Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este

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Ferdinand I
Archduke of Austria-Este
Spouse	Maria Beatrice Ricciarda d'Este
Issue	Archduke Josef Franz Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia Archduchess Josepha Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria Francis IV, Duke of Modena Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph Maximilian, Grand Master of Teutonic Knights Archduchess Maria Antonia Karl, Archbishop of Esztergom Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria
House	House of Austria-Este
Father	Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Maria Theresa of Austria

Archduke Ferdinand Karl Anton Joseph Johann Stanislaus of Austria-Este (1 June 1754 – 24 December 1806) was a son of Holy Roman Emperor Franz I and Maria Theresa of Austria. He was the founder of the House of Austria-Este and Governor of the Duchy of Milan between 1765 and 1796. He was also designated as the heir to the Duchies of Modena and Reggio but never reigned owing to the Napoleonic Wars.

Ferdinand was born at the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna as the fourth son and fourteenth child of the Holy Roman Emperor Franz I and of his wife Maria Theresa of Austria.

In 1763 the last Este Duke of Modena Ercole III (who did not die until 1803) signed a treaty with the Empress Maria Theresa engaging the nine-year old Ferdinand to his only daughter Maria Beatrice, making him thus his heir. There had been an earlier treaty in 1753 making Ferdinand's older brother Peter Leopold the heir to the Duchy of Modena, but in 1761 Peter Leopold became heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany which required a change to the Modena agreement.

In 1771 the Imperial Reichstag approved the eventual investiture of Ferdinand with the imperial fiefs held by Ercole III.

On 15 October 1771 Ferdinand in effect married Maria Beatrice Ricciarda d'Este (7 April 1750-14 Nov 1829), only surviving child of Duke Ercole III of Modena and Reggio (although the marriage was not a requirement of Ferdinand's eventual succession).
Festivities arranged for this occasion included the operas Ascanio in Alba by Mozart and Il Ruggiero by Johann Adolph Hasse.

Ferdinand and Maria Beatrice Ricciarda had ten children:

• Josef Franz (1772-1772)
• Maria Theresa (1773-1832), married Victor Emanuel I, King of Sardinia
• Josepha (1775-1777)
• Maria Leopoldina (1776-1848), married Karl Theodor, Elector of Bavaria
• Francis IV (1779-1846), next Duke of Modena, married Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy
• Ferdinand Karl Joseph (1781-1850), Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian army during the Napoleonic Wars
• Maximilian Joseph (1782-1863), Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
• Maria Antonia (1784-1786)
• Karl (2 Nov 1785-2 Sept 1809). Archbishop of Esztergom, Primate of Hungary
• Marie Ludovika (1787-1816), married her first cousin Franz I, Emperor of Austria

Ferdinand became Governor of the Duchy of Milan on his marriage in 1771, as long as his father-in-law Ercole III d'Este still ruled the Duchy of Modena. He and his family lived in Milan.

In 1780 Ferdinand was confirmed Governor of Lombardy by his brother the new Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. In 1796 Napoleon's invasion of Milan forced the family to flee the French forces. Duke Ercole III also had to flee Modena which overthrew the monarchy and joined the Cisalpine Republic.

By the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 Duke Ercole III was granted the Duchy of Breisgau, a Habsburg territory in southwest Germany. When Ercole III died in 1803, Ferdinand succeeded as Duke of Breisgau, as well as Titular Duke of Modena and Reggio. By the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 Ferdinand ceded the Duchy of Breisgau to the Grand Duchy of Baden. Ferdinand died the following year in Vienna.

In 1814 Ferdinand's eldest surviving son Francis IV was recognised as Duke of Modena by the Congress of Vienna.