Abdülmecid I

Template:Infobox Ottoman Sultan Sultan Abdülmecid I, Abdul Mejid I, Abd-ul-Mejid I or Abd Al-Majid I Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول ‘Abdü’l-Mecīd-i evvel) (23/25 April 1823 – 25 June 1861) was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839.^[1] His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdülmecid wanted to encourage Ottomanism among the secessionist subject nations and stop the rise of nationalist movements within the empire, but failed to succeed despite trying to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into the Ottoman society with new laws and reforms. He tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia. In the following Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations. Abdülmecid's biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat (Reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father Mahmud II and effectively started the modernization of Ottoman Empire in 1839.

Early life

He was born at Beşiktaş Sahil Palace or at Topkapı Palace, both in Constantinople.^[2]^[3] His mother was his father's first wife in 1839, Valide Sultan Bezmiâlem, originally named Suzi (1807 - 1852), a Circassian slave.^[4]

Abdülmecid received a European education and was a fluent speaker of the French language while being interested in literature and classical music like Abdülaziz who succeeded him. He was an advocate of reforms like his father Mahmud II, and was lucky enough to have the support of progressionist viziers like Mustafa Reşit Pasha, Mehmet Emin Ali Paşa and Fuat Pasha. Throughout his reign he had to struggle against conservatives who opposed his reforms. Abdülmecid was also the first emperor to personally listen to the public's complaints in special reception days, usually every Friday, without any middlemen. Abdülmecid toured the empire's territories to see in first person how the Tanzimat reforms were being applied; travelling to İzmit, Mudanya, Bursa, Gallipoli, Çanakkale, Lemnos, Lesbos and Chios in 1844. He toured the Balkan provinces in 1846.

Reign

When Abdülmecid succeeded to the throne, the affairs of the Ottoman Empire were in an extremely critical state. At the very time his father died, the news was on its way to Constantinople that the empire's army had been defeated at Nizip by that of the rebel Egyptian viceroy, Muhammad Ali. The empire's fleet was at the same time on its way to Alexandria, where it was handed over to the same enemy by its commander Ahmed Fevzi Pasha, on the pretext that the young sultan's advisers were sold to Russia. However, through the intervention of the European powers, Muhammad Ali was obliged to come to terms, and the Ottoman Empire was saved from further attacks while its territories in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine were restored.

Dolmabahçe Palace, the first European-style palace in Constantinople, was built by Abdülmecid between 1843 and 1856, at a cost of five million Ottoman gold pounds, the equivalent of 35 tons of gold. 14 tons of gold was used only to adorn the interior ceiling of the palace. The world's largest Bohemian crystal chandelier, a gift from Queen Victoria, is at the center hall. The palace has the largest collection of Bohemian and Baccarat crystal chandeliers in the world, and even the staircases are made of Baccarat crystal.

In compliance with his father's express instructions, Abdülmecid immediately carried out the reforms to which Mahmud II had devoted himself. In November 1839 an edict known as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane, also known as Tanzimat Fermanı was proclaimed, consolidating and enforcing these reforms. The edict was supplemented at the close of the Crimean War by a similar statute issued in February 1856, named the Hatt-ı Hümayun. By these enactments it was provided that all classes of the sultan's subjects should have security for their lives and property; that taxes should be fairly imposed and justice impartially administered; and that all should have full religious liberty and equal civil rights. The scheme met with keen opposition from the Muslim governing classes and the ulema, or religious authorities, and was but partially put in force, especially in the remoter parts of the empire; and more than one conspiracy was formed against the sultan's life on account of it.

The most important measures of reform promoted by Abdülmecid were:

Introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes (1840)
Reorganization of the army (1843-1844)
Adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag (1844)
Reorganization of the finance system according to the French model
Reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model
Establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye (1845) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament (1876)
Institution of a council of public instruction (1846)
Establishment of the first modern universities and academies (1848)
Abolition of an unfairly imposed capitation tax which imposed higher tariffs on non-Muslims (1856)
Non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers (1856)
Various provisions for the better administration of the public service and for the advancement of commerce

Another notable reform was that the turban was officially outlawed for the first time during Abdülmecid's reign, in favour of the fez. European fashions were also adopted in full swing by the Court. (The fez itself was later banned with the "Hat Law" in 1925 by the Republican National Assembly which had already abolished the sultanate and proclaimed the Turkish Republic in 1923).

Samuel Morse received his first ever patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861-1865 on the same location) in Constantinople, which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the new invention.^[5]

When Kossuth and others sought refuge in Turkey after the failure of the Hungarian rising in 1849, the sultan was called on by Austria and Russia to surrender them, but he refused. He also would not allow the conspirators against his own life to be put to death. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says of him, "Abdülmecid bore the character of being a kind and honourable man, if somewhat weak and easily led. Against this, however, must be set down his excessive extravagance, especially towards the end of his life."

In 1844 he created a new coin with that name and in 1852 he instituted the Order of the Medjidie.

The Ottoman Empire took its first foreign loans on 25 August 1854 during the Crimean War. This major foreign loan was followed by those of 1855, 1858 and 1860, which culminated in default and led to the alienation of European sympathy from Turkey and indirectly to the dethronement and death of Abdülâziz in the following years.

He was made the 717th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1856 and the 52nd Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword.

Abdülmecid died of tuberculosis (like his father) at the age of 39 in Constantinople on 25 June 1861, where he was buried, and was succeeded by his brother, Abdülâziz, the oldest survivor of the family of Osman.

Emblem

A popular tale says that in 1845, the onset of the Great Irish Famine resulted in over 1,000,000 deaths. Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid declared his intention to send 10,000 sterling to Irish farmers but Queen Victoria requested that the Sultan send only 1,000 sterling, because she had sent only 2,000 sterling. The Sultan sent the 1,000 sterling but also secretly sent 3 ships full of food. The English courts tried to block the ships, but the food arrived at Drogheda harbor and was left there by Ottoman Sailors.^[6]^[7]

Due to this the Irish people, especially those in Drogheda, are friendly to the Turks.^{[citation needed]}

Marriages and issue

He married many times and left several sons, of whom four eventually succeeded to the throne.

First marriage and issue

He married firstly in Constantinople on 1 August 1839 to Circassian or Georgian HH Valide Sultan Chevkefza, (Poti, 12 December 1820 - Constantinople, Ortaköy, Çırağan Palace, 13 November 1882 or 17 September 1889), and had:

Murad V
HIH Princess Aliye Sultan (20 October 1842 - 10 July 1844)

Second marriage and issue

He married secondly in Constantinople on 10 November 1841 to Armenian^{[citation needed]} HH Valide Sultan Tirimüjgün or Tirimüjgan Kadın Efendi (16 August 1819 - Constantinople, Fariya Palace, 3 October 1852 or 2 November 1853), and had:

Abdul Hamid II
HIH Princess Seniha Sultan (? - 1877), unmarried and without issue

Third marriage and issue

He married thirdly in Constantinople on 27 March 1843 to HH Valide Sultan Gülcemal Kadın Efendi, (Caucasus, 1826 - Constantinople, Ortaköy, Ortaköy Palace, 16 November 1851 or 29 December 1895), originally named Sofiya, a Circassian, and had:

HIH Princess Fatma Sultan (1 November 1840 - 29 August 1884), unmarried and without issue
HIH Princess Hadice Sultan (7 February 1842 - 1842), twin with the below
HIH Princess Refia Sultan (7 February 1842 - 4 January 1880), twin with the above, unmarried and without issue
Mehmed V
HIH Princess Rukiye Sultan (1850 - ?), unmarried and without issue

Fourth marriage and issue

He married fourthly in Constantinople on 10 June 1852 to Caucasian HH Verdicenan Kadın Efendi (Caucasus, 1826 - Constantinople, Beşiktaş, Beşiktaş Palace, 9 December 1889), and had:

HIH Princess Munire Sultan (Constantinople, 9 December 1844 - Constantinople, 29 June 1862), married in Constantinople on 31 July 1858 to HE Damat Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha Beyefendi (3 January 1836 - Constantinople, 9 September 1860), created Damat in 1858, and had issue:
- HH Prince Sultanzade Nail Ibrahim Beyefendi (1858 - Constantinople), died young
- HH Princess Emine Ibrahim Hanımsultan (Constantinople, 24 May 1858 - Bebek, Bosphorus, 19 June 1931), married in Cairo on 15 January 1873 to HH Muhammed Tewfik Pasha (Cairo, 30 April 1852 - Helwan, 7 January 1892), Khedive of Egypt and Sudan between 1879 and 1892, and had issue
- HH Princess Zeyneb Ibrahim Hanımsultan (Constantinople, 1858 - Cairo, 17 May 1918), married in 1880 to HH Prince Mahmud Hamdi Ismail Pasha (Cairo, 6 March 1863 - Cairo, 17 September 1921), and had issue:
  - HH Princess Münire Mahmud Hanım (Cairo, 18 July 1884 - 18 November 1944), unmarried and without issue
- HH Princess Tevhide Ibrahim Hanımsultan (1860 - Cairo, 1882), unmarried and without issue
HIH Prince Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin Efendi (Constantinople, Topkapı Palace, 6 August 1848 - Constantinople, Beşiktaş, Beşiktaş Palace, 26 April 1905), married at Dolmabahçe Palace on 23 April 1876 to HH Fatma Sezadil Hanım Efendi (Adapazarı, 1856 - 9 February 1943), and had issue:
- HIH Prince Şehzade Atiyetullah Efendi (1878 - 1878)
- HIH Princess Munire Sultan (Constantinople, Dolmabahçe Palace, 17 May 1880 - Nice, 7 October 1939 and buried there), married at Constantinople, Beşiktaş, Beşiktaş Palace, on 29 July 1907 to HE Damat General Mehmed Salih Pasha Beyefendi (1876 - Constantinople, 24 June 1913), created Damat in 1907, and had issue:
  - HH Prince Sultanzade Ahmed Kemaleddin Keredin Beyzade Beyefendi (Nişantaşı, Nişantaşı Palace, 18 June 1908 - Constantinople, 1987), unmarried and without issue

Fifth marriage and issue

He married fifthly in 1854 to Circassian HH Gülüstü Haseki Kadın Efendi and had:

HIH Princess Mediha Sultan (Constantinople, Beşiktaş, Beşiktaş Palace, 30 July 1856 - Menton, 7 January 1928), unmarried and without issue
Mehmed VI

Sixth marriage and issue

He married sixthly HH Aisha Sarfiraz Kadın Efendi (1837 - Constantinople, Ortaköy, Ortaköy Palace, 9 June 1905), and had:

HIH Prince Şehzade Sulaiman Selim Efendi (Constantinople, Dolmabahçe Palace, 12 January 1861 - Constantinople, Ortaköy, Ortaköy Palace, 16 June 1909), married firstly in 1885 to Filisan Kadın Efendi (1869 - 1947), and had one son, married secondly in 1886 to Amina Janidun Kadın Efendi, without issue, married thirdly in 1893 to HH Fatima Kadın Efendi (1871 - 1932), without issue, and married fourthly on 4 May 1895 to Ayscha Tarzandar Kadın Efendi (1880 - Constantinople, 1958), and had one daughter and one son:
- HIH Prince Şehzade Muhammed Abdul Halim Efendi (1894 - Paris, 26 May 1926), married in 1913 to HH Samiya Khanum Kadın Efendi (1896 - ?), and had issue:
  - HIH Princess Fatima Sultan (1920 -), married and issue.
  - HIH Prince Şehzade Chengis Efendi (Paris, 1925 - 10 October 1950)

- HIH Princess Emine Naciye Sultan (Constantinople, Ortaköy, Ortaköy Palace, 25 November 1898 - Istanbul, Nişantaşı, Nişantaşı Palace, 5 December 1957), married firstly in 1914 to HE Damat İsmail Enver Pasha Beyefendi (22 November 1881 - 4 August 1922), Minister of War between 1914 and 1918, and had issue, and married secondly in 1923 to HE Damat Mohammed Kamil Beyefendi (1900 - 1962), brother of her first husband, and had issue:
  - Dr. Mahpeyker Enver (1917-2000), married (div.), Dr. Fikret Urgup (1918- ), and had issue, 1 son.
    - Hasan Urgup
  - Turkan Enver (1919-1989), married H.E. Huvayda Mayatepek, Turkish Ambassador to Denmark, and had issue.
    - Osman Mayatepek, born 1950.
  - Capt. Ali Enver, born 1921, married and had issue. He died December 1971 in Australia.
    - Arzu Enver, born 1955.
  - Rana Killigil

- HIH Prince Shehzade Muhammed Sharifuddin Efendi (Constantinople, Ortaköy, Ortaköy Palace, 19 May 1904 - Beirut, 1966), married firstly at Constantinople, Nişantaşı, Nişantaşı Palace, on 14 November 1923 and divorced in 1927 as her first husband his cousin HH HIH Princess Hadice Sükriye Sultan Hanım Efendi (Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, 24 February 1906 - Cairo, 1 April 1972), without issue, and married secondly in Beirut in 1929 and divorced in 1956 HH Semahat Hanın Efendi (1911 - ?), and had issue:
  - HIH Princess Mubachal Sultan (1929 - 1993), unmarried and without issue

Seventh marriage and issue

He married seventhly HH Nalandil Haseki Kadın Efendi (1829 - Constantinople, Beşiktaş, Beşiktaş Palace, 23 December 1890), and had:

HIH Princess Seniha Sultan (22 November 1852 - Nice, 15 September 1931), unmarried and without issue