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==History==
==History==
The [[Zoroastrians]] and the Jews in Middle East had been migrating to other regions, especially India to escape persecution in the medieval ages. Due to social conditions, the Jews traditionally took trade & commerce as their source of livelihood in Europe and elsewhere. In 1730, Joseph Semah arrived in [[Surat]] from Baghdad and established the Surat Synagogue and Cemetery. There was already an established Baghdadi Jew community by then with its center in Surat. [[Surat]] was a main trading port in the 16th and 17th centuries; the East India Company used the city as a trade transit point, beginning in 1608. Surat is located in Western India, in Gujarat State, and is the modern commercial capital of [[Gujarat]]. Arab Jews came to India as traders in the wake of the Portuguese, Dutch and British. These "Baghdadis," as they came to be known, especially the Sassoons of Bombay and the Ezras of Calcutta, eventually established manufacturing and commercial houses of fabulous wealth.<ref>http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm
The [[Zoroastrians]] and the Jews in Middle East had been migrating to other regions, especially India to escape persecution in the medieval ages. Due to social conditions, the Jews traditionally took trade & commerce as their source of livelihood in Europe and elsewhere. In 1730, Joseph Semah arrived in [[Surat]] from Baghdad and established the Surat Synagogue and Cemetery. There was already an established Baghdadi Jew community by then with its center in Surat. [[Surat]] was a main trading port in the 16th and 17th centuries; the East India Company used the city as a trade transit point, beginning in 1608. Surat is located in Western India, in Gujarat State, and is the modern commercial capital of [[Gujarat]]. Jews came to India as traders in the wake of the Portuguese, Dutch and British. These "Baghdadis," as they came to be known, especially the Sassoons of Bombay and the Ezras of Calcutta, eventually established manufacturing and commercial houses of fabulous wealth.<ref>http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm
Lentin, Samuel Sifra (ed) Shalva Weil. " The Jewish Presence in Bombay." ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Style''. Marg Publications:Mumbai. 2009.</ref> The majority came from Iraq, thus giving the community its name, though smaller groups came from other countries such as [[Syria]] and [[Afghanistan]] and assimilated into the Baghdadi group. Unlike other Indian Jewish communities, whose oral traditions attest to their presence in India as long as 2000 years ago, the Baghdadi communities were established comparatively recently (in the past few centuries).<ref>Weil, Shalva. 2009 'The Heritage and Legacy of Indian Jews' in Shalva Weil (ed.) ''India’s Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle'', Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.], pp. 8-21.
Lentin, Samuel Sifra (ed) Shalva Weil. " The Jewish Presence in Bombay." ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Style''. Marg Publications:Mumbai. 2009.</ref> The majority came from Iraq, thus giving the community its name, though smaller groups came from other countries such as [[Syria]] and [[Afghanistan]] and assimilated into the Baghdadi group. Unlike other Indian Jewish communities, whose oral traditions attest to their presence in India as long as 2000 years ago, the Baghdadi communities were established comparatively recently (in the past few centuries).<ref>Weil, Shalva. 2009 'The Heritage and Legacy of Indian Jews' in Shalva Weil (ed.) ''India’s Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle'', Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.], pp. 8-21.


Revision as of 16:23, 6 April 2015

Baghdadi Jews
Prominent Bagdadi Jewish patriarch David Sassoon (seated) and his sons Elias David, Albert (Abdallah) & Sassoon David
Regions with significant populations
India 250 (chiefly Mumbai, Madras, Gujarat and Calcutta)
Israel, Europe, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, Canada, and the USA.
Languages
Traditionally, Arabic and Persian, now mostly English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali and Hebrew
Religion
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Bene Israel, Cochin Jews, Arabs
Further information: History of the Jews in Iraq

Baghdadi Jews, also known as Iraqi Jews, are Jewish emigrants from Baghdad and elsewhere in Iraq, which not only includes Jews from the Iraqi capital city of Baghdad, but from other areas of Iraq, as well as Jews from Syrian, Yemenite, Persian, and Turkish origin.[1] Many of them were merchant traders settled on trade routes, who fled religious persecution and formed immigrant communities in their new homelands. Baghdad and Iraq in general used to have one of the largest, if not the largest Jewish community in the Middle East and Central Asia, and these new immigrant communities also included Jews as part of the Persian and Mughal courtiers.[2] Records of Jewish tradesmen traveling from Baghdad can be found from the early 17th century, and around the mid-19th century a large portion of the community started immigrating to South and Southeast Asia as well as to the west, creating new communities while preserving their unique traditions.

Baghdadi Jews presence in Asia

The main Baghdadi Jewish communities in Asia are found in India,[3] Yangon (Rangoon), Singapore, and Shanghai. The majority of Baghdadi Jews lived in the Indian cities of Mumbai (Bombay) and Kolkata (Calcutta). The ethnic Jewish community in Penang is now extinct with the passing of its last member in 2011. Some smaller Jewish communities, such as the one in Bangkok, trace their first founders to Baghdadi Jewish traders who worked and settled down in the region. There are only one or two remaining Baghdadi Jews in Bangladesh.[4]

History

The Zoroastrians and the Jews in Middle East had been migrating to other regions, especially India to escape persecution in the medieval ages. Due to social conditions, the Jews traditionally took trade & commerce as their source of livelihood in Europe and elsewhere. In 1730, Joseph Semah arrived in Surat from Baghdad and established the Surat Synagogue and Cemetery. There was already an established Baghdadi Jew community by then with its center in Surat. Surat was a main trading port in the 16th and 17th centuries; the East India Company used the city as a trade transit point, beginning in 1608. Surat is located in Western India, in Gujarat State, and is the modern commercial capital of Gujarat. Arabic-speaking Jews came to India as traders in the wake of the Portuguese, Dutch and British. These "Baghdadis," as they came to be known, especially the Sassoons of Bombay and the Ezras of Calcutta, eventually established manufacturing and commercial houses of fabulous wealth.[5] The majority came from Iraq, thus giving the community its name, though smaller groups came from other countries such as Syria and Afghanistan and assimilated into the Baghdadi group. Unlike other Indian Jewish communities, whose oral traditions attest to their presence in India as long as 2000 years ago, the Baghdadi communities were established comparatively recently (in the past few centuries).[6]

Sir David Sassoon is the most illustrious name of this community of Jews.[7] In Mumbai, the Jewish community was concentrated in the Jacob Circle (now renamed Gadge Maharaj Chowk) area in Central Bombay. They had totally integrated themselves with the society around them. Their dress used to be traditionally Indian. Their womenfolk wear saree; and bangles. Their surnames and family names were like those of other Indians. Their culinary habits are also influenced by Indian.[8]

Persian speaking Jews closely related to Baghdadi Jews from Afghanistan and Iran came with the Ghaznavad, Ghori and Mughal invasions of Mahmud (11th century), Muhammad (12th century) and Babur (16th century). The most obscure of Indian Jews, they were traders and courtiers of the Mughals. Jewish advisors at the Court of Akbar the Great in Agra played a significant role in Akbar's liberal religious policies and built a synagogue there. In Delhi, one Jew was tutor to the Crown Prince, Dara Shikoh; the teacher and student were later assassinated by Aurangzeb. These Jews got assimilated in the local population as no trace or community remains.[9]

The community largely emigrated abroad following Indian independence following Zionism.[10] They primarily feared that an independent India would become hostile to Jews like Pakistan[citation needed], and also emigrated out of economic concerns, fearing that India would become communist once the British left.[11] After Indian independence, there was a continuous migration of Baghdadi Jews to Israel. Many others went to the United States and United Kingdom.[12]

Cuisine

Indian Baghdadi cuisine is an Indian hybrid cuisine, with many Arab, Turkish, Persian and Indian influences.[13] Famous Baghdadi dishes include Beef curry, Baghdadi Biryani and Baghdadi Jewish parathas. A Baghdadi version of Tandoori chicken is also popular (using lemon juice to cook the chicken instead of cream used in the usual Indian recipe). Other Jewish Baghdadi communities have mixed their original Iraqi Jewish dishes with influences from the local cuisine where they settled.

Notable Baghdadi Jews

Yosef Hayyim, halachist, kabbalist and leader of Sefardic jewery Yehuda Tzadka, haredi rabbi and rosh yeshiva of Porath Yosef Yitzhak Kaduri, haredi rabbi and kabbalist

See also

References

  1. ^ "The virtual Jewish world". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  2. ^ http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm
  3. ^ Weil, Shalva. 2009 India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.].
  4. ^ Weil, Shalva. 2012 “The Unknown Jews of Bangladesh: Fragments of an Elusive Community”, Asian Jewish Life, 8:16-18. http://asianjewishlife.org/pages/articles/AJL_Issue_10_Sept2012/AJL_Feature_Unknown-Jews-Bangladesh.html
  5. ^ http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm Lentin, Samuel Sifra (ed) Shalva Weil. " The Jewish Presence in Bombay." India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Style. Marg Publications:Mumbai. 2009.
  6. ^ Weil, Shalva. 2009 'The Heritage and Legacy of Indian Jews' in Shalva Weil (ed.) India’s Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.], pp. 8-21. Weil, Shalva. 2008 'Jews in India', in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO.(3: 1204-1212)
  7. ^ 2014 “The Legacy of David Sassoon: Building a Community Bridge”, Asian Jewish Life, 14:4-6. http://asianjewishlife.org/images/issues/Issue14-April2014/PDFs/AJL-Issue14-Allinone.pdf.
  8. ^ Weil, Shalva. 2009 India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.].
  9. ^ http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm
  10. ^ Weil, Shalva. 1994 'India, Zionism In'; 'Indian Jews in Israel', in Geoffrey Wigoder (ed.) The New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, Associated University Presses, pp. 651-653.
  11. ^ http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/a-childhood-passage-to-israel-for-baghdadi-jews-of-india/
  12. ^ Weil, Shalva. 2013 "Jews of India" (1: 255-258); "Ten Lost Tribes" (2: 542-543), in Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak (eds.) Jewish Folklore and Traditions: A Multicultural Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
  13. ^ Cooper, Judy. Cooper, John in (ed) Shalva Weil "The Life-Cycle of Baghdadi Jews of India" India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.], 2009. pp. 100-109.
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