Seymour Papert

Seymour Papert
Seymour Papert (May 2006)
Born	(1928-02-29)February 29, 1928 Pretoria, South Africa
Died	July 31, 2016(2016-07-31) (aged 88) Blue Hill, Maine, United States
Nationality	American
Alma mater	University of the Witwatersrand Cambridge University University of Geneva
Known for	Artificial intelligence Logo programming language OLPC
Scientific career
Fields	Cognitive science Education Mathematics Computer science
Institutions	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Doctoral students	Idit Harel Caperton Carl Hewitt Mitchel Resnick David Williamson Shaffer Gerald Jay Sussman Terry Winograd

Seymour Aubrey Papert (February 29, 1928 – July 31, 2016) was a South African-born American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator, who spent most of his career teaching and researching at MIT.^[1] He was one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, and of the constructionist movement in education. He was co-inventor, with Wally Feurzeig, of the Logo programming language.

Papert attended the University of the Witwatersrand, receiving a BA in philosophy (1949) and a PhD in mathematics (1952). He then went on to receive another PhD, also in mathematics, at Cambridge University (1959), where he was supervised by Frank Smithies.^[2] He was a leading figure in the revolutionary socialist circle around Socialist Review while living in London in the 1950s.^[3] Papert was also a prominent activist against South African apartheid policies during his university education.^[1]

Papert worked as a researcher in a variety of places, including St. John's College, Cambridge, the Henri Poincaré Institute at the University of Paris, the University of Geneva, and the National Physical Laboratory in London before becoming a research associate at MIT in 1963.^[2] He held this position until 1967, when he became professor of applied math and was made co-director of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by its founding director Professor Marvin Minsky, until 1981; he also served as Cecil and Ida Green professor of education at MIT from 1974 to 1981.^[2]

Papert worked on learning theories, and was known for focusing on the impact of new technologies on learning in general, and in schools as learning organizations in particular.

At MIT, Papert went on to create the Epistemology and Learning Research Group at the MIT Architecture Machine Group which later became the MIT Media Lab.^[4] Here, he was the developer of a theory on learning called constructionism, built upon the work of Jean Piaget in constructivist learning theories. Papert had worked with Piaget at the University of Geneva from 1958 to 1963^[5] and was one of Piaget's protégés; Piaget himself once said that "no one understands my ideas as well as Papert".^[6] Papert has rethought how schools should work, based on these theories of learning.

Papert used Piaget's work in his development of the Logo programming language while at MIT. He created Logo as a tool to improve the way children think and solve problems. A small mobile robot called the "Logo Turtle" was developed, and children were shown how to use it to solve simple problems in an environment of play. A main purpose of the Logo Foundation research group is to strengthen the ability to learn knowledge.^[7] Papert insisted a simple language or program that children can learn—like Logo—can also have advanced functionality for expert users.

As part of his work with technology, Papert has been a proponent of the Knowledge Machine. He was one of the principals for the One Laptop Per Child initiative to manufacture and distribute The Children's Machine in developing nations.

Papert also collaborated with the construction toy manufacturer Lego on their Logo-programmable Lego Mindstorms robotics kits, which were named after his groundbreaking 1980 book.^[1]

Papert was married to Dona Strauss, and later to Androula Christofides Henriques.^[1]

Papert's third wife was MIT professor Sherry Turkle, and together they wrote the influential paper "Epistemological Pluralism and the Revaluation of the Concrete".^[8]

In his final 24 years, Papert was married to Suzanne Massie, who is a Russian scholar and author of Pavlovsk, Life of a Russian Palace and Land of the Firebird.^[1][9]

Papert (then aged 78), received a serious brain injury when struck by a motor scooter^[1] on 5 December 2006 while attending the 17th International Commission on Mathematical Instruction (ICMI) Study conference in Hanoi, Vietnam.^[10] He underwent emergency surgery to remove a blood clot at the French Hospital of Hanoi before being transferred in a complex operation by Swiss Air Ambulance Bombardier Challenger Jet to Boston, Massachusetts.^{[citation needed]} He was moved to a hospital closer to his home in January 2007, but then contracted septicemia which damaged a heart valve, which was later replaced. By 2008 he had returned home, could think and communicate clearly and walk "almost unaided", but still had "some complicated speech problems" and was in receipt of extensive rehabilitation support.^[11] His rehabilitation team used some of the very principles of experiential, hands-on learning that he had pioneered.^[12]

Papert died at his home in Blue Hill, Maine, on July 31, 2016.^[1]

Papert's work has been used by other researchers in the fields of education and computer science. He influenced the work of Uri Wilensky in the design of NetLogo and collaborated with him on the study of knowledge restructurations, as well as the work of Andrea diSessa and the development of "dynaturtles". In 1981, Papert along with several others in the Logo group at MIT, started Logo Computer Systems Inc. (LCSI), of which he was Board Chair for over 20 years. Working with LCSI, Papert designed a number of award-winning programs, including LogoWriter^[13] and Lego/Logo (marketed as Lego Mindstorms). He also influenced the research of Idit Harel Caperton, coauthoring articles and the book Constructionism, and chairing the advisory board of the company MaMaMedia. He also influenced Alan Kay and the Dynabook concept, and worked with Kay on various projects.

Papert won a Guggenheim fellowship in 1980, a Marconi International fellowship in 1981,^[14] the Software Publishers Association Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994, and the Smithsonian Award from Computerworld in 1997.^[15] Papert has been called by Marvin Minsky "the greatest living mathematics educator".^[16]

MIT President L. Rafael Reif summarized Papert's lifetime of accomplishments: “With a mind of extraordinary range and creativity, Seymour Papert helped revolutionize at least three fields, from the study of how children make sense of the world, to the development of artificial intelligence, to the rich intersection of technology and learning. The stamp he left on MIT is profound. Today, as MIT continues to expand its reach and deepen its work in digital learning, I am particularly grateful for Seymour’s groundbreaking vision, and we hope to build on his ideas to open doors to learners of all ages, around the world.”^[1]

Books

• Counter-free automata, 1971, ISBN 0-262-13076-9
• Perceptrons, (with Marvin Minsky), MIT Press, 1969 (Enlarged edition, 1988), ISBN 0-262-63111-3
• Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas, 1980, ISBN 0-465-04674-6
• Papert, S. & Harel, I. (eds). (1991) Constructionism: research reports and essays 1985 - 1990 by the Epistemology and Learning Research Group, the Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ablex Pub. Corp, Norwood, NJ.
• The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer, 1993, ISBN 0-465-01063-6
• The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap, 1996, ISBN 1-56352-335-3

• Papert's principle
• Constructivism (philosophy of education)

Biographical

• Seymour Papert short biography at MIT
• Professor Seymour Papert: Papert.org home page; includes a list of works by Papert
• Planet Papert articles by and about Papert
• Template:Dmoz
• 25 years EIAH’’, colloque EIAH 2003 [1]

Work

• Logo Foundation
• LEGO Mindstorms
• Logo Computer Systems Inc. firm cofounded by Papert
• Daily Papert

Interviews

• Interview from 11 July 2004, on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation network
• Video Interview with Seymour Papert from the Association for Computing Machinery
• Conférence vidéo, ‘’colloque EIAH 2003 [2]^{[dead link‍]}