Eiffel Tower: Difference between revisions

Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower as seen from the Champ-de-Mars
General information
Location	Paris, France
Height
Antenna spire	324 metres (1,063 ft)
Roof	300.65 metres (986 ft)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Gustave Eiffel
Engineer	Gustave Eiffel

The Eiffel Tower (Template:Lang-fr, /tuʀ ɛfɛl/) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars beside the Seine River in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and is one of the most recognizable structures in the world.

Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris and one of the most recognized structures in the world.^[1] More than 200,000,000 have visited the tower since its construction in 1889,^[2] including 6,719,200  in 2006,^[3] making it the most visited paid monument in the world.^[4][5] Including the 24 m (79 ft) antenna, the structure is 325 m (1,063 ft) high (since 2000), which is equivalent to about 81 levels in a conventional building.

When the tower was completed in 1889 it was the world's tallest tower — a title it retained until 1930 when New York City's Chrysler Building (319 m — 1,047 ft tall) was completed.^[6] The tower is now the fifth-tallest structure in France and the tallest structure in Paris, with the second-tallest being the Tour Montparnasse (210 m — 689 ft), although that will soon be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m — 738.36 ft).

The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes while the entire structure including non-metal components is approximately 10,000 tonnes. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun. The tower also sways 6-7 cm (2-3 in) in the wind.^[7] As demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7300 tonnes of the metal structure were melted down it would fill the 125 meter square base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming a density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic meter.^{[citation needed]}The tower has a mass less than the mass of the air contained in a cylinder of the same dimensions,^[8] that is 324 meters high and 88.3 meters in radius. The weight of the tower is 10,100 tonnes compared to 10,265 tonnes of air.

The first and second levels are accessible by stairways and lifts. A ticket booth at the south tower base sells tickets to access the stairs which begin at that location. At the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by lift. From the first or second platform the stairs are open for anyone to ascend or descend regardless of whether they have purchased a lift ticket or stair ticket. The actual count of stairs includes 9 steps to the ticket booth at the base, 328 steps to the first level, 340 steps to the second level and 18 steps to the lift platform on the second level. When exiting the lift at the third level there are 15 more steps to ascend to the upper observation platform. The step count is printed periodically on the side of the stairs to give an indication of progress of ascent. The majority of the ascent allows for an unhindered view of the area directly beneath and around the tower although some short stretches of the stairway are enclosed.

Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years to protect it from rust. In order to maintain a uniform appearance to an observer on the ground, three separate tonnes of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest tone on the bottom, and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed — the tower is currently painted a shade of brownish-grey. ^[9] On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting. The co-architects of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.^[10]

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The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, a World's Fair marking the centennial celebration of the French Revolution. Eiffel originally planned to build the tower in Barcelona, for the Universal Exposition of 1888, but those responsible at the Barcelona city hall thought it was a strange and expensive construction, which did not fit into the design of the city. After the refusal of the Consistory of Barcelona, Eiffel submitted his draft to those responsible for the Universal Exhibition in Paris, where he would build his tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on March 31, 1889, and opened on 6 May. Three hundred workers joined together 18,038 pieces of puddled iron (a very pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million rivets, in a structural design by Maurice Koechlin. The risk of accident was great, for unlike modern skyscrapers the tower is an open frame without any intermediate floors except the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took safety precautions, including the use of movable stagings, guard-rails and screens, only one man died.

The tower was met with much criticism from the public when it was built, with many calling it an eyesore. (Novelist Guy de Maupassant — who claimed to hate the tower — supposedly ate lunch in the Tower's restaurant every day. When asked why, he answered that it was the one place in Paris where you couldn't see the Tower.) Today, it is widely considered to be a striking piece of structural art.

One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to 7 stories, only a very few of the taller buildings have a clear view of the tower..

Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years, meaning it would have had to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily demolished) but as the tower proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiration of the permit. The military used it to dispatch Parisian taxis to the front line during the First Battle of the Marne, and it therefore became a victory statue of that battle.

At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape. Eiffel was criticised for the design and accused of trying to create something artistic, or inartistic according to the viewer, without regard to engineering. Eiffel and his engineers, as renowned bridge builders however, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand the wind. In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:

Now to what phenomenon did I give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be (...) will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.

— translated from the French newspaper Le Temps of February 14, 1887^[11]

The shape of the tower was therefore determined by mathematical calculation involving wind resistance. Several theories of this mathematical calculation have been proposed over the years, the most recent is a nonlinear integral differential equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point. That shape is exponential. A careful plot of the tower curvature however, reveals two different exponentials, the lower section having a stronger resistance to wind forces.^[12][13]

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the tower has been used for radio transmission. Until the 1950s, an occasionally modified set of antenna wires ran from the summit to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. They were connected to long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar and still exists today.^{[citation needed]} On November 20, 1913 the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory which used an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, DC.^[14]

The tower has two restaurants: Altitude 95, on the first floor (95 m, 311 ft, above sea level); and the Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In January 2007 a new multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse was brought in to run Jules Verne.^[15]

The uppermost observation deck, with a height of 275 metres, is the highest area of an architectural structure in the European Union open for the public.^{[citation needed]}

The passenger lifts from ground level to the first level are operated by cables and pullies driven by massive water-powered pistons. As they ascend the inclined arc of the legs, the elevator cabins tilt slightly, but with a slight jolt, every few seconds in order to keep the floor nearly level.^{[citation needed]} The elevator works are on display and open to the public in a small museum located in one of the four tower bases.

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• On September 10, 1889 Thomas Edison visited the tower. He signed the guestbook with the following message—

  To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.

• In 1902, the tower was struck by lightning (see photo at right). 100 m (330 ft) of the top had to be reconstructed and the damaged lights illuminating the tower had to be replaced.^[16]
• Father Theodor Wulf in 1910 took observations of radiant energy radiating at the top and bottom of the tower, discovering at the top more than was expected, and thereby detecting what are today known as cosmic rays.^[17]
• On February 4 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping 60 metres from the first deck of Eiffel tower with his home-made parachute.
• In 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig twice "sold" the tower for scrap metal.
• In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building was completed in New York City.
• From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's four sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.
• Upon the Nazi occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French so that Adolf Hitler would have to climb the steps to the summit. The parts to repair them were allegedly impossible to obtain because of the war. In 1940 Nazi soldiers had to climb to the top to hoist the swastika, but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and it was replaced by a smaller one. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. It was said that Hitler conquered France, but did not conquer the Eiffel Tower. A Frenchman scaled the tower during the German occupation to hang the French flag. In August 1944, when the Allies were nearing Paris, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. The lifts of the Tower were working normally within hours of the Liberation of Paris.
• On January 3, 1956, a fire damaged the top of the tower.
• In 1957 the present radio antenna was added to the top.
• In the 1980s an old restaurant and its supporting iron scaffolding midway up the tower was dismantled; it was purchased and reconstructed on St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana by entrepreneurs John Onorio and Daniel Bonnot, originally as the Tour Eiffel Restaurant, known more recently as the Red Room. The restaurant was re-assembled from 11,000 pieces that crossed the Atlantic in a 40-foot (12 m) cargo container.
• On March 31, 1984, Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza through the arches of the tower.^[18]
• In 1985's James Bond action/adventure film A View to a Kill, Sir Roger Moore as James Bond chases May Day played by actress Grace Jones up the Eiffel Tower. She parachutes from the structure to escape. The video of the film's theme tune, performed by the group Duran Duran, also included several scenes of the band staged on the tower intercut with clips from the film. A full 20 years earlier, the Bond film Thunderball (1965) featured an establishing shot of the tower as the villainous Largo, played by Adolfo Celi, parks outside the headquarters of SPECTRE in Paris.
• On July 14 1995, Bastille Day, French synthesiser musician Jean Michel Jarre performed Concert For Tolerance at the tower in aid of UNESCO. The free concert was attended by an estimated 1.5 million people, filling the Champ-de-Mars. The concert featured lighting and projection effects on the tower, and a huge firework display throughout. Exactly 3 years later, he returned to the same spot for a more dance music orientated show, Electronic Night.
• On New Year's Eve 2000, the Eiffel Tower played host to Paris' Millennium Celebration. Fireworks exploded from the whole length of the tower in a spectacular display. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event.
• In 2000, flashing lights and four high-power searchlights were installed on the tower. Since then the light show has become a nightly event. The searchlights on top of the tower make it a beacon in Paris' night sky.
• The tower received its 200,000,000th guest of all-time in 2002.^[19][20]
• At 19:20 on July 22, 2003, a fire occurred at the top of the tower in the broadcasting equipment room. The entire tower was evacuated; the fire was extinguished after 40 minutes, and there were no reports of injuries.
• Since 2004, the Eiffel Tower has hosted an ice skating rink on the first floor during the winter period.

Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower seventy-two names of French scientists, engineers and other notable people. This engraving was painted over at the beginning of the twentieth century but restored in 1986-1987 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.

Images of the tower have long been in the public domain; however, in 2003 SNTE (Société nouvelle d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel) installed a new lighting display on the tower. The effect was to put any night-time image of the tower and its lighting display under copyright. As a result, it was no longer legal to publish contemporary photographs of the tower at night without permission in some countries.^[21][22]

The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for SNTE, Stéphane Dieu, commented in January 2005, "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways we don't approve." However, it also potentially has the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night from being published^[23] as well as hindering non profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the tower.

In a recent decision, the Court of Cassation ruled that copyright could not be claimed over images including a copyrighted building if the photograph encompassed a larger area. This seems to indicate that SNTE cannot claim copyright on photographs of Paris incorporating the lit tower.

In jurisdictions, this claim of copyright is explicitly disallowed. In Irish copyright law, works "permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public" may be freely included in visual reproductions.^[24]

As a global landmark, the Eiffel Tower is featured in media including films, video games, and television shows.

In order of decreasing height:

• CN Tower, Toronto, Canada — At 553.33 m, the world's second tallest freestanding tower.
• Kiev TV Tower, Kiev, Ukraine — At 385 m, the world's tallest lattice tower, with no observation deck for visitors.
• Riga Radio and TV Tower, Riga, Latvia — 368.5 m concrete tower on three legs.
• Macau Tower, Macau SAR — 338 m, with observation deck at 237.62 m and with the highest bungee jump in the world at 233 m.
• Dragon Tower, Harbin — a 336 m high lattice tower at Harbin, China.
• Tokyo Tower, Tokyo, Japan — 9 m higher than the original (33 m if the TV antenna is included).
• Yerevan TV Tower, Yerevan, Armenia — 311.7 m high lattice tower built from 1974 to 1977.
• St. Petersburg TV Tower, St. Petersburg, Russia — 310 m lattice tower without observation deck.
• Star Tower, Cincinnati, Ohio — 291.4 m transmission tower, without observation deck.
• Qingdao TV Tower, China — 232 m TV tower with observation deck.
• Crystal Palace Transmitter, London, England — 222 m TV tower without observation deck, nicknamed London's Eiffel Tower^{[citation needed]}.
• Brasilia TV Tower, Brasilia, Brazil — 224 m lattice tower with an observation deck at a height of 75 m.
• Guangzhou TV Tower, Guangzhou, China — A 217 m high TV tower of lattice steel.
• Blosenbergturm, Beromünster, Switzerland — A 217 m high mast radiator used for broadcasting of DRS-1 on mediumwave frequency 531 kHz.
• Nagoya TV Tower, Nagoya, Japan — 180 m
• Odinstårnet, Odense, Denmark — A 177 meter high lattice tower, destroyed in 1944
• The Spire The Arts Centre (Melbourne), Melbourne Australia — built in 1996 at a height of 163 m and is illuminated with roughly 6,600 metres (21,653 feet) of optic fibre tubing, 150 m (492 feet) of neon tubing on the mast and 14,000 incandescent lamps on the spire's skirt. The metal webbing of the spire is also influenced by the billowing of a ballerina's tutu.
• Transmitter Ismaning, Ismaning, Germany — 163 m, a wooden radio tower in shape similar to Eiffel Tower (and nicknamed "Bavarian Eiffel Tower") was built in 1934.^[25] In 1983 this tower was demolished, because it was of bad structural state.
• Blackpool Tower, Blackpool, England — 158 m (519 ft); it is not quite a free-standing structure as it stands above the Tower Circus complex, where the four "legs" can be seen.
• Mesquite Tower, Mesquite, Texas — 155.3 m transmission tower, without observation deck.
• Croydon Transmitter — A 152 m transmission tower in London, without observation deck
• Radio Tower Berlin, Berlin, Germany — 150 m transmission tower with observation deck. Sometimes nicknamed as a copy of the Eiffel Tower, although the two structures are not too similar. The Radio Tower Berlin is the only observation tower whose feet are insulated from the ground.
• Sapporo TV Tower, Sapporo, Japan — 147 m.
• Gliwice Radio Tower, Gliwice, Poland — 118 m. This tower, which is built of wood without iron parts and is today world's tallest wooden structure, was nicknamed until 1945 "Silesian Eiffel Tower" by local population.
• AWA Tower, Sydney, Australia — 101 m, 46 m on top of a 55 m building, built in 1938-39.
• Beppu Tower, Beppu, Japan — 100 m^[26]
• Zendstation Zwollerkerspel — 90 m radio tower.
• Tour métallique de Fourvière, Lyon, France — 85.7 m lattice tower built from 1892 to 1894. Used until 1953 as an observation tower, but is now a TV tower — closed to visitors.
• Torre del Reformador, Guatemala City, Guatemala — 75 m.
• Brookmans Park Transmitter — two 60.96 metre high lattice towers, insulated against ground
• Petřínská rozhledna, Prague, Czech Republic — 60 m, built in 1891.
• Bachtel Tower, Hinwil, Switzerland — 60 m, built in 1986.
• Wiesbaden Bismarck Tower, Wiesbaden, Germany — 50 m tall wooden lattice observation tower, built in 1910 and demolished in 1918.
• Watkin's Tower, Wembley Park, London, England — never completed, demolished in 1907.
• Joseph's Cross, Stollberg/Harz, Germany — 38 m observation tower in form of a double cross.
• Lemberg Tower, Lemberg Mountain, Germany — 33 m observation tower of lattice steel, built in 1899
• Gehrenberg Tower, Deggenhausertal, Germany — 30 m observation tower of lattice steel, built in 1903
• Salzgitter Bismarck Tower, Salzgitter, Germany — 17 m tall observation tower consisting of 5 metres tall stone basement and 12 metres tall lattice tower built in 1900.
• Mount Gorbea Summit Cross - a 17.2 metres tall summit cross on Mount Gorbea
• Tour du Belvédère — a small observation tower in Mulhouse, Alsace, France.
• Woodwards Building, Vancouver, Canada — A small reproduction on the roof of the building was topped by a signature neon "W". This building has been demolished, only a small section of the facade remains. It will be replaced by condos and some low-income housing.
• Hashawha Tower, Westminster, Maryland — This is a windmill that was donated to the Hashawha Bear Branch Nature Center. Standing at about 10 m (35 ft) tall, there are pegs on the side to climb up on, and there is a very small observation deck at the top.

In order of decreasing height:

• In front of the Paris Las Vegas hotel/casino on the Las Vegas Strip, Paradise, Nevada, near Las Vegas, Nevada — 165 m (540 ft, scale 1:2). 36°6′45″N 115°10′20″W / 36.11250°N 115.17222°W / 36.11250; -115.17222
• Tianducheng, Hangzhou, China ~108 m [1] [2] 30°23′6.72″N 120°14′36.60″E / 30.3852000°N 120.2435000°E / 30.3852000; 120.2435000
• Shenzhen, China — ~100 m (~328 ft, scale 1:3) 22°32′13.33″N 113°58′9.51″E / 22.5370361°N 113.9693083°E / 22.5370361; 113.9693083

• Kings Island Amusement Park, Mason, Ohio — ~100 m (~328 ft, scale 1:3) 39°20′36″N 84°16′1″W / 39.34333°N 84.26694°W / 39.34333; -84.26694
• Kings Dominion Amusement Park, Doswell, Virginia — 84 m (275 ft, scale 1:3.59)
• Slobozia, Romania — 54 m (177 ft)
• In Parizh, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Nagaybaksky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Built by South Ural Cell Telephone company as a cellphone tower — 50 m (164 ft) 53°17′51.02″N 60°5′59.46″E / 53.2975056°N 60.0998500°E / 53.2975056; 60.0998500
• In Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark. Wooden replica — 50 m (164 ft) 55°40′19.16″N 12°31′24.70″E / 55.6719889°N 12.5235278°E / 55.6719889; 12.5235278
• Fayetteville, North Carolina — The Bordeaux Tower is about 45 m (150 ft) featuring an elevator that takes people to the top for a small view.
• Walt Disney World's Epcot theme park in Lake Buena Vista, Florida (at the France Pavilion in World Showcase) — 23  (76 ft, scale 1:10)^[27]
• Paris, Texas — 20 m (65 ft)
• As a Meccano model, housed at the Technology Museum of Georgia (Atlanta, Georgia) — 11 m (36 t)^[28]
• On the roof of the catering company Rungis Express in Meckenheim and Satteldorf, Germany -(height unknown)
• Centerpiece of the Falconcity of Wonders — a planned new development project in Dubai. UAE, featuring seven modern wonders of the world (planned).^[29] 25°5′43.8″N 55°20′31.5″E / 25.095500°N 55.342083°E / 25.095500; 55.342083 (approximate coordinates)
• Mini-Europe, Brussels, a 12.96 m model (a proportion of 1:25 to the original).
• Model on the roof of the Rue De Paris cafe in Brisbane, Australia — (roughly 12 m tall)
• Model in indoor theme park in Genting Highlands, Malaysia
• In Austin, Texas there is a 7.5 m (25 ft) tall replica at the Dreyfus Antique Shop.
• Model in Paris, Tennessee — about 7.5 m (25 ft) tall.
• Paris, Michigan; approximately 3 m (10 ft) tall and in a park
• Golden Sands (Varna) sea resort, Bulgaria - A tower in comparsion 1:10 is built in the town as a tourist attraction.
• Kazakhstan, Aktau - model at the front of the office of "Oil Construction Company"

• Eiffel Tower Co-op in Hackensack, New Jersey, USA^[30]

• List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
• List of tallest buildings and structures in Paris
• The 72 names on the Eiffel Tower

• Frémy, Dominique, Quid de la Tour Eiffel, Robert Lafont, Paris (1989) — out of print

Eiffel Tower From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia You have new messages (last change). Jump to: navigation, search Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower as seen from the Champ-de-Mars

Information Location Paris, France Status Complete Constructed 1887 – 1889 Use Observation tower Radio broadcasting tower Height Antenna/Spire 324 metres (1,063 ft) Roof 300.65 metres (986 ft) Companies Architect Gustave Eiffel Structural Engineer Gustave Eiffel The Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel, /tuʀ ɛfɛl/) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars beside the Seine River in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and is one of the most recognizable structures in the world.

Contents [hide] 1 Introduction 2 History 3 Shape of the tower 4 Installations 5 Events 6 The 72 names 7 Image copyright claims 8 In popular culture 8.1 Lattice towers taller than Eiffel Tower 8.2 Architectural structures in France taller than Eiffel Tower 9 Similar towers and reproductions 9.1 Similar towers (not scale models) 9.2 Reproductions 10 Broadcasting stations 10.1 FM-Radio 10.2 TV 11 Other structures carrying this name 12 See also 13 References 14 Gallery 15 External links

[edit] Introduction Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris and one of the most recognized structures in the world.[1] More than 200,000,000 have visited the tower since its construction in 1889,[2] including 6,719,200 in 2006,[3] making it the most visited paid monument in the world.[4][5] Including the 24 m (79 ft) antenna, the structure is 325 m (1,063 ft) high (since 2000), which is equivalent to about 81 levels in a conventional building.

When the tower was completed in 1889 it was the world's tallest tower — a title it retained until 1930 when New York City's Chrysler Building (319 m — 1,047 ft tall) was completed.[6] The tower is now the fifth-tallest structure in France and the tallest structure in Paris, with the second-tallest being the Tour Montparnasse (210 m — 689 ft), although that will soon be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m — 738.36 ft).

The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes while the entire structure including non-metal components is approximately 10,000 tonnes. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun. The tower also sways 6-7 cm (2-3 in) in the wind.[7] As demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7300 tonnes of the metal structure were melted down it would fill the 125 meter square base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming a density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic meter.[citation needed]The tower has a mass less than the mass of the air contained in a cylinder of the same dimensions,[8] that is 324 meters high and 88.3 meters in radius. The weight of the tower is 10,100 tonnes compared to 10,265 tonnes of air.

The first and second levels are accessible by stairways and lifts. A ticket booth at the south tower base sells tickets to access the stairs which begin at that location. At the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by lift. From the first or second platform the stairs are open for anyone to ascend or descend regardless of whether they have purchased a lift ticket or stair ticket. The actual count of stairs includes 9 steps to the ticket booth at the base, 328 steps to the first level, 340 steps to the second level and 18 steps to the lift platform on the second level. When exiting the lift at the third level there are 15 more steps to ascend to the upper observation platform. The step count is printed periodically on the side of the stairs to give an indication of progress of ascent. The majority of the ascent allows for an unhindered view of the area directly beneath and around the tower although some short stretches of the stairway are enclosed.

Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years to protect it from rust. In order to maintain a uniform appearance to an observer on the ground, three separate tonnes of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest tone on the bottom, and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed — the tower is currently painted a shade of brownish-grey. [9] On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting. The co-architects of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.[10]

[edit] History

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Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Eiffel Tower under construction in July 1888.The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, a World's Fair marking the centennial celebration of the French Revolution. Eiffel originally planned to build the tower in Barcelona, for the Universal Exposition of 1888, but those responsible at the Barcelona city hall thought it was a strange and expensive construction, which did not fit into the design of the city. After the refusal of the Consistory of Barcelona, Eiffel submitted his draft to those responsible for the Universal Exhibition in Paris, where he would build his tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on March 31, 1889, and opened on 6 May. Three hundred workers joined together 18,038 pieces of puddled iron (a very pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million rivets, in a structural design by Maurice Koechlin. The risk of accident was great, for unlike modern skyscrapers the tower is an open frame without any intermediate floors except the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took safety precautions, including the use of movable stagings, guard-rails and screens, only one man died.

The tower was met with much criticism from the public when it was built, with many calling it an eyesore. (Novelist Guy de Maupassant — who claimed to hate the tower — supposedly ate lunch in the Tower's restaurant every day. When asked why, he answered that it was the one place in Paris where you couldn't see the Tower.) Today, it is widely considered to be a striking piece of structural art.

One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to 7 stories, only a very few of the taller buildings have a clear view of the tower..

Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years, meaning it would have had to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily demolished) but as the tower proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiration of the permit. The military used it to dispatch Parisian taxis to the front line during the First Battle of the Marne, and it therefore became a victory statue of that battle.

[edit] Shape of the tower

Eiffel Tower from the baseAt the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape. Eiffel was criticised for the design and accused of trying to create something artistic, or inartistic according to the viewer, without regard to engineering. Eiffel and his engineers, as renowned bridge builders however, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand the wind. In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:

“ Now to what phenomenon did I give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be (...) will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole. ” —translated from the French newspaper Le Temps of February 14, 1887[11]

The shape of the tower was therefore determined by mathematical calculation involving wind resistance. Several theories of this mathematical calculation have been proposed over the years, the most recent is a nonlinear integral differential equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point. That shape is exponential. A careful plot of the tower curvature however, reveals two different exponentials, the lower section having a stronger resistance to wind forces.[12][13]

[edit] Installations

The Eiffel tower and the Seine at nightSince the beginning of the 20th century, the tower has been used for radio transmission. Until the 1950s, an occasionally modified set of antenna wires ran from the summit to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. They were connected to long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar and still exists today.[citation needed] On November 20, 1913 the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory which used an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, DC.[14]

The tower has two restaurants: Altitude 95, on the first floor (95 m, 311 ft, above sea level); and the Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In January 2007 a new multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse was brought in to run Jules Verne.[15]

The uppermost observation deck, with a height of 275 metres, is the highest area of an architectural structure in the European Union open for the public.[citation needed]

The passenger lifts from ground level to the first level are operated by cables and pullies driven by massive water-powered pistons. As they ascend the inclined arc of the legs, the elevator cabins tilt slightly, but with a slight jolt, every few seconds in order to keep the floor nearly level.[citation needed] The elevator works are on display and open to the public in a small museum located in one of the four tower bases.

[edit] Events

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Lightning strikes the Eiffel Tower on 3 June 1902, at 9:20 P.M The Eiffel Tower served as an advertising space for Citroën from 1925 to 1934. On September 10, 1889 Thomas Edison visited the tower. He signed the guestbook with the following message— “ To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison. ”

In 1902, the tower was struck by lightning (see photo at right). 100 m (330 ft) of the top had to be reconstructed and the damaged lights illuminating the tower had to be replaced.[16] Father Theodor Wulf in 1910 took observations of radiant energy radiating at the top and bottom of the tower, discovering at the top more than was expected, and thereby detecting what are today known as cosmic rays.[17] On February 4, 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping 60 metres from the first deck of Eiffel tower with his home-made parachute. In 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig twice "sold" the tower for scrap metal. In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building was completed in New York City. From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's four sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time. Upon the Nazi occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French so that Adolf Hitler would have to climb the steps to the summit. The parts to repair them were allegedly impossible to obtain because of the war. In 1940 Nazi soldiers had to climb to the top to hoist the swastika, but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and it was replaced by a smaller one. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. It was said that Hitler conquered France, but did not conquer the Eiffel Tower. A Frenchman scaled the tower during the German occupation to hang the French flag. In August 1944, when the Allies were nearing Paris, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. The lifts of the Tower were working normally within hours of the Liberation of Paris. On January 3, 1956, a fire damaged the top of the tower. In 1957 the present radio antenna was added to the top. In the 1980s an old restaurant and its supporting iron scaffolding midway up the tower was dismantled; it was purchased and reconstructed on St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana by entrepreneurs John Onorio and Daniel Bonnot, originally as the Tour Eiffel Restaurant, known more recently as the Red Room. The restaurant was re-assembled from 11,000 pieces that crossed the Atlantic in a 40-foot (12 m) cargo container. On March 31, 1984, Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza through the arches of the tower.[18] In 1985's James Bond action/adventure film A View to a Kill, Sir Roger Moore as James Bond chases May Day played by actress Grace Jones up the Eiffel Tower. She parachutes from the structure to escape. The video of the film's theme tune, performed by the group Duran Duran, also included several scenes of the band staged on the tower intercut with clips from the film. A full 20 years earlier, the Bond film Thunderball (1965) featured an establishing shot of the tower as the villainous Largo, played by Adolfo Celi, parks outside the headquarters of SPECTRE in Paris. On July 14 1995, Bastille Day, French synthesiser musician Jean Michel Jarre performed Concert For Tolerance at the tower in aid of UNESCO. The free concert was attended by an estimated 1.5 million people, filling the Champ-de-Mars. The concert featured lighting and projection effects on the tower, and a huge firework display throughout. Exactly 3 years later, he returned to the same spot for a more dance music orientated show, Electronic Night. On New Year's Eve 2000, the Eiffel Tower played host to Paris' Millennium Celebration. Fireworks exploded from the whole length of the tower in a spectacular display. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. In 2000, flashing lights and four high-power searchlights were installed on the tower. Since then the light show has become a nightly event. The searchlights on top of the tower make it a beacon in Paris' night sky. The tower received its 200,000,000th guest of all-time in 2002.[19][20] At 19:20 on July 22, 2003, a fire occurred at the top of the tower in the broadcasting equipment room. The entire tower was evacuated; the fire was extinguished after 40 minutes, and there were no reports of injuries. Since 2004, the Eiffel Tower has hosted an ice skating rink on the first floor during the winter period.

[edit] The 72 names Main article: The 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower seventy-two names of French scientists, engineers and other notable people. This engraving was painted over at the beginning of the twentieth century but restored in 1986-1987 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.

[edit] Image copyright claims Images of the tower have long been in the public domain; however, in 2003 SNTE (Société nouvelle d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel) installed a new lighting display on the tower. The effect was to put any night-time image of the tower and its lighting display under copyright. As a result, it was no longer legal to publish contemporary photographs of the tower at night without permission in some countries.[21][22]

The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for SNTE, Stéphane Dieu, commented in January 2005, "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways we don't approve." However, it also potentially has the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night from being published[23] as well as hindering non profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the tower.

In a recent decision, the Court of Cassation ruled that copyright could not be claimed over images including a copyrighted building if the photograph encompassed a larger area. This seems to indicate that SNTE cannot claim copyright on photographs of Paris incorporating the lit tower.

In jurisdictions, this claim of copyright is explicitly disallowed. In Irish copyright law, works "permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public" may be freely included in visual reproductions.[24]

[edit] In popular culture Main article: Eiffel Tower in popular culture

Panoramic view from underneath the Eiffel Tower.As a global landmark, the Eiffel Tower is featured in media including films, video games, and television shows.

[edit] Lattice towers taller than Eiffel Tower Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks Kiev TV Tower 1263 ft 385 m 1973 Ukraine Kiev Tallest lattice tower of the world Tashkent Tower 1230 ft 374.9 m 1985 Uzbekistan Tashkent Pylons of Yangtze River Crossing 1137 ft 346.5m 2003 People’s Republic of China Jiangyin 2 towers, tallest pylons in the world Dragon Tower 1102 ft 336 m 2000 People’s Republic of China Harbin Tokyo Tower 1091 ft 332.6 m 1958 Japan Tokyo Emley Moor transmitting station 1084 ft 330.4 m 1971 United Kingdom West yorkshire, England WITI TV Tower 1078 ft 329 m 1962 U.S. Shorewood, Wisconsin WSB TV Tower 1075 ft 327.6 m 1957 U.S. Atlanta, Georgia

[edit] Architectural structures in France taller than Eiffel Tower Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Town Remarks Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m 1974 Guyed Mast Allouis HWU transmitter 350 m  ? Guyed Mast Rosnay Multiple masts Viaduc de Millau 343 m 2004 Bridge Pillar Millau TV Mast Niort-Maisonnay 330 m  ? Guyed Mast Niort Transmitter Le Mans-Mayet 342 m 1993 Guyed Mast Mayet Transmitter Roumoules 330 m 1974 Guyed Mast Roumoules spare transmission mast for longwave, insulated against ground

[edit] Similar towers and reproductions

[edit] Similar towers (not scale models) In order of decreasing height:

CN Tower, Toronto, Canada — At 553.33 m, the world's second tallest freestanding tower. Kiev TV Tower, Kiev, Ukraine — At 385 m, the world's tallest lattice tower, with no observation deck for visitors. Riga Radio and TV Tower, Riga, Latvia — 368.5 m concrete tower on three legs. Macau Tower, Macau SAR — 338 m, with observation deck at 237.62 m and with the highest bungee jump in the world at 233 m. Dragon Tower, Harbin — a 336 m high lattice tower at Harbin, China. Tokyo Tower, Tokyo, Japan — 9 m higher than the original (33 m if the TV antenna is included). Yerevan TV Tower, Yerevan, Armenia — 311.7 m high lattice tower built from 1974 to 1977. St. Petersburg TV Tower, St. Petersburg, Russia — 310 m lattice tower without observation deck. Star Tower, Cincinnati, Ohio — 291.4 m transmission tower, without observation deck. Qingdao TV Tower, China — 232 m TV tower with observation deck. Crystal Palace Transmitter, London, England — 222 m TV tower without observation deck, nicknamed London's Eiffel Tower[citation needed]. Brasilia TV Tower, Brasilia, Brazil — 224 m lattice tower with an observation deck at a height of 75 m. Guangzhou TV Tower, Guangzhou, China — A 217 m high TV tower of lattice steel. Blosenbergturm, Beromünster, Switzerland — A 217 m high mast radiator used for broadcasting of DRS-1 on mediumwave frequency 531 kHz. Nagoya TV Tower, Nagoya, Japan — 180 m Odinstårnet, Odense, Denmark — A 177 meter high lattice tower, destroyed in 1944 The Spire The Arts Centre (Melbourne), Melbourne Australia — built in 1996 at a height of 163 m and is illuminated with roughly 6,600 metres (21,653 feet) of optic fibre tubing, 150 m (492 feet) of neon tubing on the mast and 14,000 incandescent lamps on the spire's skirt. The metal webbing of the spire is also influenced by the billowing of a ballerina's tutu. Transmitter Ismaning, Ismaning, Germany — 163 m, a wooden radio tower in shape similar to Eiffel Tower (and nicknamed "Bavarian Eiffel Tower") was built in 1934.[25] In 1983 this tower was demolished, because it was of bad structural state. Blackpool Tower, Blackpool, England — 158 m (519 ft); it is not quite a free-standing structure as it stands above the Tower Circus complex, where the four "legs" can be seen. Mesquite Tower, Mesquite, Texas — 155.3 m transmission tower, without observation deck. Croydon Transmitter — A 152 m transmission tower in London, without observation deck Radio Tower Berlin, Berlin, Germany — 150 m transmission tower with observation deck. Sometimes nicknamed as a copy of the Eiffel Tower, although the two structures are not too similar. The Radio Tower Berlin is the only observation tower whose feet are insulated from the ground. Sapporo TV Tower, Sapporo, Japan — 147 m. Gliwice Radio Tower, Gliwice, Poland — 118 m. This tower, which is built of wood without iron parts and is today world's tallest wooden structure, was nicknamed until 1945 "Silesian Eiffel Tower" by local population. AWA Tower, Sydney, Australia — 101 m, 46 m on top of a 55 m building, built in 1938-39. Beppu Tower, Beppu, Japan — 100 m[26] Zendstation Zwollerkerspel — 90 m radio tower. Tour métallique de Fourvière, Lyon, France — 85.7 m lattice tower built from 1892 to 1894. Used until 1953 as an observation tower, but is now a TV tower — closed to visitors. Torre del Reformador, Guatemala City, Guatemala — 75 m. Brookmans Park Transmitter — two 60.96 metre high lattice towers, insulated against ground Petřínská rozhledna, Prague, Czech Republic — 60 m, built in 1891. Bachtel Tower, Hinwil, Switzerland — 60 m, built in 1986. Wiesbaden Bismarck Tower, Wiesbaden, Germany — 50 m tall wooden lattice observation tower, built in 1910 and demolished in 1918. Watkin's Tower, Wembley Park, London, England — never completed, demolished in 1907. Joseph's Cross, Stollberg/Harz, Germany — 38 m observation tower in form of a double cross. Lemberg Tower, Lemberg Mountain, Germany — 33 m observation tower of lattice steel, built in 1899 Gehrenberg Tower, Deggenhausertal, Germany — 30 m observation tower of lattice steel, built in 1903 Salzgitter Bismarck Tower, Salzgitter, Germany — 17 m tall observation tower consisting of 5 metres tall stone basement and 12 metres tall lattice tower built in 1900. Mount Gorbea Summit Cross - a 17.2 metres tall summit cross on Mount Gorbea Tour du Belvédère — a small observation tower in Mulhouse, Alsace, France. Woodwards Building, Vancouver, Canada — A small reproduction on the roof of the building was topped by a signature neon "W". This building has been demolished, only a small section of the facade remains. It will be replaced by condos and some low-income housing. Hashawha Tower, Westminster, Maryland — This is a windmill that was donated to the Hashawha Bear Branch Nature Center. Standing at about 10 m (35 ft) tall, there are pegs on the side to climb up on, and there is a very small observation deck at the top.

[edit] Reproductions In order of decreasing height:

In front of the Paris Las Vegas hotel/casino on the Las Vegas Strip, Paradise, Nevada, near Las Vegas, Nevada — 165 m (540 ft, scale 1:2). 36°6′45″N, 115°10′20″W Tianducheng, Hangzhou, China ~108 m [1] [2] 30°23′6.72″N, 120°14′36.60″E Shenzhen, China — ~100 m (~328 ft, scale 1:3) 22°32′13.33″N, 113°58′9.51″E

Replica at Kings Island near Cincinnati, OhioKings Island Amusement Park, Mason, Ohio — ~100 m (~328 ft, scale 1:3) 39°20′36″N, 84°16′1″W Kings Dominion Amusement Park, Doswell, Virginia — 84 m (275 ft, scale 1:3.59) Slobozia, Romania — 54 m (177 ft) In Parizh, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Nagaybaksky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Built by South Ural Cell Telephone company as a cellphone tower — 50 m (164 ft) 53°17′51.02″N, 60°5′59.46″E In Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark. Wooden replica — 50 m (164 ft) 55°40′19.16″N, 12°31′24.70″E Fayetteville, North Carolina — The Bordeaux Tower is about 45 m (150 ft) featuring an elevator that takes people to the top for a small view. Walt Disney World's Epcot theme park in Lake Buena Vista, Florida (at the France Pavilion in World Showcase) — 23 (76 ft, scale 1:10)[27] Paris, Texas — 20 m (65 ft) As a Meccano model, housed at the Technology Museum of Georgia (Atlanta, Georgia) — 11 m (36 t)[28] On the roof of the catering company Rungis Express in Meckenheim and Satteldorf, Germany -(height unknown) Centerpiece of the Falconcity of Wonders — a planned new development project in Dubai. UAE, featuring seven modern wonders of the world (planned).[29] 25°5′43.8″N, 55°20′31.5″E (approximate coordinates) Mini-Europe, Brussels, a 12.96 m model (a proportion of 1:25 to the original). Model on the roof of the Rue De Paris cafe in Brisbane, Australia — (roughly 12 m tall) Model in indoor theme park in Genting Highlands, Malaysia In Austin, Texas there is a 7.5 m (25 ft) tall replica at the Dreyfus Antique Shop. Model in Paris, Tennessee — about 7.5 m (25 ft) tall. Paris, Michigan; approximately 3 m (10 ft) tall and in a park Golden Sands (Varna) sea resort, Bulgaria - A tower in comparsion 1:10 is built in the town as a tourist attraction. Kazakhstan, Aktau - model at the front of the office of "Oil Construction Company"

[edit] Broadcasting stations

[edit] FM-Radio Programme Frequency ERP France Inter Regional 90,35 MHz 3 kW France Culture 93,35 MHz 3 kW France Musique 97,6 MHz 3 kW

[edit] TV Programme Channel-Number Frequency ERP Canal+ 6 182,25 MHz 100 kW France 2 22 479,25 MHz 500 kW TF1 25 503,25 MHz 500 kW France 3 28 527,25 MHz 500 kW France 5 30 543,25 MHz 100 kW M6 33 567,25 MHz 100 kW

[edit] Other structures carrying this name Eiffel Tower Co-op in Hackensack, New Jersey, USA[30]

[edit] See also List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest buildings and structures in Paris The 72 names on the Eiffel Tower

[edit] References ^ The Eiffel Tower as a World monument ^ Number of visitors since 1889 ^ A few statistics ^ The Guardian: New look for Eiffel Tower ^ LeMonde.fr : Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris ^ ThinkQuest article on the Eiffel Tower. ^ A few statistics ^ The Eiffel Tower Official Website ^ Painting the Eiffel Tower ^ Conception and design of the Eiffel Tower ^ Extrait de la réponse d'Eiffel ^ Elegant Shape Of Eiffel Tower Solved Mathematically By University Of Colorado Professor ^ The Virginia Engineer: Correct Theory Explaining The Eiffel Tower’s Design Revealed ^ "Paris Time By Wireless," New York Times, November 22, 1913, pg 1. ^ Paris France Guide: Paris Hotels, Food, Wine and Discounts - The Eiffel Tower Breaking News ^ "Thunder and Lightning", Camille Flammarion, translated by Walter Mostyn, published in 1906. ^ Wulf, Theodor. Physikalische Zeitschrift, contains results of the four-day long observation done by Theodor Wulf while at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910. ^ A Bonanza in Paris. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. ^ The Eiffel Tower: Paris' Grande Dame. france.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. ^ Soirée réussie le 28 novembre pour fêter l'année du 200 millionième visiteur (French). Official Site (2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-24. ^ Statement that publishing pictures of the lighting requires a fee ^ In the United States, for example, 17 USC 120(a) explicitly permits the publication of photographs of copyrighted architecture in public spaces. In Germany this is known as Panoramafreiheit. ^ Eiffel Tower: Repossessed ^ Irish Statute Books - Representation of certain artistic works on public display ^ http://en.structurae.de/files/photos/2328/ismaning02.jpg ^ http://www2.odn.ne.jp/yoko—tower/list1—e.htm ^ Disney's official French Pavilion page - lists the Eiffel Tower as approximately 1/10th the height of the original. ^ Eiffel Tower ^ :: Falconcity of Wonders (L.L.C) :: ^ http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=19207 u smell!!!!!!!!!!!!

• Northwest from the tower, across the River Seine, showing the Trocadéro gardens and the Palais de Chaillot. A pleasure boat cruises on the river.
  Northwest from the tower, across the River Seine, showing the Trocadéro gardens and the Palais de Chaillot. A pleasure boat cruises on the river.
• From the highest platform.
  From the highest platform.
• 
  The Eiffel Tower from below.
• 
  Eiffel Tower while France was bidding for the 2012 Olympic Games, summer 2005
• 
  The lace-like iron detailing
• 
  The Tower is made from 18,038 pieces of puddled iron.
• Eiffel tower on Bastille Day
  Eiffel tower on Bastille Day
• 
  The Eiffel Tower taken shortly after the end of World War II, in June of 1945
• Eiffel tower at night
  Eiffel tower at night

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eiffel Tower.

• Official website of the Eiffel Tower Template:Fr icon
• English version Template:En icon
• Eiffel Tower at Structurae
• Mechanical Engineering Magazine: Deconstructing Eiffel
• Reconstructing the Eiffel Tower in CATIA ,3DXML file to download and CG Images
• 3D render of the Eiffel Tower for use in Google Earth
• The first transmitters at Eiffel Tower

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