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Mottled petrel

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Mottled petrel
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Procellariiformes
Family: Procellariidae
Genus: Pterodroma
Species:
P. inexpectata
Binomial name
Pterodroma inexpectata
Synonyms

Procellaria inexpectata J. R. Forster, 1844

Procellaria raolensis Bonaparte, 1857 (nomen novum)

Procellaria gularis Peale, 1848

Procellaria affinis Buller, 1874

Aestrelata fisheri Ridgway, 1883

Aestrelata scalaris Brewster, 1896

Procellaria lugens Mathews, 1912

Pterodroma neglus Mathews, 1928 (nomen novum)

Pterodroma inexpectata thompsoni Mathews, 1915

The mottled petrel (Pterodroma inexpectata) or kōrure is a species of seabird and a member of the gadfly petrels. It usually attains 33 to 35 cm (13–14 in) in length with a 74 to 82 cm (29–32 in) wingspan.

This species is highly pelagic, rarely approaching land, except to nest and rear young. The mottled petrel feeds mostly on fish and squid, with some crustaceans taken. It is a transequatorial migrant, breeding in the islands of New Zealand, and migrating to the Bering Sea, concentrating in the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands.

It was previously found on mainland New Zealand North and South Islands, but is now only found on smaller off-shore islands near Fiordland, Stewart Island and Snares Islands, with the largest populations on Codfish Island, Big South Cape Island and the Snares Islands.[2]

The mottled petrel uses burrows and rock crevices to nest in. It was formerly more numerous than today. The species' numbers have been and continue to be affected by predation by introduced mammals. Chicks have been reintroduced to Maungaharuru, hills 24 km from the sea, in Hawke's Bay.[3]

Breeding:

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The breeding behaviour of the mottled petrel is similar to that of the sooty shearwater (Adrenna grisea).[4] Adults return to the nesting islands in late October.[5] The beginning of the breeding season ranges between November 21st to December 10th  with the laying season lasting nineteen days.[4] They breed on many islands, including Whero Island, Big South Cape Island, and Snaves Island.[4] Big South Cape Island, located off Stewart Island, holds most of the population of New Zealand’s mottled petrel.[4]

Nests can be found in secluded burrows surrounded by vegetation containing only a single egg.[4] The eggs of the mottled petrel are relatively large in proportion to the size of the bird.[4] The mean length of the eggs being 58.6mm ± 1.5, with a mean width of 42.7mm ± 0.77, and a mean weight of 53.2g ± 3.2.[4] This makes the adult bird only six times heavier than the egg.[4] The incubation period lasts around fifty-four days, with the last of the eggs hatching mid-February.[4]

Parent birds only return to their nests at night after their egg has hatched.[4] Chicks are brooded for two days.[5] They fledge when they are 90-105 days old, the last of the chicks departing in June.[5] The weight of the chicks increased by 66grams within six days.[4] Both parents feed their chick, and the chicks are fed at night.[4]

Migration:

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The mottled petrel is the only gadfly petrel that is seen far south in the Antarctic and Pacific Arctic waters.[6] They migrate at a steady, fast pace, they start heading north in May and the migratory period lasts about 1.5 months.[7], [8] They are seen migrating to different areas in the north pacific, depending on water temperature and where their prey is most abundant.[7] P. inexpectata migrate alone or in pairs, showing their solitary nature.[7]

Foraging and Feeding:

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P. inexpectata feast alone, not joining in with other species, and they feed at night.[6] They eat fish, squid, and krill, and forage by surface seizing tactics.[6] Mottled petrels are cope with prey limitations better than other breeding procellariforms.[9]

Mottled petrels have a high latitude foraging niche along the edge of the Antarctic pack ice during breeding season.[10] They also tend to go on long foraging trips.[10]

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Pterodroma inexpectata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697963A132615071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697963A132615071.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Colin Miskelly; Dafna Gilad; Graeme Arthur Taylor; Alan Tennyson; Susan M. Waugh (2019). "A review of the distribution and size of gadfly petrel (Pterodroma spp.) colonies throughout New Zealand". Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 30. Te Papa: 99–177. ISSN 1173-4337. Wikidata Q106839633.
  3. ^ Brownlie, Kaysha (18 April 2016). "Korure settling into new home". Hawke's Bay Today. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Richdale, L. E (1964). "NOTES ON THE MOTTLED PETREL PTERODROMA INEXPECTATA AND OTHER PETRELS". IBIS. 106 (1): 110–114. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1964.tb03684.x.
  5. ^ a b c Warham, John; Keeley, Bruce; Wilson, Graham J. (1997). "Breeding of the Mottled Petrel". The Auk. 94 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1093/auk/94.1.1 (inactive 2024-11-12).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  6. ^ a b c Harper, Peter C. (1987). "Feeding behaviour and other notes on 20 species of Procellariiformes at sea". Notornis. 34 (3): 169–192.
  7. ^ a b c Nakamura, Kazue; Tanaka, Yutaka (1997). "Distribution and migration of two species of Petrel in the North Pacific Ocean". Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 9 (1): 112–120. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.9.112.
  8. ^ Hamo, Ogii; Newcomer, Michael W.; Fujimara, Hitoshi; Shiratori, Senichi (1999). "Seasonal Distribution of the Mottled Petrel". Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 50 (2): 45–59.
  9. ^ Sagar, Rachel. 2019. “Foraging Ecology & Conservation Physiology of the Mottled Petrel, Pterodroma inexpectata, with Applications for Maximising the Success of Petrel Conservation.”
  10. ^ a b Sagar, Rachael L., Antje Leseberg, Ken Hunt, Kahori Nakagawa, Brendon Dunphy, and Matt J. Rayner. 2015. “Optimising translocation efforts of Mottled Petrels (Pterodroma inexpectata): growth, provisioning, meal size and the efficacy of an artificial diet for chicks.” Emu-Austral Ornithology 115 (2): 137-145.
  • "National Geographic" Field Guide to the Birds of North America ISBN 0-7922-6877-6
  • Seabirds, an Identification Guide by Peter Harrison, (1983) ISBN 0-7470-1410-8
  • Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol 1, Josep del Hoyo editor, ISBN 84-87334-10-5
  • "National Audubon Society" The Sibley Guide to Birds, by David Allen Sibley, ISBN 0-679-45122-6
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