Battle of Schliengen

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Battle of Schliengen
Part of War of the First Coalition French Revolutionary Wars
The hilly terrain and deep forests complicated battle tactics.
Date 24 October 1796 Location Schliengen, Baden (Markgräflerland) Result Austrian victory over the French
Belligerents
French Republic	Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Austria
Commanders and leaders
Jean Victor Marie Moreau	Archduke Charles
Strength
32,000	24,000
Casualties and losses
1,200	800
Digby Smith. "Battle of Schliengen." Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Merchanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1998, p. 125–126.

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At the Battle of Schliengen (26 October 1796), both the French Republican Army commanded by Jean-Victor Moreau and the Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles of Austria claimed victories. The village of Schliengen lies close to the border of present-day Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland, in the Kreis Lörrach.

In the French Revolutionary Wars, Schliengen was a strategically important location for both armies. Control of the area gave either combatant access to southwestern German states and important Rhine river crossings. After retreating from Freiburg im Breisgau, Moreau established his army along a ridge of hills, in a seven mile line on heights that commanded the terrain below. Given the severity of the roads at the end of October, Archduke Charles could not flank the right French wing. The French left wing lay too close to the Rhine. Instead, he attacked the French flanks in force, which increased casualties for both sides.

Although the French and the Austrians claimed victory at the time, military historians generally agree that the Austrians achieved a strategic advantage. The French withdrew from the battlefield in good order and several days later crossed the Rhine River at Hüningen. The battle is commemorated on a monument in Vienna and on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the French Revolution as a dispute between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident, they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family; this Declaration of Pilnitz threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family.The French position became increasingly difficult. Compounding problems in international relations, French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution. On 20 April 1792, the French National Convention declared war on Austria. In this War of the First Coalition (1792–1798), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire.^[1]

Initially the Coalition forces achieved several victories at Verdun, Kaiserslautern, Neerwinden, Mainz, Amberg and Würzburg, but in 1795, a series of defeats at the hands of Jean Baptiste Jourdan pushed the Austrian force further east into Germany. Supporting Jourdan's right flank, Jean Victor Moreau even made a daring raid on the Bavarian capital of Munich. By late 1796, however, the theater of war had moved to the Rhineland, and Austria and France struggled for control of the river and its crossings.^[1]

The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the Swiss Cantons. Between Lake Constance and Basel, it is called the High Rhine (Hochrhein), and it cuts through canyons banked by steep hillsides; it rolls over gravel shores, and, in such paces as the former rapids at Laufenburg, in torrents.^[2] Just north-east of Basel, the terrain flattens. The Rhine makes a sharp northerly turn, in what is called the Rhine knee, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch (Rheingraben), part of a rift valley bordered by the Black Forest on the east and Vosges Mountains on the west. The plain on both sides of the river, some 19 miles (31 km) wide, was dotted with villages and small towns. The settlements nestle into the flood plain. At both far edges of the flood plain, especially on the eastern side, old mountains create dark shadows on the horizon. Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of the Black Forest, creating deep defiles in the mountains, and wend through the flood plain to the river.^[3]

The landscape was impressive, but rugged. A nineteenth century traveler described it, "The mountains in the vicinity [of Müllheim] are bold; the dark ravines contrasting with its sunny fronts offer some exquisite scenes. The Rhine...lay revealed before us for many a league, twisting and twining like a serpent of silver ... dotted with innumerable islands, and flowing through a most extensive plain, perfectly flat. Our elevation was considerable and the eye ranged over a great extent of country: Elsace [sic], in France, and the level country as far as Bingen, would have been seen to their furthest limits had not the distance melted the extreme verges into 'thin air'. Many were the villages, and hamlets, and woods sprinkled over the landscape...."^[4] The traveler described additional walks, in which the forest of dark pine bordered directly on the road, "checquered by glades in which browsed sheep and goats."^[5]

The Rhine River itself looked different in 1790 than it does today; the passage from Basel to Iffezheim was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875, and from 1927 to 1975, a canal was constructed to control the water level. In 1790, though, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places more than four or more times wider than today, even under regular conditions. Its channels wound through marsh and meadow, and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods.^[6] It was crossable at Kehl, by Strasbourg, and Hüningen, by Basel, where systems of bridges and raised roads made access reliable.^[7]

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On 20 October 1796, Jean-Victor Moreau's army of 20,000 united south of Freiburg im Breisgau with the troops of Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino, to defend the southwestern corner of the German states against the approaching Archduke Charles. Ferino's force was smaller than Moreau had hoped, bringing the total of the combined French force to about 32,000. His army was isolated from the flanking army of Jourdan, which had retreated toward Mainz, further to the north, so Moreau chose to organize a careful retreat toward Basel, planning to cross the river at Hüningen. A rear guard protected the retreat out of Freiburg im Breisgau, and the French retreated through the Rhine valley, with the river on one side, and the Black Forest on the other.^[8] The Archduke entered the Breisgau on 21 September, where he was joined by both the Army of Condé of Louis Joseph, Prince of Conde and the corps of General Michael von Fröhlich. His combined forces of 24,000 followed Moreau's rear guard from the Freiburg, southwest, to a line of hills stretching between Kandern and the river.^[9]

After a retreat of approximately 38 miles (61 km), Moreau halted at Schliengen and distributed his army in a 7.5 miles (12 km) semi-circle along a ridge that commanded the approaches from Freiburg. He placed his right wing, commanded by Ferino, at the neighboring heights of Kandern (altitude 1,155 feet (352 m)) and Sitzenkirch, and his left wing at Steinstadt.^[10] His center occupied the village of Schliengen (altitude 820 feet (250 m)), and his entire force guarded a front protected by a small stream, the 14 miles (23 km)-long Kander that flowed out of the mountains west of Kandern and plunged 755 feet (230 m) into the Rhine when it passed Steinstadt. For extra protection, Moreau also posted a body of infantry in front of his center.^[11]

The Imperial army, augmented by the Army of Condé under the prince's command, approached from Freiburg. One strategy would be to turn the French right flank, at Kandern. In the summer, with dry roads and long days, this might have been feasible, but in late October, after the fall rains, the roads would have been muddy and rutted, and nightfall came early. Rather than see his enemy slip from his grasp, Charles divided his army into four columns: the Condé's Emigré Corps formed the Right Column, and the Condé's grandson, Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, commanded its vanguard; the 2nd Column, commanded by Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg, included nine battalions and 26 squadrons; the 3rd Column, commanded by Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour, included 11 battalions and two regiments of cavalry. The Fourth, commanded by Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf, included the entire vanguard of Charles' Corps.^[11]

Charles ordered the first two columns, under the Prince Condé and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg, to keep the left wing of the French army in check, preventing it from swinging around the Imperial Army's rear in a flanking maneuver. The two larger columns, under Latour and Nauendorf, were to attack the French right wing in force, and to turn it so that the French army's back was to the Rhine. Despite specific orders to the contrary, the Conde's Corps grouped up the river at Neuburg and made a spirited attack on Steinstadt; they took the village with a bayonet charge and remained there under severe artillery and musket fire for the rest of the daylight hours. The second column, under command of Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg, formed at Müllheim, and took the hill opposite Schliengen, which also was heavily defended by General of Division Gouvion Saint-Cyr. Saint-Cyr tried several times to retake the position, but Fürstenberg's column clung to its prize throughout the day. Latour's column, divided into two smaller columns, took both the vineyards between Schliengen and Feldberg, about 6 miles (10 km) to the northeast 47°46′0.12″N 7°39′0.00″E / 47.7667000°N 7.6500000°E / 47.7667000; 7.6500000, dislodging the French after obstinate resistance; the second portion of Latour's column approached Eckenheim from the reverse angle, and forced a French contingent from the village.^[12]

Nauendorf had the most difficult march, and it was followed by grueling combat. He divided his column into several smaller groups, and approached Kandern from several sides, up the steep slopes by coordinating contact between his column and Latour's, using Maximilian, Count of Merveldt's regiment. He finished pushing the French from Kandern, and two hamlets beside it, and he sent a note to this effect to Latour. As the battle finished, a ferocious storm unleashed hail and wind. So ended the first day of the Battle of Schliengen, during which the Imperials had successfully taken both French flanks. Charles drew up his plans to attack the French center on the following morning.^[13]

Moreau realized his untenable position. If he remained, Charles could force him to turn to the Rhine, and trap him, or if he was lucky, his troops might hold the Imperials off for another day. There were hazards in that plan also: in the meantime, Charles could swing behind him and cut him off from the bridge at Hüningen. With a strong rear guard provided by Generals Jean Charles Abbatucci and Laboisies, in the night he abandoned his position and retreated part of the 84 miles (135 km) toward Hüningen.^[14] By 3 November he had reached Raltingen, and evacuated his troops the next day.^[15]

After Moreau withdrew into France, Charles laid out plans to besiege Kehl and Hüningen, the two major bridgeheads across the river. Moreau offered an armistice to Charles, which Charles was inclined to accept. An armistice would free him to send a portion of his army into Italy, to relieve Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser at besieged Mantua. The Aulic Council in Vienna refused the armistice, so Charles proceeded with his plans to besiege Kehl and Hüningen, moving north with the bulk of his force to conduct the Siege of Kehl, and leaving Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg to conduct the siege in the south by Basel. While the Austrians were besieging these bridges over the Rhine, Moreau sent 14 Demi-brigades into Italy to assist in the Siege of Mantua. Charles captured Kehl on 9 January 1797, after a two-month siege, and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg took Hüningen on 1 February. In Mantua, Wurmser surrendered on 2 February 1797, after 16,300 men were killed or died of sickness.^[16]

• Blanning, Timothy. The French Revolutionary Wars, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998,.
• Template:De icon Charles, Archduke of Austria. Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich. Wien, W. Braumüller, 1893–94.
• Dyke, Thomas, Jr. "Traveling memoirs during a tour through Belgium, Rhenish Prussia, Germany." Volume 1. London: Longman, 1834.
• Graham, Thomas, Baron Lynedoch.(?) The History of the campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy. London, 1797.
• Hansard, Thomas C.(ed.) Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1803, Official Report. Vol. 1. London: HMSO, 1803.
• Keppner, Thomas P. The Rhine. Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006, ISBN 9783540293934.
• Philippart, John. Memoirs, &c. &c. of General Moreau. London, 1814.
• Smith, Digby. Napoleonic Wars Data Book.Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1999.
• Template:De icon Volk, Helmut. "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue." Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg, Band 10, S. 159–167.

• Template:De icon Landnütnungsänderung als Folge der Rheinkorrektion. Rhine river map in 1790. This site has an English option. The map shows the complex web of islands and channels in the Rhine River in 1790.