Indonesian orthography
The Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System (Template:Lang-id, abbreviated EYD), also called the Perfected Spelling System (PSS), is the spelling system used for the Indonesian language. It is an orthography that was released in 1972 to replace the Republican Spelling System (RSS, also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS).[clarification needed] The aim was greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies.
Changes
Republican-to-EYD letter changes
| Changes | Republican | EYD | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| /tʃ/: tj becomes c | tjuma, katjang | cuma, kacang | only, peanuts |
| /dʒ/: dj becomes j | djual, edjaan | jual, ejaan | sell, spelling |
| /j/: j becomes y | ajam, pajung | ayam, payung | chicken, umbrella |
| /ɲ/: nj becomes ny | njonja, banjak | nyonya, banyak | madam, many |
| /ʃ/: sj becomes sy | sjair, masjarakat | syair, masyarakat | poem, people |
| /x/: ch becomes kh | tarich, achir | tarikh, akhir | era, end |
Foreign loan letters
Letters that have previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling.[1]
| Letters | Example | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| f | maaf, fakir | (I am) sorry, poor |
| v | valuta, universitas | currency, university |
| z | zeni, lezat | engineer, delicious |
Q and X
The letters "q" and "x" are still only used in scientific subjects.[1]
Examples:
- a:b=p:q
- Sinar-X (X-ray)
Affixes and prepositions
The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- is written together with the words that follow it, for example diambil, kehendak (is being taken, desire), while di and ke is written separately with the words that follow it, for example di rumah, ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it.[1]
Reduplication
Reduplication, mostly used in plural form of words, have to be fully written with letters, so the use of number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid.[1] (The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.)
| Republican | EYD | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| anak2 | anak-anak | children |
| ber-main2 | bermain-main | to play around |
| ke-barat2-an | kebarat-baratan | westernized |