Gutenberg
• The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight