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Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1851	2,415,000	—
1861	3,174,000	+31.4%
1871	3,689,000	+16.2%
1881	4,325,000	+17.2%
1891	4,833,000	+11.7%
1901	5,371,000	+11.1%
1911	7,207,000	+34.2%
1921	8,788,000	+21.9%
1931	10,377,000	+18.1%
1941	11,507,000	+10.9%
1951	14,009,000	+21.7%
1961	18,238,000	+30.2%
1971	21,962,000	+20.4%
1981	24,820,000	+13.0%
1991	28,031,000	+12.9%
2001	31,021,000	+10.7%
2011 est.	Template:Canpop	—
Source: Statistics Canada^[1]

This article about the demographic features of the population of Canada, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population, the People of Canada.

Population of Canada: 31,612,895 (2006 Census).

Population of Canada: 34,265,000 (Est.^{[Note 1]})

Provinces and territories

Province or territory	Population	Percentage of national pop.	Total area (km²)	Population density	Seats in House of Commons	People per House Seat
Ontario	13,119,251	38.73%	1,076,395	12.19	106	123,767
Quebec	7,856,881	23.19%	1,365,128	5.76	75	104,758
British Columbia	4,479,934	13.23%	925,186	4.84	36	124,443
Alberta	3,703,979	10.93%	642,317	5.77	28	132,285
Manitoba	1,226,196	3.62%	553,556	2.22	14	87,585
Saskatchewan	1,034,974	3.06%	591,670	1.75	14	73,927
Nova Scotia	940,397	2.78%	53,338	17.63	11	85,491
New Brunswick	750,457	2.22%	71,450	10.50	10	75,046
Newfoundland and Labrador	510,272	1.51%	373,872	1.36	7	72,896
Prince Edward Island	141,374	0.42%	5,660	24.98	4	35,344
Northwest Territories	43,244	0.13%	1,183,085	0.037	1	43,244
Yukon	33,963	0.10%	474,391	0.072	1	33,963
Nunavut	32,435	0.10%	1,936,113	0.017	1	32,435
Canada	33,873,357	100%	9,252,161	3.73	308	109,167

Sources: Statistics Canada^[2]^[3]

Cities

Template:Largest cities of Canada

v t e Largest metropolitan areas in Canada 2021 Canadian census^[4]
Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
1	Toronto	Ontario	6,202,225	11	London	Ontario	543,551
2	Montreal	Quebec	4,291,732	12	Halifax	Nova Scotia	465,703
3	Vancouver	British Columbia	2,642,825	13	Niagara Region	Ontario	433,604
4	Ottawa–Gatineau	Ontario–Quebec	1,488,307	14	Windsor	Ontario	422,630
5	Calgary	Alberta	1,481,806	15	Oshawa	Ontario	415,311
6	Edmonton	Alberta	1,418,118	16	Victoria	British Columbia	397,237
7	Quebec City	Quebec	839,311	17	Saskatoon	Saskatchewan	317,480
8	Winnipeg	Manitoba	834,678	18	Regina	Saskatchewan	249,217
9	Hamilton	Ontario	785,184	19	Sherbrooke	Quebec	227,398
10	Waterloo Region	Ontario	575,847	20	Kelowna	British Columbia	222,162

Median age

total: 39.5 years
- male: 38.6 years
- female: 40.4 years (2006)

Median age by province and territory, 2006 Census

Total: 39.5

Sources: Statistics Canada^[5]

Population growth rates

According to OECD/World Bank the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4 % growth in population compared to 21.7 % growth in the USA and 31.2 % growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics between 1990-2008 the world population growth was 27 % and 1,423 million persons.^[6]

Rank	Province or Territory	2006 pop.	2001 pop.	Growth	% Change	Percentage of national pop.
1	Ontario	12,160,282	11,410,046	750,236	6.6	38.47%
2	Alberta	3,290,350	2,974,807	315,543	10.6	10.40%
3	Quebec	7,546,131	7,237,479	308,652	4.3	23.87%
4	British Columbia	4,113,487	3,907,738	205,749	5.3	13.01%
5	Manitoba	1,148,401	1,119,583	28,818	2.6	3.63%
6	Nova Scotia	913,462	908,007	5,455	0.6	2.89%
7	Northwest Territories	41,464	37,360	4,104	11.0	0.13%
8	Nunavut	29,474	26,745	2,729	10.2	0.09%
9	Yukon	30,372	28,674	1,698	5.9	0.09%
10	Prince Edward Island	135,851	135,294	557	0.4	0.43%
11	New Brunswick	729,997	729,498	499	0.1	2.31%
12	Newfoundland and Labrador	505,469	512,930	−7,461	-1.5	1.60%
13	Saskatchewan	968,157	978,933	−10,776	-1.1	2.96%
Total	Canada	31,612,897	30,007,094	1,605,893	5.4	100.00%

Derived from: Statistics Canada - (table) Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2006 and 2001 Censuses - 100% Data

Last modified (by source): N/A
Compiled/added to Wikipedia: 2007-07-22

Vital statistics

Birth rate: 10.28 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Death rate: 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Net migration rate: 5.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15 - 64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 5.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

total population: 81.23 years
male: 78.69 years
female: 83.91 years (2009 est.)

Age structure^[7]

0-14 years: 16.1% (male 2,761,711/female 2,626,836)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 11,633,950/female 11,381,735)
65 years and over: 15.2% (male 2,220,189/female 2,862,787) (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.58 children born/woman (2009 est.)^[8]

Population projection

US Census Bureau, 2010 est. [1] :

2020: 36,387,000
2030: 38,565,000
2040: 40,070,000
2050: 41,136,000

United Nations, 2010 est. [2] :

2020: 37,163,000
2030: 39,850,000
2040: 41,882,000
2050: 43,642,000
2060: 45,101,000
2070: 46,271,000
2080: 47,206,000
2090: 47,906,000
2100: 48,290,000

Ethnicity

Nationality:

noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian

Ethnic origin

Canadians were able to self-identify one or more ethnic origins in the 2006 census. Percentages may therefore add up to 100%. The most common response was 'Canadian'. As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethnocultural ancestries.

Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, approximately 28% of the population will be foreign-born. The number of people belonging to visible minority groups will double,^[9] and make up the majority of the population in Toronto and Vancouver.

Single responses: 18.40% of respondents gave a single response of 'Canadian', while a further 13.82% identified with both 'Canadian', and one or more other ancestries. 4.38% of respondents gave a single response of English, 3.94% gave a single response of French, 3.63% gave a single response of Chinese, 2.50% gave a single response of East Indian, 2.37% gave a single response of Italian, 2.15% gave a single response of German, 1.82% gave a single response of Scottish, 1.64% gave a single response of North American Indian, 1.57% gave a single response of Irish, and 1.03% gave a single response of Filipino.

Multiple responses: Counting both single and multiple responses, the most commonly identified ethnic origins were (2006):

Ethnic origin^{[Note 2]}	%	Population	Area of largest proportion
Canadian	32.22%	10,066,290	Quebec (66.2%)
English	21.03%	6,570,015	Newfoundland and Labrador (43.2%)
French	15.82%	4,941,210	Quebec (28.9%)
Scottish	15.11%	4,719,850	Prince Edward Island (40.5%)
Irish	13.94%	4,354,155	Prince Edward Island (29.2%)
German	10.18%	3,179,425	Saskatchewan (30.0%)
Italian	4.63%	1,445,335	Ontario (7.2%)
Chinese	4.31%	1,346,510	British Columbia (10.6%)
North American Indian	4.01%	1,253,615	Northwest Territories (36.5%)
Ukrainian	3.87%	1,209,085	Manitoba (14.8%)
Dutch (Netherlands)	3.32%	1,035,965	Alberta (5.3%)
Polish	3.15%	984,565	Manitoba (7.3%)
East Indian	3.08%	962,665	British Columbia (5.7%)
Russian	1.60%	500,600	Manitoba (4.3%)
Welsh	1.41%	440,965	Yukon (3.1%)
Filipino	1.40%	436,190	Manitoba (3.5%)
Norwegian	1.38%	432,515	Saskatchewan (7.2%)
Portuguese	1.32%	410,850	Ontario (2.4%)
Métis	1.31%	409,065	Northwest Territories (6.9%)
British, not included elsewhere	1.29%	403,915	Yukon (2.3%)
Swedish	1.07%	334,765	Saskatchewan (3.5%)
Spanish	1.04%	325,730	British Columbia (1.3%)
American	1.01%	316,350	Yukon (2.0%)
Hungarian (Magyar)	1.01%	315,510	Saskatchewan (2.9%)
Jewish	1.01%	315,120	Ontario (1.5%)

Data from the same subject matter, though from 2001, is also grouped more geographically by Statistics Canada as follows:^[10]

	2001 %
North American (non-aboriginal)	40.21%
British Isles	33.64%
French	15.89%
Western European	12.78%
Eastern European	8.50%
Southern European	7.87%

	2001 %
East and Southeast Asian	6.03%
Aboriginal	4.45%
South Asian	3.25%
Northern European	3.22%
Caribbean	1.70%
Other European	1.28%

	2001 %
Arab	1.17%
African	0.99%
Latin, Central and South American	0.82%
West Asian	0.69%
Oceania	0.16%

Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (31,241,030 in 2006) and total more than 100% due to dual responses.
All ethnocultural ancestries with responses totalling to more than 1% of the total number of responses are listed in the table above according to the exact terminology used by Statistics Canada.^[11]^[12]

Visible minorities

For a definition see visible minority.

Year	1996^[13]	1996%	2001^[14]	2001%	2006^[15]	2006%
South Asian	670,590	2.35%	917,070	3.09%	1,233,275	4.00%
Chinese	860,150	3.02%	1,029,395	3.47%	1,168,485	3.70%
Black	573,860	2.01%	662,215	2.23%	783,795	2.50%
Filipino	234,195	0.82%	308,575	1.04%	389,550	1.30%
Latin American	176,970	0.62%			304,245	1.00%
Arab					265,550	0.90%
Southeast Asian	172,765	0.61%			231,425	0.70%
West Asian					156,700	0.50%
Korean	64,835	0.23%			138,425	0.40%
Japanese	68,135	0.24%			98,900	0.32%
Multiple visible minorities	61,575	0.22%			104,215	0.30%
Visible minority, n.i.e.	69,745	0.24%			71,420	0.20%
Total visible minority population	3,197,480	11.21%	3,983,845	13.44%	5,068,095	16.20%
Non-Visible Minority Population	25,330,645	88.79%	25,655,185	86.56%	26,172,935	83.78%
Total Population	28,528,125	100.00%	29,639,030	100.00%	31,241,030	100.00%

Aboriginal status

The 2006 census counted a total Canadian Aboriginal population of 1,172,790 (3.75%) which includes 698,025 First Nations (2.23%), 389,785 Métis (1.25%), and 50,480 Inuit (0.16%). Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (31,241,030)^[16]

Province/Territory	Number	% provincial^[17]	% national^[17]	Indian ,(First Nations)	Métis	Inuit	Multiple ^[17]	Other^[17]
British Columbia	196,075	4.8%	16.7%	129,575	59,445	795	1,655	4,605
Alberta	188,365	5.8%	16.1%	97,280	85,495	1,605	1,220	2,760
Saskatchewan	141,890	14.9%	12.1%	91,400	48,115	220	625	1,530
Manitoba	175,395	15.5%	15.0%	100,645	71,805	565	680	1,695
Ontario	242,495	2.0%	20.7%	158,400	73,610	2,040	1,910	6,540
Quebec	108,430	1.5%	9.2%	65,085	27,980	10,950	955	3,450
New Brunswick	17,655	2.5%	1.5%	12,385	4,270	185	100	710
Nova Scotia	24,175	2.7%	2.1%	15,240	7,680	320	100	830
Prince Edward Island	1,730	1.3%	0.1%	1,230	385	30	10	75
Newfoundland and Labrador	23,450	4.7%	2.0%	7,765	6,470	4,715	290	4,205
Yukon	7,580	25.1%	0.6%	6,275	800	255	50	190
Northwest Territories	20,635	50.3%	1.8%	12,640	3,580	4,160	105	145
Nunavut	24,915	85.0%	2.1%	100	125	24,640	30	20
Canada	1,172,790	3.8%	100.0%	698,025	389,785	50,480	7,740	26,760
Sources: 2006 Census^[18]^[19]^[20]

Religions

Top Self-Identified Religious Affiliations in Canada^[21]^[22]^[23]
	1991 number	1991 %	2001 number	2001 %	% change (in numbers)
Christian	22,468,260	83	22,799,645	77	-1.5
- Catholic	12,335,255	45.7	12,936,905	43.6	+4.8
- Protestant	9,427,675	34.9	8,654,850	29.2	-8.2
- United Church of Canada	3,093,120	11.3	2,839,125	9.5	-8.2
- Anglican Church of Canada	2,188,110	8.0	2,035,495	6.8	-7.0
- Lutheran	636,205	2.3	606,590	2.0	-4.7
- Presbyterian	636,295	2.3	409,830	1.4	-35.6
- Pentecostal	436,435	1.6	369,475	1.2	-15.3
- Mennonite	207,970	0.8	191,465	0.6	-7.9
- Jehovah's Witnesses	168,375	0.6	154,745	0.5	-8.1
- Methodist	83,910	0.3	106,545	0.4	+27.0
- Mormon	100,770	0.4	104,750	0.3	+3.9
- Salvation Army	112,345	0.4	87,785	0.3	-21.9
- Christian Reformed Church in North America	84,685	0.3	76,665	0.3	-9.5
- Christian and Missionary Alliance	59,365	0.2	66,280	0.2	+11.9
- Adventists	52,365	0.2	62,875	0.2	+20.1
- Christian Orthodox	387,395	1.4	479,620	1.6	+23.8
- Greek Orthodox	231,965	0.9	215,200	0.7	-7.1
- Christian, not included elsewhere¹	353,040	1.3	780,450	2.6	+121.1
Other	1,148,060	4.3	1,988,635	6.7	+73.2
- Jewish	318,185	1.2	329,995	1.1	+3.7
- Muslim	253,265	0.9	579,640	2.0	+128.9
- Buddhist	163,415	0.6	300,345	1.0	+83.8
- Hindu	157,015	0.6	297,200	1.0	+89.3
- Sikh	147,440	0.5	278,410	0.9	+88.8
No religion	3,397,000	12.6	4,900,095	16.5	+44.2
¹ Includes persons who report only "Christian", only "Protestant", and those in denominations less than 60,000 * For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries.

Note(s):

Catholic includes Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Polish National Catholic Church, and Old Catholic
Other Religions also includes Bahá'í Faith, Eckankar, Jainism, Shinto, Taoism, Zoroastrianism, Aboriginal belief systems, Neo-Paganism, Wicca, Unity - New Thought - Pantheist, Scientology, Rastafari movement, New Age, Gnostic, Satanism, et cetera
No Religion includes Atheism, Agnosticism, Humanism, et cetera

However, a more recent research in 2005 indicates that the non-religious group has risen significantly. Phil Zuckerman, an Associate Professor of Sociology at Pitzer College writes of several academic sources who have in recent years placed atheism rates in Canada between 19% and 30%.^[24]

Languages

Language used most often at work:^[25]

English: 78.3%
French: 21.7%
Non-official languages: 2.0%

Languages by mother tongue:^[25]

English: 58.2%
French: 21.7%
Non-official languages: 19.0%

Chinese: 3.1%
Italian: 1.4%
German 1.2%
Spanish: 1.2%
Punjabi: 1.1%
Tagalog: 0.9%
Tamil: 0.8%
Malayalam: 0.7%
Gujarati: 0.6%

Languages in Canada
Language			Percent
English			58%
French			22%
English and French			11%
others			9%

Languages by language used most often at home:^[26]

English: 67.1%
French: 21.5%
Non-official languages: 11.4%

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

The literacy rate of Canada was 99% in 2003.^[27]

Education expenditures

5.2% of total GDP (2002)

City populations

As of 2006, Canada's 13 largest cities (metro areas) have a combined population of 17,885,000
Canada has 100 cities with 45,000 inhabitants or more for a combined population of 20,687,000
Canada has 230 cities with 15,000 inhabitants or more

Notes

^ The population count appearing may differ from the official estimates and projections released by Statistics Canada. Data displayed is as a rough estimate of the current Canadian population. Source: "Canada's population clock".
^ Data for ethnic origin was collected by self-declaration, labels may not necessarily describe the true ancestry of respondents. Many respondents also acknowledged multiple ancestries. Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table". Statistics Canada. Additional data: "2006 Census release topics".

References

^ "Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Statistics Canada. 2009. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Statistics Canada (2009). "Population Estimates (October 2009)". Retrieved 2009-09-25.
^ Statistics Canada (2005). "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory (2005)". Retrieved 2007-07-22.
^ "Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)". Illustrated Glossary. November 15, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
^ Statistics Canada (2006). "Age Groups and Sex for Population of Canada (2006 Census)". Retrieved 2007-07-22.
^ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971-2008 (pdf pages 83-85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57)
^ "Canada Age structure". IndexMundi. 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
^ "CIA - The World Factbook - Canada". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
^ "Parties prepare to battle for Immigrant votes". CTV.ca. 2010-03-14. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
^ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
^ "Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) (2001 Census)". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
^ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
^ "Total Population by Visible Minority Population(1), for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1996 Census". Statcan.gc.ca. 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
^ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
^ "Visible Minority Groups". Statistics Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
^ Aboriginal Identity (2006 Census). Retrieved 2009-10-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Aboriginal identity population by age groups, median age and sex, 2006 counts for both sexes, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
^ Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census-20% Sample Data Click to view table notes, BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB, NS, PE, NL, YT, NT, NU. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
^ Number and percentage of population reporting Aboriginal identity, Canada, provinces and territories, 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
^ Percentage of Aboriginal people in the population, Canada, provinces and territories, 2006 . Retrieved 2009-10-14.
^ Statistics Canada (2001). "Religions in Canada". Retrieved 2007-02-16.
^ Statistics Canada (1991). "Religion , Age Groups and Sex for Population of Canada". Retrieved 2007-02-16.
^ Statistics Canada (2001). "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". Retrieved 2007-02-16.
^ Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "Atheism—Contemporary numbers and Practices". In Michael Martin (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press -. pp. 47–50. ISBN 0521842700. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
^ ^a ^b Statistics Canada - Language used at work1 by frequency of language used at work and mother tongue, 2006 counts^{[dead link‍]}
^ The percentage figures cited are the top languages spoken as a home language in Canada, shown as a percentage of total single responses. Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, pp. 6-10. Data available online at: "Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home". 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. April 8, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
^ Gordon, Elaine H.; Gordon, Edward E. (2003). Literacy in America: historic journey and contemporary solutions. New York: Praeger. p. 255. ISBN 0-275-97864-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

Canada Year Book (2010) - Statistics Canada
Population estimates and projections, 2010 - 2036 - Statistics Canada

[Estimate-2] The population count appearing may differ from the official estimates and projections released by Statistics Canada. Data displayed is as a rough estimate of the current Canadian population. Source: "Canada's population clock".

[Selfdata-11] Data for ethnic origin was collected by self-declaration, labels may not necessarily describe the true ancestry of respondents. Many respondents also acknowledged multiple ancestries. Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table". Statistics Canada. Additional data: "2006 Census release topics".

[1] "Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Statistics Canada. 2009. Retrieved 2011-05-23.

[3] Statistics Canada (2009). "Population Estimates (October 2009)". Retrieved 2009-09-25.

[4] Statistics Canada (2005). "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory (2005)". Retrieved 2007-07-22.

[Illustrated_Glossary_2017_l140-5] "Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)". Illustrated Glossary. November 15, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2023.

[6] Statistics Canada (2006). "Age Groups and Sex for Population of Canada (2006 Census)". Retrieved 2007-07-22.

[IEApop2011-7] CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971-2008 (pdf pages 83-85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57)

[8] "Canada Age structure". IndexMundi. 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-03.

[9] "CIA - The World Factbook - Canada". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-01-01.

[10] "Parties prepare to battle for Immigrant votes". CTV.ca. 2010-03-14. Retrieved 2010-03-15.

[12] "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-01-01.

[13] "Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) (2001 Census)". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2011-01-01.

[14] "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-01-01.

[15] "Total Population by Visible Minority Population(1), for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1996 Census". Statcan.gc.ca. 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2011-01-01.

[16] "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Retrieved 2011-01-01.

[17] "Visible Minority Groups". Statistics Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-03.

[18] Aboriginal Identity (2006 Census). Retrieved 2009-10-14.

[statsab-19] "Aboriginal identity population by age groups, median age and sex, 2006 counts for both sexes, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-03.

[breakdown-20] Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census-20% Sample Data Click to view table notes, BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB, NS, PE, NL, YT, NT, NU. Retrieved 2009-10-05.

[21] Number and percentage of population reporting Aboriginal identity, Canada, provinces and territories, 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-05.

[22] Percentage of Aboriginal people in the population, Canada, provinces and territories, 2006 . Retrieved 2009-10-14.

[23] Statistics Canada (2001). "Religions in Canada". Retrieved 2007-02-16.

[24] Statistics Canada (1991). "Religion , Age Groups and Sex for Population of Canada". Retrieved 2007-02-16.

[25] Statistics Canada (2001). "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". Retrieved 2007-02-16.

[26] Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "Atheism—Contemporary numbers and Practices". In Michael Martin (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press -. pp. 47–50. ISBN 0521842700. Retrieved 2007-11-15.

[languagesatwork2006-27] Statistics Canada - Language used at work1 by frequency of language used at work and mother tongue, 2006 counts^{[dead link‍]}

[28] The percentage figures cited are the top languages spoken as a home language in Canada, shown as a percentage of total single responses. Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, pp. 6-10. Data available online at: "Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home". 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. April 8, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2010.

[29] Gordon, Elaine H.; Gordon, Edward E. (2003). Literacy in America: historic journey and contemporary solutions. New York: Praeger. p. 255. ISBN 0-275-97864-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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