Taruma people
 Painting of three Taruma Amerindians by George Catlin (1854-1875) | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Uncertain; descendants found among neighboring tribes | |
| Languages | |
| Various local languages & Taruma (endangered) | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Wai-wai, Tiriyó |
The Taruma (Saloema in Suriname; Tarənos in the Tiriyó language) are an indigenous people found in the northern Brazil, southern Guyana, and southern Suriname. They used to speak Taruma which is considered critically endangered.[1][2] The Taruma in Suriname have merged with the Tiriyó, in Brazil they merged with the Wai-wai.[3][4] The Wapishana village of Maruranau in Guyana still recognises the tribe.[5]
History
The Taruma used to inhabit the Kutari, Trombetas and the Paru de Oeste Rivers. They used to trade extensively with the Tiriyó people and the Ndyuka and specialised in hunting dogs.[2] The Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië of 1917 remarked that they should not be confused with the Taruma on the Essequibo River, because they spoke a different language;[2] however, they are probably the same people, and those living along the Essequibo had lost their language due to contact with the Wai-wai.[4][6]
In 1843, first contact was made by Robert Schomburgk at the source of the Trombetas.[2] In 1907, Claudius de Goeje led the Tumuk Humak expedition. The Ndyuka guides did not want to pass through the Taruma-held territory because of hostility between the two people, but de Goeje decided to contact the group, because he needed local guides to reach the Sipaliwini River.[7] In 1910 they were visited by Johan Eilerts de Haan as part of the Courantyne expedition who noted that the Taruma lived on the Kutari and the Tiriyó on the Sipaliwini.[8] In the 1930s there was a war between the Tiriyó and Taruma in the Suriname-Brazil border area which resulted in the Taruma moving further south into Brazil.[9] The Taruma have since been considered a lost tribe in Suriname.[10] In Guyana, they are also not listed as an Amerindian tribe.[11]
During the 1960s, the Amerindians in Suriname and Brasil were concentrated in larger villages by the North-American missionaries. In 1963 and 1964, they were visited by the anthropologist Peter Rivière. During a visit a Tiriyó told him: "Those Tiriyós in Alalapadu are not really Tiriyós, but Tarənos".[12] After investigating, it turned out that Taruma had merged with the Tiriyó and they presently have a minority presence in Kwamalasamutu, Suriname.[3] The Taruma on the Brazilian and Guyanese side had merged into the Wai-wai.[4] A group is living with the Wapishana in Maruranau, Guyana, and they are recognised by the Wapishana community.[5]
References
- ^ "Taruma". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d Herman Benjamins & Johannes Snelleman (1917). "Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië" (in Dutch). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 175.
- ^ a b Peter Rivière (1981). "A Report on the Trio Indians in Suriname". New West Indian Guide. The Hague: Nijhoff Publishers. p. 2.
- ^ a b c "Waiwai". Socio Ambiental. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Marora Naawa Village". Wapichanao @ Community Lands. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ William Curtis (1928). "The Central Caribs". New West Indian Guide (in Dutch). The Hague: Nijhoff Publishers. p. 92.
- ^ Claudius Henricus de Goeje (1908). "Verslag van de Toemoekhoemak-Expeditie (Tumac-Humac-Expeditie)". Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (in Dutch): 121–123.
- ^ Stacey Djojopawiro (16 December 2016). "Verslag der Corantijn-expeditie". Parbode (in Dutch). Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ Jimmy Mans (2012). "Amotopoan trails: a recent archaeology of Trio movements". University of Leiden. p. 175. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ "Indianen, Inheemsen". Suriname.nu (in Dutch). Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ "Amerindian Tribes of Guyana". 17 September 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ F.H.F. Oldenburger. "Baas Schmidt van Gansee" (PDF). Sipaliwini Savanna (in Dutch). pp. 2–4.