Ocimum tenuiflorum: Difference between revisions
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== Chemical composition == |
== Chemical composition == |
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found in essential oil are [[]] (%), [[]] (%), [[Bisabolene|⍺-]] (%), (%), (11%) β- (%).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Yamani |first=Hanaa A. |last2=Pang |first2=Edwin C. |last3=Mantri |first3=Nitin |last4=Deighton |first4=Margaret A. |date=2016 |title=Antimicrobial Activity of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Essential Oil and Their Major Constituents against Three Species of Bacteria |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00681 |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00681 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=4868837 |pmid=27242708}}</ref>In addition, more than 60 different compounds were found through [[ chromatography–mass spectrometry]] analysis of .<ref name=":0" /> |
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However, other studies have stated |
However, other studies have stated essential oil consists mostly of eugenol (70%) [[elemene|β-elemene]] (11%), β-caryophyllene (8%), and [[germacrene]] (2%), with the balance being made up of various trace compounds, mostly [[terpenes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Padalia |first1=Rajendra C. |last2=Verma |first2=Ram S. |year=2011 |title=Comparative volatile oil composition of four ''Ocimum'' species from northern India |journal=Natural Product Research |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=569–575 |doi=10.1080/14786419.2010.482936 |pmid=21409717 |s2cid=205836713}}</ref> Additionally, some of the [[phytochemical]] constituents of ''tulsi'' are [[oleanolic acid]], [[ursolic acid]], [[rosmarinic acid]], [[eugenol]], [[carvacrol]], [[linalool]], and [[Caryophyllene|β-caryophyllene]] (about 8%).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/10826076.2011.606583|title=Lc-Ms Quantification of Rosmarinic Acid and Ursolic Acid in Theocimum Sanctumlinn. Leaf Extract (Holy Basil, Tulsi)|journal=Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies|volume=35|issue=5|pages=634|year=2012|last1=Sundaram|first1=R. Shanmuga|last2=Ramanathan|first2=M|last3=Rajesh|first3=R|last4=Satheesh|first4=B|last5=Saravanan|first5=D|s2cid=95225535}}</ref> |
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The free fatty acid composition of Tulsi includes α-linolenic (60.60%), linoleic (17.86%) palmitic (15.65%) oleic acid (2.81%). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suanarunsawat |first=Thamolwan |last2=Anantasomboon |first2=Gun |last3=Piewbang |first3=Chutchai |date=2016-03-01 |title=Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative activity of fixed oil extracted from Ocimum sanctum L. leaves in diabetic rats |url=https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2016.2991 |journal=Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=832–840 |doi=10.3892/etm.2016.2991 |issn=1792-0981 |pmc=4774317 |pmid=26998000}}</ref> |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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Revision as of 14:50, 21 April 2023
| Ocimum tenuiflorum | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Ocimum |
| Species: | O. tenuiflorum
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| Binomial name | |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Ocimum tenuiflorum, commonly known as holy basil, tulsi or tulasi,[2] and tamole, damole, or domole in Fiji, is an aromatic perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and widespread as a cultivated plant throughout the Southeast Asian tropics.[3][4]
Tulsi is cultivated for religious and traditional medicine purposes, and also for its essential oil. It is widely used as a herbal tea, commonly used in Ayurveda, and has a place within the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism, in which devotees perform worship involving holy basil plants or leaves.
Morphology
Holy basil is an erect, many-branched subshrub, 30–60 cm (12–24 in) tall with hairy stems. Leaves are green or purple; they are simple, petioled, with an ovate blade up to 5 cm (2 in) long, which usually has a slightly toothed margin; they are strongly scented and have a decussate phyllotaxy. The purplish flowers are placed in close whorls on elongated racemes.[4]
The three main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are Ram tulsi (the most common type, with broad bright green leaves that are slightly sweet), the less common purplish green-leaved (Krishna or Shyam tulsi) and the common wild vana tulsi (e.g., Ocimum gratissimum).[5]
Origin and distribution
DNA barcodes of various biogeographical isolates of tulsi from the Indian subcontinent are now available. In a large-scale phylogeographical study of this species conducted using chloroplast genome sequences, a group of researchers from Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, have found that this plant originates from North-Central India.[6]
This basil has now escaped from cultivation and has naturalised into a cosmopolitan distribution.[7][8]
Chemical composition
Aroma compounds found in tulsi essential oil are camphor (32%), eucalyptol (19%), ⍺-bisabolene (17%), eugenol (14%), germacrene (11%) and β-bisabolene (11%).[9][better source needed] In addition, more than 60 different aroma compounds were found through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of holy basil.[9]
However, other studies have stated tulsi essential oil consists mostly of eugenol (70%) β-elemene (11%), β-caryophyllene (8%), and germacrene (2%), with the balance being made up of various trace compounds, mostly terpenes.[10] Additionally, some of the phytochemical constituents of tulsi are oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, and β-caryophyllene (about 8%).[11]
Uses
Tulsi (Sanskrit: Surasa) has been used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices for its supposed medicinal properties.[12][13]
Insect repellent
For centuries, the dried leaves have been mixed with stored grains to repel insects.[14]
Nematicidal
The essential oil may have nematicidal properties against Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Meloidogyne javanica, Anguina tritici, and Heterodera cajani.[15]
Disinfection
Water disinfection using O. tenuiflorum extracts was tested by Bhattacharjee et al 2013 and Sadul et al 2009. Both found an alcoholic extract to be more effective than aqueous or leaf juice. Sundaramurthi et al 2012 finds the result to be safe to drink and antimicrobial. A constituent analysis by Sadul found alkaloids, steroids, and tannins in the aqueous, and alkaloids and steroids only in the alcoholic extract.[16]
Significance in Hinduism
Tulsi is a sacred plant for Hindus, particularly the Vaishnavite sect. It is worshipped as the avatar of Lakshmi,[citation needed] and is often planted in courtyards of Hindu houses or temples to Hanuman.[17] The ritual lighting of lamps each evening during Karthik includes the worship of the tulsi plant.[18][19] Vaishnavites are also known as "those who bear the tulsi around the neck".[17]
Tulsi Vivah is a ceremonial festival performed between Prabodhini Ekadashi (the 11th or 12th lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of Kartik) and Kartik Purnima (the full moon of the month).[20][21]
Every evening, Bengali Hindus place earthen lamps in front of tulsi plants. During the Kati Bihu festival celebrated in Assam, people light earthen lamps (diya) at the foot of the household tulsi plants and pray.[22]
Gallery
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On Deccan Plateau, India -
Leaves and flowers -
In a home garden -
Leaves -
Inflorescence -
Flower -
Flowers -
Altar with tulsi plant for daily worship in a courtyard -
Prayer beads made from tulsi wood -
Plant shrub -
At night
_Flower.jpeg)
_of_Tulasi_wood_with_108_beads_-_20040101-01.jpg)
_plant_captured_at_night.jpg)
See also
References
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ "Ocimum tenuiflorum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- ^ Staples, George; Michael S. Kristiansen (1999). Ethnic Culinary Herbs. University of Hawaii Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8248-2094-7.
- ^ a b Warrier, P K (1995). Indian Medicinal Plants. Orient Longman. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-86311-551-6.
- ^ Kothari, S. K.; Bhattacharya, A. K.; Ramesh, S.; Garg, S. N.; Khanuja, S. P. S. (November–December 2005). "Volatile Constituents in Oil from Different Plant Parts of Methyl Eugenol-Rich Ocimum tenuiflorum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) Grown in South India". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 17 (6): 656–658. doi:10.1080/10412905.2005.9699025. S2CID 95551382.
- ^ Bast, Felix; Pooja Rani; Devendra Meena (2014). "Chloroplast DNA Phylogeography of Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) in Indian Subcontinent". The Scientific World Journal. 70 (3): 277–85. doi:10.1155/2014/847482. PMC 3910118. PMID 847482.
- ^ "Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) - CABI Invasive Species Compendium".
- ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Ocimum tenuiflorum".
- ^ a b Yamani, Hanaa A.; Pang, Edwin C.; Mantri, Nitin; Deighton, Margaret A. (2016). "Antimicrobial Activity of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Essential Oil and Their Major Constituents against Three Species of Bacteria". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00681. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4868837. PMID 27242708.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Padalia, Rajendra C.; Verma, Ram S. (2011). "Comparative volatile oil composition of four Ocimum species from northern India". Natural Product Research. 25 (6): 569–575. doi:10.1080/14786419.2010.482936. PMID 21409717. S2CID 205836713.
- ^ Sundaram, R. Shanmuga; Ramanathan, M; Rajesh, R; Satheesh, B; Saravanan, D (2012). "Lc-Ms Quantification of Rosmarinic Acid and Ursolic Acid in Theocimum Sanctumlinn. Leaf Extract (Holy Basil, Tulsi)". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. 35 (5): 634. doi:10.1080/10826076.2011.606583. S2CID 95225535.
- ^ NIIR Board, National Institute of Industrial Research (India) (2004). Compendium of Medicinal Plants. 2004. National Institute of Industrial Research. p. 320. ISBN 978-81-86623-80-0.
- ^ Lesley Braun; Marc Cohen (30 March 2015). Herbs and Natural Supplements, Volume 2: An Evidence-Based Guide. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 996. ISBN 978-0-7295-8173-8.
- ^ Biswas, N. P.; Biswas, A. K. (2005). "Evaluation of some leaf dusts as grain protectant against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.)". Environment and Ecology. 23 (3): 485–488.
- ^ Chitwood, David J. (2002). "Phytochemical Based Strategies for Nematode Control". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 40 (1). Annual Reviews: 221–249. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.032602.130045. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 12147760.
- ^ Pandit, Aniruddha B.; Kumar, Jyoti Kishen (2015-07-24). "Clean Water for Developing Countries". Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. 6 (1). Annual Reviews: 217–246. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123432. ISSN 1947-5438. PMID 26247291.
- ^ a b Simoons, Frederick J. (1998). Plants of life, plants of death. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 7–40. ISBN 978-0-299-15904-7.
- ^ Flood, Gavin D. (2001). The Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6.
- ^ Wilkins, W.J. (2003). Hindu Mythology. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. p. 471. ISBN 978-81-246-0234-8.
- ^ Underhill, M. M. (1991). The Hindu Religious Year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-81-206-0523-7.
- ^ Pawar, Shubhangi; Patil, D. A. (2008). Ethnobotany of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra. Daya Publishing House. p. 400. ISBN 978-81-7035-515-1.
- ^ ANI. "Kati Bihu celebrated in Assam". BW Businessworld. Retrieved 2022-06-09.
External links
Media related to Ocimum tenuiflorum at Wikimedia Commons
