José Martí

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José Martí
Occupation	poet, writer, nationalist leader
Nationality	Cuban
Literary movement	Modernismo

José Julián Martí Pérez (January 28, 1853–May 19, 1895) Born in Havana from Spanish parents, his short life was dedicated to gaining liberty: political independence for Cuba, and an intellectual independence for all Spanish Americans. Putting his ideology into practice, he dies in February 1895, participating in the invasion of Cuba. His works, a large series of poems, essays, letters and lectures, have always been marked to promote liberty. He is considered the national hero of Cuba and often referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence". In many literary circles he is considered the Father of Modernismo predating and influencing Rubén Darío and influencing other poets such as Gabriela Mistral.^[1]

José Julián Martí Pérez was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana, in the house #41, Paula St., to a Spanish Catalan father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Canary Islands. Martí was the oldest brother to seven sisters: Leonor, Mariana, Maria de Carmen, Maria de Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia y Dolores. He was baptized on February 12 in Santo Ángel Custodio church. When he was four years old, his family moved from Cuba to Valencia, Spain, but two years later they returned to the island where they enrolled José at a local public school, in the Santa Clara neighborhood, where his father worked as a prison guard. ^[2] In 1865, he enrolled in the Escuela de Instrucción Primaria Superior Municipal de Varones that was directed by Rafael María de Mendive. Menidive was an influential person in the development of Martí's political philosophies. In April of the same year, hearing the news of Abraham Lincoln's assassination, Martí and other young students through group mourning expressed their pain for the disappearance of a man who had decreed the abolition of slavery in the neighboring country. In 1866 he enters the Instituto de Segunda Ensañanza where Mendive fiananced his studies.^[3]

In September 1867 José signed up at the Escuela Professional de Pintura y Escultura de La Habana (Professional School for Painting and Sculpture of Havana), known as San AlejandroIn, to take drawing classes. He hoped to succeed in this work, but did not find commercial success. In 1867, he also entered the school of San Pablo, established and directed by Mendive, where he enrolled in the second and third years of his bachelor. From the beginning of his time in that school he helped Mendive in the school's administrative tasks. In April 1968, his poem dedicated to Mendive's wife , A Micaela. En la muerte de Miguel Ángel appeared in Guanabacoa's newspaper El Álbum.^[4]

Martí, unlike other children his age, had a great desire for the independence and freedom of Cuba. He started writing poems about this vision. At the same time, he was trying to do something to achieve this dream. When one of his friends joined the Spanish army, Martí and a friend wrote him a "reproving letter" which was later discovered by the authorities. This was proof to them that Martí was a rebel.^[5]

In 1869, he published his first political writings in the only edition of the newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo. That same year he published "Abdala," a patriotic drama in verse form in the one-volume La Patria Libre. His famous sonnet "10 de octubre" was also written during that year, and it was published later in his school newspaper.^[6] Despite this success, in March of that year, colonial authorities shut down the school, interrupting Martí's studies. He came to resent Spanish rule of his homeland at a young age; likewise, he developed a hatred of slavery, which was still practiced in Cuba.^[7]

On 21 October 1869, at age sixteen, he was arrested, then incarcerated in the national jail, following an accusation of treason from the Spanish government. More than four months later, Martí assumed responsibility of the charges and was condemned to six years in prison. His mother tried arduously to free her son (who at sixteen was still a minor) by writing letters to the government; his father went to a lawyer friend for legal support, but all efforts failed. Eventually Martí fell ill; his legs were severely lacerated due to the chains attached to him. Therefore, he was transferred by the General to another part of Cuba known as Isla de Pinos instead of further imprisonment. Following that, they decided to repatriate him to Spain.^[8] In Spain, Martí, who was 18 years old at the time, was allowed to continue his studies with the hopes that studying in Spain would renew his loyalty to Spain.^[9]

Since he was prohibited from coming to Cuba, Martí went to Mexico and Guatemala, where he teached and also wrote and always talking about Cuba's independence.^[10] In 1881, while in Venezuela, Marti founded the Revista Venezolana, or Venezuelan Review. The journal provoked the wrath of Venezuela's dictator, Antonio Guzman Blanco, and Marti was forced to leave for New York^[11].

For a short period of time, Martí was allowed to go back to Cuba. In Havana, Martí, once more, made a plan to gain independence from Spain. Once again, he was sent as a prisioner to Madrid.^[12]

His stay in Madrid would be short and he would move to New York.There he worked as a newspaper reporter and was also a correspondent for La Nación of Buenos Aires and for different journals of Central America^[13] especially La Opinion Liberal in Mexico City.^[14] At the same time, Martí wrote poems and translated novels to Spanish. He worked for Appleton and Company and, "on his own, translated and published Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona. His repertory of original work included plays, a novel, poetry, a children's magazine, La Edad de Oro, and a newspaper, Patria, which became the official organ of the Cuban Revolutionary party".^[15] Also, he worked very hard by serving as a consul for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. However,he mainly preached the "freedom of Cuba with an enthusiasm that swelled the ranks of those eager to strive with him for it"^[16]

Martí knew that the planning for the independence of Cuba needed careful planning and it would take time. This is why Martí refused to cooperate with Maximo Gomez and Antonio Maceo, two Cuban military leaders, when they wanted to invade immediately in 1884. Martí knew this was too early and later events proved him right.^[17]

The Cuban Revolutionary party was formally proclaimed on April 10, 1892, and Martí was elected as the President of the party. He appointed Gonzalo de Quesada as Secretary of the party.^[18]

In the same years, Martí, "often in ill health, travelled tirelessly between New York, FLorida, Jamainca, Costa Rica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Mexico seeking financial support and volunteers to arm an attempt to overthrow Spanish rule, which was becoming progressively more tyrannical toward the Cubans".^[19] Soon, plans were made and they were set to invade Cuba. However, "the conspirators were betrayed by one of their number... and the advance party was arrested January 12, 1895, and their arms confiscated."^[20]

File:Martistatue.jpg

Martí went from New York to Montecristi in the Dominican Republic on January 31. There he met General Máximo Gómez. Martí had persuaded Gómez to lead an expedition to Cuba. The expedition finally took place in February 24. A month later, Martí and Gómez declared the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution".^[21]

Before leaving for Cuba, Martí wrote his "literary will" on April 1, 1895, leaving his personal papers and manuscripts to Gonzalo de Quesada, with instructions for editing. Knowing that that majority of his writing in newspapers in Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would dissapate, Martí instructed Quesada to arrange his papers in volumes. The volumes were to be arranged in the following way: volumes one and two, North Americas; volume three, Hispanic Americas; volume four, North American Scenes; volume five, Books about the Americas (this included both North and South America; volume six, Literature, education and painting. Another volume included his poetry.^[22]

The invasion groups, headed by Máximo Gómez, left the Dominican Republic on April 1, 1895. Although there were delays and desertion by some members, they evetually got to Cuba. They landed at Playitas, near Maisi Cape, Cuba, on April 11. Once there, they made contact with the Duban rebels, who were headed by the Maceo brothers, and started fighting against Spanish troops.^[23]

José Martí was killed in battle against Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Ríos, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto, on May 19, 1895. Gómez had recognized that the Spaniards had a strong position between palm trees, so he ordered his men to disengage. Martí was alone and seeing a young courier ride by he said: "Joven, a la carga" meaning: "Young man, let's charge!" This was around midday, and he was, as always, dressed in a black jacket, riding a white horse, which made him an easy target for the Spanish. The young trooper, Angel de la Guardia, lost his horse and returned to report the loss. The Spanish took possession of the body, buried it close by, then exhumed the body upon realization of its identity. They are said not to have burned him because they were scared that the ashes would get into their throats and asphyxiate them. He is buried in Cementerio Santa Efigenia in Santiago de Cuba. Many have argued that Maceo and others had always spurned Martí for never participating in combat, which may have compelled Martí to that ill-fated suicidal two-man charge. Some of his Versos sencillos bore premonition: "No me entierren en lo oscuro/ A morir como un traidor/ Yo soy bueno y como bueno/ Moriré de cara al sol." ("Do not bury me in darkness / to die like a traitor / I am good, and as a good man / I will die facing the sun.")

The death of Marti was a blow to the "aspirations of the Cuban rebels,inside and outside of the island, but the fighting continued with alternating successes and failures until the entry of the United States into the war in 1898".^[24]

José Martí is usually honored as a great poet, patriot and martyr of Cuban Independence, but he was also a translator of some note. Although he translated literary material for the sheer joy of it, much of the translating he did was imposed on him by economic necessity during his many years of exile in the United States. Martí learned English at an early age, and had begun to translate at thirteen. He continued translating for the rest of his life, including his time as a student in Spain, although the period of his greatest productivity was during his stay in New York from 1880 until he returned to Cuba in 1895.

In New York he was what we would call today a "freelancer" as well as an "in house" translator. He translated several books for the publishing house of D. Appleton, and did a series of translations for newspapers. As a revolutionary activist in Cuba's long struggle for independence he translated into English a number of articles and pamphlets supporting that movement. In addition to fluent English, Martí also spoke French, Italian, Latin and Classical Greek fluently, the latter learned so he could read the Greek classical works in the original.

There was clearly a dichotomy in Martí's feeling about the kind of work he was translating. Like many professionals, he undertook for money translation tasks which had little intellectual or emotional appeal for him. De la Cuesta illustrates this nicely with a quotation in which Martí reflects on his translation projects in February 1883, writing to his sister Amelia: Anoche puse fin a la traducción de un libro de lógica que me ha parecido -- a pesar de tener yo por maravillosamente inútiles tantas reglas pueriles -- preciosísimo libro, puesto que con el producto de su traducción puedo traer a mi padre a mi lado.

Although Martí never presented a systematic theory of translation nor did he write extensively about his approach to translation, he did jot down occasional thoughts on the subject which are of value: yo creo que traducir es transpensar ... traducir es pensar en español lo que en su idioma ellos (los autores) pensaron ... traducir es estudiar, analizar, ahondar. His awareness of the translator's dilemma of the faithful versus the beautiful is evidenced in his belief that la traducción debe ser natural para que parezca como si el libro hubiese sido escrito en la lengua al que lo traduces, que en esto se conocen las buenas traducciones and ve pues el cuidado con que hay que traducir, para que la traducción pueda entenderse y resulte elegante - y para que el libro no quede, como tantos libros traducidos, en la misma lengua extraña en que estaba.^[25].

Since he was 15 years old, Jose Martí dedicated his life to the cause of Cuban independence. He was inspired early on by his patriot schoolmaster and poet Rafael María de Mendive at San Pablo College in Havana, who took young Martí under his wing and taught him at his own school, even helping him financially.^[26]. Also instrumental in his development of a social and political conscience was his best friend Fermín Valdés Domínguez, the son of a wealthy slave-owning family^[27]. When the Ten Years' War broke out in Cuba in 1868, clubs of supporters for the Cuban nationalist cause formed all over Cuba, and José and Fermín joined them. In 1869, José published a one-issue newspaper, La Patria Libre, to which he contributed a long dramatic poem, Abdala, about a fictional country called Nubia which struggles for liberation^[28].

José and Fermín were arrested in October 1869 when the Spanish Volunteers found a letter in Fermín's house, signed by both of them, accusing a former schoolmate of "apostasy" for joining said Spanish Volunteers. José's maltreatment at the hands of the Spaniards and consequent deportation to Spain in 1871 inspired a tract, Political Imprisonment in Cuba, which he published upon his arrival there. This pamphlet's purpose was to move the Spanish public to do something about its government's brutalities in Cuba and promoted the issue of Cuban independence^[29].

While studying at the Central University of Madrid, Martí openly participated in discourse on the Cuban issue, debating through the Spanish press and circulating documents protesting Spanish activities in Cuba. When the Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by the Cortes on February 11, 1873 reaffirmed Cuba as inseparable to Spain, Martí responded with The Spanish Republic and the Cuban Revolution and sent it to the Prime Minister, pointing out that this new freely elected body of deputies that had proclaimed a republic based on democracy had been hypocritical not to grant Cuba its freedom. He argued that "Cubans do not live as Spaniards live(...). They are nourished by a different system of trade, have links with different countries, and express their happiness through quite contrary customs. There are no common aspirations or identical goals linking the two peoples, or beloved memories to unite them (...). Peoples are only united by ties of fraternity and love."^[30]. He printed copies of this pamphlet, distributed them, and participated avidly in debates for the cause of Cuban independence.

Martí left Spain for Mexico and did what he could for the Cuban cause while there from 1875-6. He emphasized his total opposition to slavery and criticized Spain for failing to abolish the institution. When he returned shortly to Cuba in 1878, peace had been made in the Pact of Zanjón but Spain had made no changes to Cuba's status. Martí publicly voiced his pro-independence views and was involved in conspirational activities, until he was again deported to Spain. He made his way from Spain to New York, and joined General Calixto García's Cuban revolutionary committee. Here he supported Cuban independence freely, outlining his ideas in a speech to Cuban immigrants in Steck Hall, New York, on January 24, 1879. In it he stated that the war against Spain needed to continue, recalled the heroism and suffering of the Ten Years' War, and said that the war had qualified Cuba as a real nation with a right to independence. Spain hadn't ratified the conditions of the peace treaty, had falsified elections, continued excessive taxation, and failed to abolish slavery. Cuba needed to be free^[31]. A further effort to free Cuba was Calixto García's Guerra Chiquita (Little War) in May 1880, which was lost within a year and for which Martí had written the proclamation of war. Martí was cautious in his support of military leaders who wanted to free Cuba; he greatly feared that a military dictatorship would be established in Cuba upon independence, and emphasized the importance of a democratic republic. There was tension between him and his Cuban military compatriots in the revolutionary committee for this reason. These compatriots included Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo Grajales, military leaders from the Ten Years' War. He resigned from his commitment with Gómez and Maceo in 1884 because he thought Gómez was acting as if he eventually wanted to set up a military dictatorhip in Cuba^[32].

Martí's ideas for Cuba were different. Martĺ had proposed in a letter to Gómez in 1882 the formation of a revolutionary party, which he considered essential in the prevention of Cuba falling back on the Home Rule Party (Partido Autonomista)if all attempts at a solution involving Spain failed. The Home Rule Party was a peace-seeking party that would stop short of the outright independence that Martí thought Cuba needed. But he was aware that there were social divisions in Cuba, especially racial divisions, that needed to be addressed as well, as he stated in a letter to Maceo on July 20, 1882: "...the Cuban problem needs, rather than a political solution, a social solution [which] cannot be achieved except through mutual love and forgiveness between the two races(...).To create(...)a country where, despite its having had great experience of hatred, all its diverse elements will begin (...) to enjoy real rights..."^[33]. He thought war was necessary to achieve Cuba's freedom, despite his basic ideology of conciliation, respect, dignity, and balance. He thought the establishment of thepatria(fatherland) with good government would unite Cubans of all social classes and colours in harmony^[34]. Together with other Cubans resident in New York, Martí started laying the grounds for the Revolutionary Party, stressing the need for a democratic organization as the basic structure before any military leaders were to join. The military would have to subordinate themselves to the interests of the fatherland. Gómez rejoined Martí's plans, promising to comply .

At this point, Martí became increasingly alarmed about the United States' intentions for Cuba. The United States desperately needed new markets for its industrial products because of the economic crisis they were experiencing, and the media was talking about the purchase of Cuba by from Spain. Cuba was a profitable, fertile country with an important strategic position in the Gulf of Mexico. In an Interamerican Congress summoned in Washington in October 1889 to discuss U.S. position on Cuba, purchase, annexation, and seizure were discussed. Martí was strongly opposed to this expansionism, reiterating his constant position: full independence for Cuba and nothing else. The interests of Cuba's future lay with its sister nations in Latin America, and were opposite to those of the United States^[35]. In 1891 he relinquished his consular posts in New York (he was consul for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay) and gave up his columns in Spanish American newspapers to devote himself entirely to his campaign against Spain. He travelled to Florida, where he made speeches to Cuban expatriates, mostly tobacco workers, in Tampa and Key West, which would become important bases for the new Cuban campaign. Here, he refined his ideological platform, basing it on a Cuba held together by pride in being Cuban, a society that ensured "the welfare,and prosperity of all Cubans"^[36] independently of class, occupation or race. Faith in the cause could not die, and the military would not try for domination. All pro-independence Cubans would participate, with no sector predominating. From this he established the Cuban Revolutionary Party in early 1892.

The Cuban Revolutionary Party's 'Bases and Statutes' aimed at: 1) Winning absolute independence for Cuba and aiding that of Puerto Rico; 2) ordering a 'generous and brief war' that would ensure peace and happiness for all Cuba's inhabitants; 3) organizing this war so that it should be 'republican in spirit and methods', and lead to a society fulfilling 'in the historical life of the continent'; 4) ensuring that no 'authoritarian spirit and bureaucratic make-up of the colony' would exist in the new Cuba; 5)preventing any one particular group from having more power than other groups; 6) creating a harmonious fatherland with economic prosperity ensured by allowing outlets for the economic activities of all its inhabitants; 7) maintaining friendly relations with the U.S.; and, 8) bringing the above intentions through a set of concrete aims: to unite all Cubans living abroad, to bring together all factions inside and outside of Cuba, to prepare inside Cuba the knowledge and spirit of the revolution, to collect funds, to establish relations with friendly peoples to accelerate the success of the war, and finally, to organize the Cuban Revolutionary Party according to the secret rules agreed upon by the founding organizations^[37]. Elections within the party would designate positions within, the first being held April 8-10, 1892. Marti was elected delegado (delegate) for the Cuban Revolutionary Party in 1892. He was called the delegate because he refused to be called president ^[38].

From this moment, Martí and the CRP were devoted to secretly organizing the anti-Spanish war. Martí's newspaper, Patria, was a key instrument of this campaign, where Martí delineated his final plans for Cuba. Through this medium he argued against the exploitative colonialism of Spain in Cuba, criticized the Home Rule (Autonomista) Party for having aims that fell considerably short of full independence, and warned against U.S. annexationism which he felt could only be prevented by Cuba's successful independence^[39]. He specified his plans for the future Cuban Republic, a multi-class and multi-racial democratic republic based on universal suffrage, with an egalitarian economic base to develop fully Cuba's productive resources and an equitable distribution of land among citizens, with enlightened and virtuous politicians.

In 1895, when the revolutionary leaders inside Cuba said the time was right for the uprising to begin, Martí left New York and travelled to the Dominican Republic, where he and Máximo Gómez wrote and signed the Montecristi Manifesto, which publicized the goals of the revolution. They landed in Cuba and travelled as a political and military expedition, throughout which Martí, Gómez and Maceo debated about which exact role Martí would play in the new Republic in Arms. These experiences are recorded in his Campaign Diaries. In Cuba, he was greeted by the other revolutionaries as the President of the Assembly, which was premature, since the Assembly had not yet met; Martí was still a mere Delegate of the Cuban Revolutionary Party. This irritated Gómez, who Martí suspected of hijacking the revolutionary movement for his own purposes. From Martí's diaries, however, it seems evident that Martí would have reached the highest position in the future Republic of Arms^[40]. This was not to be, and Martí died before the Assembly was even set up, on the front lines of the war with the Spanish. Until his very last minute, Martí dedicated his life to achieve full independence for Cuba.

Among all the other well known modernist writers, Martí offers a more nineteenth century character, to Modernism and his contributions dispersed as articles, letters, discourses and diaries were fundamental for the renovation of the Spanish prose.

Martí had demonstrated an anti-imperialist attitude from a young age, and besides that he was conscious of the danger the United States created for Latin America). At the same time he recognized the advantages of the European or North American civilization open to the reformist forms that the Latin American countries lacked to detach it's self from the colonial heritage, Spain. Martí's distrust of north american politics had developed during the 80s, due to the intervention threats that loomed on Mexico and Guatemala, and indirectly on Cuba's future, which in that time it was really situated in danger, and that determined it's definitive analysis on the two realities in conflict. In his essays on Discurso de la Sociedad Literaria Hispanoamercana and Madre America (1891), he had referred to the " magnanimous warrior of the North" and to the "volcanic hero of the South" , and he had pointed out major differences that distant them starting from their origins.^[41]

Marti's attitude towards North American society have been marked by controversy. Some say it "have been used as examples of a profound Cuban-U.S. friendship, while others have underlined his bitter denunciations of North America" ^[42]

Marti's first observations of America were written while he worked in the newspaper The Hour. He was happy of finally being in a free democratic nation: "'I am, at last, in a country where everyone looks like his own master. One can breathe freely freedom being here the foundation, the shield, the essence of life'"^[43]

Another trait which Marti admired was the work ethic that characterized American society. On various occassions Marti conveyed his deep admiration for the immigrant-based society, "whose principal aspiration he interpreted as being to construct a truly modern country, based upon hard work and progressive ideas. Marti stated that he was "never surprised in any country of the world [he had] visited. Here [he] was surprised... [he] remarked that no one stood quietly on the corners, no door was shut an instant, no man was quiet. [He] stopped [him]self, [he] looked respectfully on this people, and [he] said goodbye for ever to that lazy life and poetical inutility of our European countries"^[44]

Marti found American society to be so great he thought Latin America should consider immitating America. Marti argued that if the US "could reach such a high standard of living in so short a time, and despite, too, its lack of unifying traditions, could not the same be expected of Latin America?"^[45]

Martí's essasys and articles occupy more than fifty volumes of his complete works. To this one should add his books of poem and novel. His proses were extensively read and influenced the modernist generation, speciallt Ruben Darió, whome Martí used to call "my son" when they met in New York in 1893.^[46] Martí did not publish any books: only two notebooks (cuadernos) of verses, in editions outside of the market, and a few more; almost all of them political. The rest (an enormous amount) was left dispersed in numerous newspapers and magazines, in letters, in diaries and personal notes, in other unedited texts, in frequently improvised speeches, some lost forever. Five years after his death, the first volume of his Obras was published in 1900. A novel appeared in this collection in 1911: Amistad funesta, which Martí had made known was published under a pseudonym in 1885. In 1913, also in this edition, his third poetic collection that he had kept unedited: Vesos libres. His Diario de campaña came out a lot later, in 1941. Later still, in 1980 Ernesto Mejia Sanchez produced a set of about thirty of Martí's s articles written for the Mexican newspaper El Partido Liberal that hadn’t been collected in any of his so called Obras completas editions. From 1882-1891, Martí collaborated in the La Nación newspaper of Buenos Aires. His texts from La Nación have been collected in Anuario del centro de Estudios Martianos.Template:P8^[47]

The first critical edition of Martí’s complete works began to appear in 1983 in José Martí: Obras completas. Edición crítica. The critical edition of his complete poems was published in 1985 in José Martí: Poesía completa. Edición critica.

Martí's style of reading is very important, but more importantly is how he uses that style to put in to service of his ideas, making "advanced" convincing notions like the history of America starts with the natives "the indian ruins" and that the governors of America should govern with the reality of the country y actually they should "learn indio".^[48] This same didactic spirit encourages him to establish a magazine for children, La Edad de Oro (1889). te short essay titled "Tres Heroes" (three heroes) is a representative of his talent to adapt his expression to his audience, in this case, to make the young reader conscious and amazed with the extraordinary bravery of the three men, Bolivar, Hidalgo, and San Martín. This is his style to teach delightfully.^[49] In his other essays, Martí appeals to the patriotic spirit of his readers. One can see this in El Congreso de Washington (1889), an essay disgised as a letter to the editor of La Nación of Buenos Aires to inform about the maneuvers in the U.S to control the creation of the Pan-American Union with the headquarters in Washington. the essay ends with a long description of a long voyage by train to impress the Latin American delegate, who that they didn't let to be taken, voting against the position of the United States.In his poetry, just as engaged, He shows his tender and simple spirit with his poems like "Yo soy un hombre sincero" in his Versos sencillos. ^[50]

Martí's fundamental works published during his life

• 1869 – Abdala
• 1871 – El presidio político en Cuba
• 1873 – La República Española ante la revolución cubana
• 1875 – Amor con amor se paga
• 1882 – Ismaelillo
• 1885 – Amistad Funesta
• 1889 – La edad de oro
• 1891 –Versos Sencillos
• 1895 – Manifiesto de Montecristi- coautor con Máximo Gómez

Martí's major posthumous master pieces

• Adúltera
• Versos libres

Template:Literature Portal

• List of Cuban American writers
• List of Famous Cuban-Americans.
• José Martí and the First International American Conference, about Martí's experiences at the First International Conference of American States
• Cuban War of Independence
• ΦΙΑ – A U.S. university fraternity that takes José Martí as one of its "five pillars"

• Alborch Bataller, Carmen (1995), "???", José Martí: obra y vida, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, Ediciones Siruela, pp. ??-??, ISBN 978-8478443000. By José Martí.

• Garganigo, John F.; Costa, Rene; Heller, Ben, eds. (1997), Huellas de las literaturas hispanoamericanas, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0138251000.

• Glickman, Robert Jay. Fin del siglo: retrato de Hispanoamérica en la época modernista. Toronto: Canadian Academy of the Arts, 1999.

• Gray, Richard B. (April 1966), "The Quesadas of Cuba: Biographers and Editors of José Martí y Pérez", The Americas, 22 (4): 389–403, retrieved 2008-10-30{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.)

• Jones, Willis Knapp (December 1953), "The Martí Centenary", The Modern Language Journal, 37 (8): 398–402, retrieved 2008-10-30{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.)

• Mañach, Jorge. Martí: Apostle of Freedom. Translated from Spanish by Coley Taylor, with a preface by Gabriela Mistral. New York, Devin-Adair, 1950.

• Martí, José. Obras Completas, Volume 6: Nuestra América. La Habana: Editorial Nacional de Cuba, 1963.

• Martí, José. Inside the Monster. Philip S. Foner, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975, pp. 29-30.

• Martí, José. Argentina y la Primera Conferencia Panamericana, edited by Dardo Cúneo. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Transición, nd.

• José Martí: Architect of Cuba's Freedom, London: Zed Books, 1986, ISBN 978-0862325107 {{citation}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Text "Turton" ignored (help).

• Template:Sp icon Portal José Martí - Cuban website
• Template:Sp icon Las ideas republicanas de José Martí
• Template:Sp icon La Pagina de José Martí
• Template:Sp icon José Martí's Forum-Foro de José Martí (In Spanish & English)
• Template:Sp icon Iconografía Martiana
• José Martí, The End of a Myth? by Maarten Van Delden en Literal. Latin American Voices
• Works that can be read at Biblioteca Virtual Manuel de Cervantes
• Lecture on José Martí's years in New York (1878-1895) by Francisco Goldman, from the Key West Literary Seminar, 2004
• Works by José Martí at Project Gutenberg
• Chautauquan Performer, scholar and actor Chaz Mena introduces José Martí to North American Audiences

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