Phanagoroloxodon

Phanagoroloxodon; Temporal range: Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Drawing of the skull in various views
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Proboscidea
Family:	Elephantidae
Genus:	†Phanagoroloxodon; Garutt, 1957
Species:	†P. mammontoides
Binomial name
	†Phanagoroloxodon mammontoides; Garutt, 1957

Phanagoroloxodon is a genus of extinct elephant. It is known from one species, Phanagoroloxodon mammontoides, which is described from a partial skull from Russia, of probable Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene age.^[1]^[2]

History of discovery

The holotype of Phanagoroloxodon was found on the banks of the Psekups river in the northwestern Caucasus of Russia, and was given to the Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Memorial Museum-Reserve by I.N. Chistyakov in 1885.^[2] It was found in the museum's collections by Wadim E. Garutt in 1957, and was named in that same year.^[1]^[2] Other possible remains of the species include molar teeth described from the nearby Sinyaya Balka site near the eastern shore of the Sea of Azov.^[3] In 2005, a second species Phanagoroloxodon irtyshensis was described based on a skull found near Pavlodar in Kazakhstan, but this may represent a specimen of the steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii).^[4]

Description

Phanagoroloxodon resembles Elephas (which contains the living Asian elephant) and mammoths (genus Mammuthus) in many regards. Like Elephas, the top of the skull has a saddle-like groove running along the midline and the nasal process is rounded. On the other hand, the molars have occiput is almost devoid of tubercles, the hind molars lack obliteration figures, the tusks are suggested to be twisted, similar to those of mammoths.^[2]

Taxonomy

Phanagoroloxodon has been suggested to be more closely related to Elephas and Mammuthus than to Loxodonta (which contains the living African elephants) due to it combining characteristics of both of these genera, with Garutt proposing that it could be ancestral to both Elephas and Mammuthus.^[2]^[5] It was assigned to a tribe of its own, Phanagorodontini by Garutt in 1991.^[6] A 2020 PhD thesis by Steven Zhang suggested that Elephas recki brumpti from the Pliocene of East Africa should be subsumed into the species Elephas planifrons, known from the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of the Indian subcontinent, and that this species should be placed as a second species of Phanagoroloxodon.^[5] However, these suggestions were rejected by Sanders (2023).^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b GARUTT, W.E., 1957. On a new fossil elephant Phanagoroloxodon mammontoides gen. et sp. nov. from the Caucasus. Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 112,2: 333-335. (In Russian)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e W.E. Garutt. (1995). The phanagorian elephant Phanagoroloxodon mammontoides Garutt, 1957 from the Pliocene of the north-western Caucasus. Cranium, 12(2), 87–92.
^ Baigusheva, Vera S.; Titov, Vadim V.; Foronova, Irina V. (October 2016). "Teeth of early generations of Early Pleistocene elephants (Mammalia, Elephantidae) from Sinyaya Balka/Bogatyri site (Sea of Azov Region, Russia)". Quaternary International. 420: 306–318. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.007.
^ Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J. (December 2010). "The West Runton mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) and its evolutionary significance". Quaternary International. 228 (1–2): 180–209. Bibcode:2010QuInt.228..180L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.032.
^ ^a ^b H. Zhang Elephas recki: the wastebasket? 66th Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Manchester. (2018)
^ Garrutt, Wadim E. (1991). "The Phanagorian elephant Phanagoroloxodon mammontoides Garutt, 1957, and the problem of evolutionary ways in the subfamily Elephantinae". The Sixth Coordination Conference for the Study of Mammoths and Mammoth Fauna. Theses of Reports. The Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.: 23.
^ Sanders, William J. (2023-07-07). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 267–293. doi:10.1201/b20016. ISBN 978-1-315-11891-8.

[:1-1] GARUTT, W.E., 1957. On a new fossil elephant Phanagoroloxodon mammontoides gen. et sp. nov. from the Caucasus. Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 112,2: 333-335. (In Russian)

[:0-2] W.E. Garutt. (1995). The phanagorian elephant Phanagoroloxodon mammontoides Garutt, 1957 from the Pliocene of the north-western Caucasus. Cranium, 12(2), 87–92.

[3] Baigusheva, Vera S.; Titov, Vadim V.; Foronova, Irina V. (October 2016). "Teeth of early generations of Early Pleistocene elephants (Mammalia, Elephantidae) from Sinyaya Balka/Bogatyri site (Sea of Azov Region, Russia)". Quaternary International. 420: 306–318. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.007.

[4] Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J. (December 2010). "The West Runton mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) and its evolutionary significance". Quaternary International. 228 (1–2): 180–209. Bibcode:2010QuInt.228..180L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.032.

[:3-5] H. Zhang Elephas recki: the wastebasket? 66th Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Manchester. (2018)

[6] Garrutt, Wadim E. (1991). "The Phanagorian elephant Phanagoroloxodon mammontoides Garutt, 1957, and the problem of evolutionary ways in the subfamily Elephantinae". The Sixth Coordination Conference for the Study of Mammoths and Mammoth Fauna. Theses of Reports. The Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.: 23.

[:2-7] Sanders, William J. (2023-07-07). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 267–293. doi:10.1201/b20016. ISBN 978-1-315-11891-8.

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