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==Writings==
==Writings==
His most famous extant works in Kannada are ''Shantipurana'', written in ''champu'' style (mixed prose-verse classical composition style inherited from Sanskrit), ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya'', a eulogical writing, and ''Jinaksharamale'', a Jain ''[[Purana]]'' and an acrostic poem written in praise of noted Jain saints and Tirthankars (''Jainas'') in 39 chapters (''kandas''). {{Sfn|Das|2005|p=143}}<ref name="krishna2"/><ref name="kanda">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620</ref><ref name="sankar">Mukherjee (1999), p. 291</ref>''Ramakatha'', a writing based on the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], of which only a few stanzas are available is also assigned to Ponna.<ref name="ganga">{{harvp|Garg|1992|p=67}}</ref> Historians Kamath and Shastri are not certain whether his extinct classic, ''Gatapratiagata'', is in Kannada or Sanskrit. However, according to the professor L.S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, the writing is in Kannada and belongs to the genre of "literary exercise".<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="bhuva">{{harvp|Kamath|2001|p=90}}</ref><ref name="datta">Rao in {{harvp|Datta|1988|p=1240}}</ref>
His most famous extant works in Kannada are ''Shantipurana'', written in ''champu'' style (mixed prose-verse classical composition style inherited from Sanskrit), ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya'', a eulogical writing, and ''Jinaksharamale'', a Jain ''[[Purana]]'' and an acrostic poem written in praise of noted Jain saints and Tirthankars (''Jainas'') in 39 chapters (''kandas''). {{Sfn|Das|2005|p=143}}<ref name="krishna2"/><ref name="kanda">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620</ref><ref name="sankar">Mukherjee (1999), p. 291</ref>''Ramakatha'', a writing based on the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], of which only a few stanzas are available is also to Ponna.<ref name="ganga">{{harvp|Garg|1992|p=67}}</ref> Historians Kamath and Shastri are not certain whether his extinct classic, ''Gatapratiagata'', is in Kannada or Sanskrit. However, according to the professor L.S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, the writing is in Kannada and belongs to the genre of "literary exercise".<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="bhuva">{{harvp|Kamath|2001|p=90}}</ref><ref name="datta">Rao in {{harvp|Datta|1988|p=1240}}</ref>


''Shantipurana'' is an important Jain [[purana]], and a eulogy of the 16th Jain [[Tirthankara]], [[Shantinath|Shantinatha Swami]]. It was written to commemorate the attainment of ''[[nirvana (Jainism)|nirvana]]'' ("salvation") of a Jain guru called Jainachandra Deva. The writing comprises twelve sections (''ashwasas'') of which nine sections focus on Shantinatha's eleven previous births, and the remaining three sections give biographical details of the [[protagonist]]. In this writing, Ponna borrowed significantly from previous works of the Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] though he does rise to great heights in his narration justifying his claim to scholarship (''Vidwat Kavi''). Ponna also seems to have used as a source, a narrative poem written by a Kannada poet called [[Asaga]], whose works are now extinct. Ponna's claim that his work is superior to that of Asaga gives us information that the latter must have been considered an important poet of that era.<ref name="krishna2" /><ref name="kanda"/><ref name="asaga">{{harvp|Warder|1988|p=248}}</ref>
''Shantipurana'' is an important Jain [[purana]], and a eulogy of the 16th Jain [[Tirthankara]], [[Shantinath|Shantinatha Swami]]. It was written to commemorate the attainment of ''[[nirvana (Jainism)|nirvana]]'' ("salvation") of a Jain guru called Jainachandra Deva. The writing comprises twelve sections (''ashwasas'') of which nine sections focus on Shantinatha's eleven previous births, and the remaining three sections give biographical details of the [[protagonist]]. In this writing, Ponna borrowed significantly from previous works of the Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] though he does rise to great heights in his narration justifying his claim to scholarship (''Vidwat Kavi''). Ponna also seems to have used as a source, a narrative poem written by a Kannada poet called [[Asaga]], whose works are now extinct. Ponna's claim that his work is superior to that of Asaga gives us information that the latter must have been considered an important poet of that era.<ref name="krishna2" /><ref name="kanda"/><ref name="asaga">{{harvp|Warder|1988|p=248}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:01, 17 September 2024

Ponna
Born10th century
Died10th or 11th century CE
NationalityIndian
OccupationPoet
Notable workJinaksharamale
Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya
Shantipurana
TitleKavi-chakravarthi, Ubhayakavi Chakravarti

Ponna (c. 945) was a noted Kannada poet in the court of Rashtrakuta Emperor Krishna III (r. 939–968 CE). The emperor honoured Ponna with the title "emperor among poets" (Kavichakravarthi) for his domination of the Kannada literary circles of the time, and the title "imperial poet of two languages" (Ubhayakavi Chakravarti) for his command over Sanskrit as well.[1][2][3] Ponna is often considered one among the "three gems of Kannada literature" (Ratnatraya, lit meaning "three gems"; Adikavi Pampa and Ranna being the other two) for ushering it in full panoply.[2][4][5] According to the scholar R. Narasimhacharya, Ponna is known to have claimed superiority over all the poets of the time.[1] According to scholars Nilakanta Shastri and E.P. Rice, Ponna belonged to Vengi Vishaya in Kammanadu, Punganur, Andhra Pradesh, but later migrated to Manyakheta (in present-day Kalaburagi district, Karnataka), the Rashtrakuta capital, after his conversion to Jainism.[6][4]

Writings

His most famous extant works in Kannada are Shantipurana, written in champu style (mixed prose-verse classical composition style inherited from Sanskrit), Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya, a eulogical writing, and Jinaksharamale, a Jain Purana and an acrostic poem written in praise of noted Jain saints and Tirthankars (Jainas) in 39 chapters (kandas). [7][3][8][9]Ramakatha, a writing based on the Hindu epic Ramayana, of which only a few stanzas are available is also attributed to Ponna.[10] Historians Kamath and Shastri are not certain whether his extinct classic, Gatapratiagata, is in Kannada or Sanskrit. However, according to the professor L.S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, the writing is in Kannada and belongs to the genre of "literary exercise".[2][5][11]

Shantipurana is an important Jain purana, and a eulogy of the 16th Jain Tirthankara, Shantinatha Swami. It was written to commemorate the attainment of nirvana ("salvation") of a Jain guru called Jainachandra Deva. The writing comprises twelve sections (ashwasas) of which nine sections focus on Shantinatha's eleven previous births, and the remaining three sections give biographical details of the protagonist. In this writing, Ponna borrowed significantly from previous works of the Sanskrit poet Kalidasa though he does rise to great heights in his narration justifying his claim to scholarship (Vidwat Kavi). Ponna also seems to have used as a source, a narrative poem written by a Kannada poet called Asaga, whose works are now extinct. Ponna's claim that his work is superior to that of Asaga gives us information that the latter must have been considered an important poet of that era.[3][8][12]

Scholars were divided about Ponna's protagonist in Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya. The scholar D.L. Narasimhachar had opined that Ponna had eulogised Shankaraganda, a vassal king under emperor Krishna III. This opinion was based on the fact that Shankaraganda held the honorific Bhuvanaikarama. However, modern Kannada poet Govinda Pai argued in his 1936 article, Ponnana Bhuvanaikaramanu yaru ("Who was Ponna's Bhuvanaikarama"?), that king Shankaraganda being a Jain by faith could not have been the central figure in a secular writing and that emperor Krishna III also held the same title. Later, the scholar D.L. Narasimhachar confirmed the validity of Govinda Pai's findings.[13]

Influence and style

Ponna was one of the most-notable writers of the classical age of Kannada literature, a period usually categorised as starting from the middle of 10th century and lasting for about a hundred and fifty years thereafter. During this era, Ponna and two other poets, Adikavi Pampa and Ranna, produced works of lasting merit, writings that set a standard in poetic form and composition that would influence future poets for centuries.[14] So adept were these poets that their style of champu brought together the best of the earlier masters of Sanskrit literature in various proportions, giving their narration an artificiality: poet Bana's prose, Kalidasa's graceful verses, Bhatta Narayana's dramaticism and Megaduta's lyrical flavour are seen used deftly giving naturalised and assimilated Sanskrit words in the Kannada language priority over native (desi) expressions.[15] Despite adherence to strict classical Sanskritic models (margam), the native composition styles of Kannada language, such as the tripadi (three-line verse), are found distributed in the narratives poems of these poets.[16][17] Just as Ponna eulogised his patron emperor Krishna III as Bhuvanaikarama, so did the other Jain poets of the classical age. Kannada writings by them used impressive Sanskrit-derived verses interspersed with prose to extol the virtues of their protagonists, who were often compared to heroes from the Hindu epics. While Adikavi Pampa (Pampa Bharata, c. 941) compared his patron, the feudatory Chalukya king Arikesari, to Pandava prince Arjuna, in his version of the Mahabharata, Ranna (c. 983) found it suitable to compare his patron, Chalukya King Satyashraya, to Pandava prince Bhima.[17]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 18
  2. ^ a b c Sastri (1958), p. 383
  3. ^ a b c Rice (1921), p. 31
  4. ^ a b Rice (1921), p. 30
  5. ^ a b Kamath (2001), p. 90
  6. ^ Sastri 1958, p. 395.
  7. ^ Das 2005, p. 143.
  8. ^ a b Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620
  9. ^ Mukherjee (1999), p. 291
  10. ^ Garg (1992), p. 67
  11. ^ Rao in Datta (1988), p. 1240
  12. ^ Warder (1988), p. 248
  13. ^ Bhat (1933), p. 105
  14. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 754
  15. ^ Datta (1988), p. 1699
  16. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4392
  17. ^ a b Nagaraj (2003), p. 344

References

  • Sastri, Nilakanta K. A. (1958) [first published 1955], A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar (Second ed.), New Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-560686-8 – via archive.org
  • Rice, E. P. (1982) [first published 1921], Kannada Literature, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-0063-0
  • Narasimhacharya, R (1988), History of Kannada Literature, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-0303-6
  • Garg, Ganga Ram (1992), Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj, Volume 1, New Delhi: Concept Publishing, ISBN 81-7022-374-1
  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980], A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present, Bangalore: Jupiter books, LCCN 80905179, OCLC 7796041
  • Nagaraj, D. R. (2003), "Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture", in Sheldon I. Pollock (ed.), Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, University of California Press, pp. 323–382, ISBN 0-520-22821-9
  • Various (1987), Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 1, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-260-1803-8
  • Datta, Amaresh (1988), Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 2, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-260-1194-7
  • Various (1992), Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 5, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-260-1221-8
  • Warder, A.K. (1988), Indian Kavya Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0450-3
  • Mukherjee, Sujit (1999), A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings - 1850, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 81-250-1453-5
  • Bhat, M. Thirumaleshwara (1993), Govinda Pai, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-7201-540-2
  • Das, Sisir Kumar (2005), A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 9788126021710
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