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Russians
(Русские)
File:FamousEthnicRussians.jpg
Regions with significant populations
 Russia: 115,889,000[1]
 Ukraine8,334,000[2]
 Kazakhstan4,480,000[3]
 Belarus1,142,000[4]
 United States750,000[5]
 Uzbekistan700,000[6]
 Latvia646,567[7]
 Kyrgyzstan604,000[8]
 Moldova500,000[9]
 Estonia352,000[10]
 Lithuania220,000[11]
 Germany178,600[12]
 Canada158,850[13]
 Azerbaijan144,000[14]
 Turkmenistan142,000[15]
 France115,000 [citation needed]
 United Kingdom100,000[16]
 Argentina100,000[citation needed]
 Brazil70,000[17]
 Tajikistan68,200[18]
 Georgia67,671[19]
 Australia60,200[20]
 Paraguay55,000[21]
 Cuba50,200[22]
 Finland33,401[23]
 Romania30,000[24]
 China15,600[25]
 Bulgaria15,595[26]
 Armenia14,660[27]
Languages
Russian
Religion
Predominantly Russian Orthodox. Some Russians are Old Believers (a relatively small group of Orthodox Christians). Small minority of Russians are Protestants. Many consider themselves Agnostics or Atheists.
Related ethnic groups
Other Slavic peoples, especially East Slavs (Belarusians, Ukrainians, Rusyns).

Russians (Template:Lang-ru ) are an East Slavic ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.

The English term Russians is also used to refer to citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity (see demographics of Russia for information on other nationalities inhabiting Russia); in Russian, this meaning is covered by term Rossiyanin (Россиянин, plural Rossiyane). According to 2002 census, ethnic Russians make up about 79% of the population of Russia [27].

Origins

Russians predecessors were the medieval East Slavic nation Rus’, who were also the predecessors of Belarusians and Ukrainians.

Very little is known about the Russians and East Slavs in general prior to approximately 859 AD, the date from which the account in the Primary Chronicle (a history of the Ancient Rus from around 850 to 1110 originally compiled in Kiev about 1113) starts.

By 600 AD, the Slavs had split linguistically into southern, western, and eastern branches. The East Slavs flooded Eastern Europe in two streams. One group of tribes settled along the Dnieper river in what is now Ukraine; they then spread northward to the northern Volga valley, east of modern-day Moscow and westward to the basins of the northern Dniester and the Southern Buh rivers in present-day Moldova and southern Ukraine.

Another group of East Slavs moved from Pomerania to the northeast, where they encountered the Varangians of the Rus' Khaganate and established an important regional centre of Novgorod. The same Slavic population also settled the present-day Tver Oblast and the region of Beloozero. Having reached the lands of the Merya near Rostov, they linked up with the Dnieper group of Slavic migrants.

Emergence of Russian ethnicity

File:RussianChildrenOnAHillside.jpg
A group of Russian children, 1909. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii.

Early ancestors of the Russians were East Slavic tribes who migrated to the East European Plain in the early Middle Ages. Most prominent Slavic tribes in the area of modern European Russia included Vyatichs, Krivichs, Radimichs, Severians and Ilmen Slavs. By the 11th century East Slavs assimilited Finno-Ugric tribes Merya and Muroma and Baltic tribe Eastern Galindae who also used to populate the same area (modern Central Russia).

Ethnic Russians known as Great Russians (as oppose to White Russians and Little Russians) began to be recognized as a distinct ethnic group in the 15th century, when they were referred to as Muscovite Russians, during the consolidation of Muscovy Tsardom as a regional power. Between 12th and 16th century Russians known as Pomors migrated to Northern Russia and settled White Sea coasts. As a result of the migrations and Russian conquests (following liberation from the Mongol Golden Horde domination) during 15th-16th centuries Russians settled the Volga, Urals and Northern Caucasus regions. Between 17th and 19th centuries Russian migrants settled the vast sparsely inhabited areas in Siberia and Russian Far East. A major role in these territorial expansions and migrations was played by the Russian Cossacks.

According to most ethnologists ethnic Russians originated from the earlier Rus' people (East Slavs of Kievan Rus), and gradually evolved into a different ethnicity from the western Rus people who became the modern-day Belarusians and Ukrainians. Between 15th and 18th centuries modern Russian language gradually developed from the Old East Slavic and Church Slavonic languages. Some ethnologists maintain that Russians were a distinct Slavic group even before the time of Kievan Rus. Others believe that the distinguishing feature of the Russians is not primarily their separation from Western Rus, but that ethnic Russians are a mix of East Slavic and non-Slavic (for example Finno-Ugric, Germanic, and Baltic) tribes. However, the origin of the Slavic peoples is itself a matter on which there is no consensus.

They were classified as a Narodnost in the First All Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926.

Population

Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe and one of the largest in the world with a population of about 140 million people worldwide. Roughly 116 million ethnic Russians live in Russia and about 20 million more live in the neighboring countries. A relatively significant number of Russians, around 3 million, live elsewhere in the world, mostly in the Americas and Western Europe, but also in other places of Eastern Europe, Asia and elsewhere.

File:Russians.jpg
Russians in traditional dress

Culture

Main article: Russian culture

Russian culture is one that is rich and colorful. Russians have a rich cuisine. Russian art is very important and considered by many to be unique and some of the most important painters in the world are Russian. Russians are also known for their sense of humour. Russian literature was greatly influential to world literature. Russians also gave the classical music world some very famous composers.

Language

Main article: Russian language

Russian ([[:Media:Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg|русский язык]] (help·info), transliteration: Russkiy yazyk, [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk]) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three (or, according to some authorities, four) living members of the East Slavic languages, the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn, often considered a dialect of Ukrainian).

Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onwards, and while Russian preserves much of East Slavonic grammar and a Common Slavonic word base, modern Russian exhibits a large stock of borrowed international vocabulary for politics, science, and technology. Due to the status of the Soviet Union as a super power, Russian had great political importance in the 20th century, and is still one of the official languages of the United Nations.

Russian has palatal secondary articulation of consonants, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found in almost all consonant phonemes and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction, or drawling, of unstressed vowels, not entirely unlike a similar process present in most forms of English. Stress in Russian is generally quite unpredictable and can be placed on almost any syllable, one of the most difficult aspects for foreign language learners.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Russia

Orthodox Christianity is a dominant faith among the Russian people. More specifically, the vast majority of Russian believers belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, which played a vital role in the development of Russian national identity. In other countries Russian faithful usually belong to the local Orthodox congregations which either have a direct connection (like the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, autonomous under the Patriarch of Moscow) or historical origin (like the Orthodox Church in America or a Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia) with the Russian Orthodox Church.

Even non-religious Russian people mostly associate themselves with Orthodox faith for cultural reasons. Some Russian people are Old Believers: a relatively small schismatic group of the Russian Orthodoxy that rejected the liturgical reforms introduced in the 17th century.

Despite continuing growth in religious observance since Soviet times, church attendance rates in Russia are relatively low.

Other world religions have negligible representation among ethnic Russians. The most prominent are Baptists with over 85 000 Russian adherents.[28] others are mostly Pentecostals, Evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists.

For the last decades the Slavic paganism seems to gain certain popularity and there are many web-sites dedicated to the study of the Slavic mythology.[29][30][31]

Russians outside of Russia

Main article: Russian diaspora

Ethnic Russians historically migrated throughout the area of former Russian Empire and Soviet Union, sometimes encouraged to re-settle in borderlands by Tsarist and later Soviet government. On some occasions ethnic Russian communities such as Lipovans who settled in Danube delta or Doukhobors in Canada immigrated as religious dissidents fleeing the central authority.

After the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War starting in 1917, many Russians were forced to leave their homeland fleeing the Bolshevik regime, and millions became refugees. Many white emigrés were participants in the White movement, although the term is broadly applied to anyone who may have left the country due to the change in regime.

Today largest ethnic Russian diasporas outside of Russia live in former Soviet states such as Ukraine (about 8 million), Kazakhstan (about 4.5 million), Belarus (about 1.2 million), Latvia (about 700,000), Uzbekistan (about 650,000) and Kyrgyzstan (about 600,000). Over a million of Russian Jews emigrated to Israel during and after the Refusenik movements, some brought ethnic Russian relatives along with them. There are also small Russian communities in the Balkans, Eastern and Central European nations such as Germany, as well as in China, Latin America and Australia. These communities may identify themselves either as Russians or citizens of these countries, or both, to varying degrees.

The governments and the majority public opinion in Estonia and Latvia, which has the largest share of ethnic Russians among the Baltic countries, hold the view that many of the ethnic Russians arrived in these countries as part of a Soviet-era colonization and deliberate Russification by changing the countries' ethnic balance. Among the many Russians who arrived during the Soviet era most came there for economic reasons, or in some cases, because they were ordered to move.

People who had arrived to Latvia and Estonia during the Soviet era, mostly Russians, were only provided with an option to acquire naturalised citizenship which required passing a test demonstrating knowledge of the national language as well as knowledge of the country's history and customs. The language issue is still contentious, particularly in Latvia, where ethnic Russians have protested against plans to educate them in the national language instead of Russian. Since 1992, Estonia has naturalized some 137,000 residents of undefined citizenship, mainly ethnic Russians 136,000, or 10 percent of the total population, remain without citizenship.

Ethnic Russians in former Soviet Union states

Although not among the largest immigrant groups, significant numbers of Russians emigrated to Canada, Australia, the United States and Brazil. Brighton Beach, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, is an example of a large community of recent Russian immigrants. Another one is in Sunny Isles Beach, a northern suburb of Miami. At the same time, many ethnic Russians from former Soviet territories have emigrated to Russia itself since the 1990s. Many of them became refugees from a number of states of Central Asia and Caucasus (as well as from the separatist Chechen Republic), forced to flee during political unrest and hostilities towards Russians.

Both the European Union and the Council of Europe, as well as the Russian government, expressed their concern during the 1990s about minority rights in several countries, most notably Latvia. In Moldova, the Russian-dominated Transnistria region broke away from government control amid fears the country would soon reunite with Romania. In June of 2006 Russian President Vladimir Putin announced the plan to introduce national policy aiming at encouraging ethnic Russian to immigrate to Russia. [28]

Russian Chinese

After the Russian Revolution in 1917, many Russians who were identified with the White army moved to China — most of them settling in Harbin. Many of these Russians had to move back to the Soviet Union after World War II. Today, a big group of people in northern China can still speak Russian.

Russians (eluosizu) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China (as the Russ), and there are approximately 15,600 Russian Chinese living mostly in northern Xinjiang, and also in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang. See also Harbin Russians and China Far East Railway.

Contribution to humanity

Russian people have greatly contributed to the world of science and arts. Notable Russian scientists include Dmitri Mendeleev, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Alexander Lodygin, Pavel Yablochkov, Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Ivan Kulibin, Vladimir Zworykin, Sergey Korolyov, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, and Mikhail Lomonosov.

Thanks to writers such as Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev, Anton Chekhov, Alexander Pushkin, and many more, Russian Literature is considered to be among the most influential literature in the world. In the field of the novel, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky in particular were titanic figures, and have remained internationally renowned, to the point that many[dubious – discuss] scholars have described one or the other as the greatest novelist ever.[32]

Great Russian composers include Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Dmitri Shostakovich, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Sergei Prokofiev and Sergei Rachmaninoff.

A fact which the Russian people are proud of is the large part, larger than anybody elses part[dubious – discuss], that the Russian people had in the victory over Nazi Germany at World War II. During the war, the Soviet Union lost around 27 million citizens (most of them Russian), about half of all World War II casualties[citation needed] and the vast majority of allied casualties. The Eastern Front contained more combat than all the other European fronts combined; the German army suffered 80% to 93% of all casualties there[citation needed]. It was on the Eastern Front that the war was won or lost, for if the Red Army had not succeeded against all the odds in halting the Germans in 1941 and then inflicting the first major defeats at Stalingrad and Kursk in 1943, it is difficult to see how the western democracies, Britain and the US, could have expelled Germany from its new empire.[33]

See also

References and notes

  1. ^ (2002 census)[1]
  2. ^ (2001 census) [2]
  3. ^ (1999 census)[3]
  4. ^ (1999)[4]
  5. ^ (2006)[5]
  6. ^ (2005) [6]
  7. ^ (2007)[7]
  8. ^ (1999) [8]
  9. ^ (2004)[9]
  10. ^ (2000) [10]
  11. ^ (2001)[11]
  12. ^ (2003)[12]
  13. ^ [13]
  14. ^ [14]
  15. ^ [15]
  16. ^ [16]
  17. ^ (2005)[17]
  18. ^ (2000)[18]
  19. ^ (2002 census)[19]
  20. ^ [20]
  21. ^ (2005)
  22. ^ [21]
  23. ^ (2002 census)[22]
  24. ^ [23]
  25. ^ (2000 census)[24]
  26. ^ (2002 census) [25]
  27. ^ (2002 census) [26]
  28. ^ Adherents.com statistics
  29. ^ "A web-site with information about current pagan activity in Russia" (in Russian).
  30. ^ "A site with a lot of information on Slavic Paganism" (in Russian).
  31. ^ "A Slavic spiritualism site calling for returning to the roots" (in Russian).
  32. ^ "Russian literature." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 July 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29157>.
  33. ^ WWII historian Richard Overy, We must not forget how war was won.

Online references

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