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{{Short description|Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɾ⟩ in IPA}}
{{redirect2|Alveolar tap|Alveolar flap|the voiceless consonants|Voiceless alveolar tap and flap}}
The '''voiced alveolar tap''' or '''flap''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents a [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], or [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] [[tap and flap consonants|tap or flap]] is {{angbr IPA|ɾ}}.

The terms ''tap'' and ''flap'' are often used interchangeably. [[Peter Ladefoged]] proposed the distinction that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, and a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Valentin-Marquez|2015}}</ref> That distinction between the alveolar tap and flap can be written in the IPA with tap {{angbr IPA|ɾ}} and flap {{angbr IPA|ɽ}}, the 'retroflex' symbol being used for the one that starts with the tongue tip curled back behind the alveolar ridge. The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}) and "party" (retroflex {{IPAblink|ɽ}}).

For linguists who do not make the distinction, alveolars and dentals are typically called ''taps'' and other articulations ''flaps''. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.

The sound is often analyzed and thus interpreted by non-native English-speakers as an [[rhotic consonant|'R-sound']] in many foreign languages. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either an [[alveolar stop]] ({{IPAblink|t}}, {{IPAblink|d}}, or both) or a [[rhotic consonant]] (like the [[alveolar trill]] or the [[alveolar approximant]]).

If the alveolar flap is the only rhotic consonant in the language, it may be transcribed with {{angbr IPA|r}} although that symbol technically represents the trill.

The '''voiced alveolar tapped fricative''' reported from some languages is actually a very brief [[voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative]].

== Voiced alveolar tap and flap ==
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol   = ɾ
| ipa number  = 124
| decimal     = 638
| xsampa      = 4
| kirshenbaum = <nowiki>*</nowiki>
| braille     = !
| braille2    = r
| imagefile   = IPA Unicode 0x027E.svg
| imagesize   = 150px
}}

=== Features ===
[[File:Alveolar_flap.svg|150px]]

Features of the voiced alveolar tap or flap:

* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[Tap and flap consonants|tap or flap]], which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[Dental consonant|dental]] or [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]], which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at the [[alveolar ridge]]. It is most often [[Apical consonant|apical]], which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

=== Occurrence ===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-

|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=16}}</ref> || {{lang|arz|[[Arabic alphabet|رجل]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɾeɡl]}} || 'leg' || See [[Egyptian Arabic phonology]]
|-
| [[Lebanese Arabic|Lebanese]]
|{{lang|apc|[[Arabic alphabet|إجر]]|rtl=yes}}
|{{IPA|[ʔəʒəɾ]}}
|'wages'
|
|-
| [[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]]
|رما / '''r'''ma
|[ɾma]
|'he threw'
| 
|-
| [[South Mesopotamian Arabic| South Iraqi]]
| {{lang|apc|[[Arabic alphabet|أريد]]|rtl=yes}}
| {{IPA|[aɾid]}}
| 'I want'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || {{lang|an|a'''r'''agonés|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[aɾaɣoˈnes]}} || 'Aragonese' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}}.
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=19}}</ref> || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ր'''ոպե]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ɾopɛ.ogg|[ɾo.ˈpɛ]}}|| 'minute' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}} in all positions.
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]]
| ܪܝܫܐ '''r'''ìsha
| {{IPA|[ɾiʃa]}}
| 'head'
| Contrasts with ‘dark’ R.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || {{lang|ast|[[Asturian phonology|ho'''r'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈoɾa]}} || 'hour' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]] || {{lang|eu|[[Basque orthography|begi'''r'''atu]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[beˈɣiɾaˌtu]}} || 'look' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}}. See [[Basque phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|আবা'''র''']]}} || {{IPA|[abaɾ]}} || 'again' || Main realisation of /r/. Corresponds to [{{IPA link|r}} ~ {{IPA link|ɹ}}] in others and may occur word-medially and finally against [r]. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}}</ref> || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|t'''r'''uc]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɾuk]}} || 'trick' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Danish language|Danish]]<ref name="gr157">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=157}}</ref><ref name="basb126">{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=126}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|nor'''d'''isk]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk]}} || 'Nordic' || Possible realization of intervocalic {{IPA|/d/}} between phonetic vowels.<ref name="gr157" /><ref name="basb126" /> See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]|| {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''r'''eden]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɾeːdə(n)]}} || 'reason' || Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[English language|English]] || [[Cockney]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|pp=324–325}}</ref> || rowspan="7" | ''[[English orthography|be'''tt'''er]]'' || {{IPA|[ˈbe̞ɾɐ]}} || rowspan="7" | 'better' || Intervocalic [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/t/}}. In free variation with [{{IPA|ʔ}} ~ {{IPA|tʰ}} ~ {{IPA|tˢ}}]. See [[Flapping]]
|-
| [[Australian English|Australian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=343}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈbeɾɐ]}} || rowspan="2" | Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}. See [[Australian English phonology]], [[New Zealand English phonology]] and [[Flapping]]
|-
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|p=24}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Dublin]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glossary|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#G_T-tapping|access-date=2021-05-22|website=}}</ref>|| rowspan="4" | {{Audio-IPA|En-us-better.ogg|[ˈbɛɾɚ]}} || rowspan="4" | Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be {{IPA|[ɹ]}} instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See [[English phonology]] and [[Flapping]]
|-
| [[North American English|North America]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ogden|2009|p=114}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Ulster]]
|-
| [[West Country dialects|West Country]]
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Irish]] || rowspan="5" | ''[[English orthography|th'''r'''ee]]'' || rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[θɾiː]}} || rowspan="5" | 'three' || Conservative accents. Corresponds to [{{IPA link|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɻ}} ~ {{IPA link|ʁ}}] in other accents.
|-
| [[Scottish English|Scottish]]<ref name="Ogden2009">{{Harvcoltxt|Ogden|2009|p=92}}</ref> || Most speakers. Others use [{{IPAlink|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link|r}}].
|-
| Older [[Received Pronunciation]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wise|1957|p=?}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|/ɹ/}}
|-
| [[Scouse]]<ref name="Ogden2009" />
|-
| [[South African English|South African]]<ref name="Ogden2009" /> || Broad speakers. Can be [{{IPAlink|ɹ}} ~ {{IPAlink|r}}] instead
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|Espe'''r'''anto]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[espeˈɾanto]}} || 'one who hopes' || Usually a flap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, but can be a trilled {{IPAlink|r}}. See [[Esperanto phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Greek language|Greek]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Arvaniti|2007|pp=15–18}}</ref> || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|μη'''ρ'''ός]]}} / {{transl|el|[[Romanization of Greek|''mi'''r'''ós'']]}} || {{IPA|[miˈɾ̠o̞s]}} || 'thigh' || Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of {{IPAslink|r}}. See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]|| {{lang|hi|[[Devanāgarī|मे'''रा''']]|rtl=yes}}/{{Lang|ur|{{nq|میرا}}}}|| {{IPA|[meːɾaː]}} || 'My' || Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. See [[Hindustani phonology|Hindi phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]] || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|fea'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[fʲaɾˠ]}}|| 'man' || See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kinyarwanda]] || u '''R'''wanda || {{IPA|[u ɾgwɑː.ndɑ]}}|| 'Rwanda' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{dubious|Japanese /r/|date=December 2019}} || {{lang|ja-Hani|[[Kanji|心]]}} /{{lang|ja|こころ}} {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese#Hepburn|koko'''r'''o]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ja-kokoro.ogg|[ko̞ko̞ɾo̞]}} || 'heart' || {{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=92}} Varies with {{IPAblink|ɺ}}.{{sfnp|Akamatsu|1997|p=106}} See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kzl|[[Kazakh alphabets|бе'''р''']]}}/{{lang|kzl|[[Kazakh alphabets|be'''r''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Kz-Ber.ogg|[beɾ]}} || 'give' || See [[Kazakh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[Hangul|여름]] / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|yeo'''r'''eum]]}} || {{IPA|[jʌɾɯm]}} || 'summer' || Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
|[[Jawi alphabet|'''ر'''اتوس]] / ''[[Latin alphabet|'''r'''atus]]''
|{{IPA|[ɾä.tos]}}
|'hundred'
|Common realisation of /r/. May be trill [{{IPA|r}}] or postalveolar approximant [{{IPA|ɹ̠}}]. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Māori language|Māori]] || {{lang|mi|wha'''r'''e}} || {{IPA|[ɸaɾɛ]}}|| 'house' || Sometimes trilled.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||{{lang|mr|[[Devanāgarī|वा'''रा''']]}}||{{IPA|[ʋaːɾaː]}}|| 'wind' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwada|first=Rajesh|date=December 2009|title=Nepali|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|language=en|volume=39|issue=3|pages=373–380|doi=10.1017/S0025100309990181|issn=1475-3502|doi-access=free}}</ref> ||{{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|ता'''रा''']]}}
|{{IPA|[t̪äɾä]}}|| 'star' || Intervocalic allophone of /r/. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]<ref>{{cite web |language=no | last=Kristoffersen |first=Gjert |year=2015 |title=En innføring i norsk fonologi |trans-title=An introduction to Norwegian phonology |publisher=[[University of Bergen]] |edition=4 |url=http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/15694/Fonologimanus_sep15_GK.pdf |access-date=2020-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024152047/http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/15694/Fonologimanus_sep15_GK.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-24 |url-status=live |page=21 |quote=I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp }}</ref>|| {{lang|no|[[Norwegian phonology|ba'''r'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Norwegian Voiced Dental sound.ogg|[ˈbɑ̂ː.ɾə]}} || 'only' || May be realised as a trill {{IPA|[r]}}, approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} or uvular {{IPA|[ʀ~ʁ]}} depending on dialect. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''ରା'''ତି]]}}/{{Transl|or|'''r'''āti}}||{{IPA|[ɾäti]}}||'night'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Polish language|Polish]]
|{{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|któ'''r'''y]]}}
|{{IPA|[ˈkt̪u.ɾɘ̟]}}
|'which'
|Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. See [[Polish phonology#Allophones|Polish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|p'''r'''ato]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɾatu]}} || 'dish' || Dental to [[Retroflex flap|retroflex]] allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, with its [[Guttural R|guttural]] allophones. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|[[Gurmukhi]]
|{{Lang|pa|ਲਾ'''ਰਾ'''}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ˈläːɾäː]}}
| rowspan="2" |'false promise'
| rowspan="2" |See [[Punjabi language#Phonology|Punjabi phonology]].
|-
|[[Shahmukhi]]
|{{Lang|pa|{{nq|لا'''ر'''ا}}}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic]] || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|mò'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[moːɾ]}} || 'big' || Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of ''r''. Often transcribed simply as {{IPA|/r/}}. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill {{IPA|[rˠ]}}, while the slender form is {{IPA|[ɾʲ]}} ({{IPA|[ð]}} in some dialects). See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}</ref> || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|ca'''r'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Caro Voiced alveolar flap Latino Spanish.wav|[ˈkaɾo̞]}} || 'expensive' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}}. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2 | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|bi'''r'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbiɾɔʔ]}} || 'joke' || See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|{{lang|ta|ம'''ர'''ம்}}
|{{IPA|[maɾam]}}
|'tree'
|See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
|[[Thai language|Thai]]
|Some speakers
|พ'''ร'''ะ / ph'''r'''a
|{{IPA|[pʰɾäʔ˦˥]}}
|'monk'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref name="YavuzBalcı">{{Harvcoltxt|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}}</ref> || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|a'''r'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɑɾɑ]}} || 'interval' || Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere.<ref name="YavuzBalcı" /> See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]<ref name="Sjoberg">{{Harvcoltxt|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}}</ref> || {{lang|uz-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|ёмғи'''р''']]}}/{{lang|uz-Latn|yomg‘i'''r'''}}/{{lang|uz-Arab|یامغی'''ر'''}} || {{IPA|[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]}} || 'rain' || Denti-alveolar.<ref name="Sjoberg" />
|-
| colspan="2" | [[West Coast Bajau language|West Coast Bajau]]<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Miller |first=Mark T. |title=A Grammar of West Coast Bajau |date=2007 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Texas at Arlington |hdl=10106/577 |hdl-access=free |pages=34}}</ref> || {{lang|bdr|ba'''r'''a'}} || {{IPA|[ba.ɾaʔ]}} || 'to tell' || Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position.
|-
| [[Wu Chinese]] || [[Xuanzhou Wu|Tongling]] || {{lang|zh|銅陵}} || {{IPA|[ɾom.lin]}} || 'Tongling' || Tones not notated due to complexity of tone sandhi. Equivalent to {{IPA|/d/}} in other lects. Also seen in other [[Xuanzhou Wu]] varieties
|}

== Alveolar nasal tap and flap ==
{{Infobox IPA
| above       = Alveolar nasal tap/flap
| ipa symbol  = ɾ̃
| ipa symbol2 = n̆
| ipa number  = 124 424
| x-sampa     = 4~ or n_X
}}

=== Features ===
Features of the alveolar nasal tap or flap:

* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[Tap and flap consonants|tap or flap]], which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
{{alveolar}}
{{voiced}}
{{nasal}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

=== Occurrence ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elsok.org/journals16/13415 |title=Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach |author=Kwan-Young Oh |access-date=2023-04-29}}</ref> || [[Estuary English|Estuary]] || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|twe'''nt'''y]]'' || rowspan="2" | {{Audio-IPA|En-us-twenty.ogg|[ˈtw̥ɛ̃ɾ̃i]}} || rowspan="2" | 'twenty' || rowspan="2" | Allophone of unstressed intervocalic {{IPA|/nt/}} for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. See [[English phonology]], [[North American English regional phonology]] and [[flapping]]
|-
| [[North American English|North American]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antimoon.com/how/flap-t.htm |title=Flap t FAQ |author=Tomasz P. Szynalski |access-date=2013-11-24}}</ref>
|-
| colspan= "2" | [[Guarani language|Guarani]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Walker|2011|pp=9–10}}</ref> || {{lang|gn|[[Guarani alphabet|po'''r'''ã]]}} || {{IPA|[põˈɾ̃ã]}} || 'good' || Nasalized allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} as a result of nasal harmony. See [[Guarani language#Nasal harmony|Guarani language § Nasal harmony]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Flapping]]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book
|last=Akamatsu
|first=Tsutomu
|year=1997
|title=Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice
|location=München
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=3-89586-095-6
}}
* {{citation
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 |year=2007
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 |volume=8
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 |doi=10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
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 |archive-date=2013-12-11
}}
* {{citation
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| author-link=Hans Basbøll
| year=2005
| title=The Phonology of Danish
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| isbn=0-203-97876-5
}}
* {{citation
| last1=Carbonell
| first1=Joan F.
| last2=Llisterri
| first2=Joaquim
| year=1992
| title=Catalan
| journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| volume=22
| issue=1–2
| pages=53–56
| doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618
| s2cid=249411809
}}
* {{citation
| last1=Cox
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| last2=Palethorpe
| first2=Sallyanne
| year=2007
| title=Australian English
| journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| volume=37
| issue=3
| pages=341–349
| doi=10.1017/S0025100307003192
| doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
| last=Cruz-Ferreira
| first=Madalena
| year=1995
| title=European Portuguese
| journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| volume=25
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| pages=90–94
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| s2cid=249414876
}}
* {{citation
| last=Dum-Tragut
| first=Jasmine
| year=2009
| title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
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| place=Amsterdam
}}
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| year=2006
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}}
* {{citation
| last=Grønnum
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| year=2005
| title=Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk
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}}
* {{citation
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| year=2003
| title=Standard Yiddish
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| volume=33
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}}
* {{citation
| last=Labrune
| first=Laurence
| year=2012
| title=The Phonology of Japanese
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| place=Oxford, England
| isbn=978-0-19-954583-4
}}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{citation
| last=Lass
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| chapter=Intradiphthongal Dependencies
| editor-last=Anderson
| editor-first=John
| editor-last2=Durand
| editor-first2=Jacques
| year=1987
| title=Explorations in Dependency Phonology
| place=Dordrecht
| publisher=Foris Publications Holland
| pages=109–131
| isbn=9067652970
}}
* {{citation
| last=Mangold
| first=Max
| author-link=Max Mangold
| year=2005
| orig-year=First published 1962
| title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch
| edition=6th
| place=Mannheim
| publisher=Dudenverlag
| isbn=978-3-411-04066-7
}}
* {{citation
| last1=Martínez-Celdrán
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| year=2003
| title=Castilian Spanish
| journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| volume=33
| issue=2
| pages=255–259
| doi=10.1017/S0025100303001373
| doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
| last=Merrill
| first=Elizabeth
| year=2008
| title=Tilquiapan Zapotec
| journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| volume=38
| issue=1
| pages=107–114
| doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344
| url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf
| doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
| last=Ogden
| first=Richard
| year=2009
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}}
* {{citation
| last1=Šimáčková
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| last2=Podlipský
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| last3=Chládková
| first3=Kateřina
| year=2012
| title=Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia
| journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| volume=42
| issue=2
| pages=225–232
| doi=10.1017/S0025100312000102
| url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/katerina/documents/illustration-of-Czech.pdf
| doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
| last=Sjoberg
| first=Andrée F.
| year=1963
| title=Uzbek Structural Grammar
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| volume=18
| place=Bloomington
| publisher=Indiana University
}}
* {{citation
| last1=Šuštaršič
| first1=Rastislav
| last2=Komar
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| last3=Petek
| first3=Bojan
| year=1999
| title=Slovene
| work=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
| pages=135–139
| isbn=0-521-65236-7
}}
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| last1=Trudgill
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* {{citation
| last=Valentin-Marquez
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| doi=10.1515/shll-2008-1031
| s2cid=147068871
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* {{cite book
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|first1=Rachel
|chapter=Nasal Harmony
|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/1208/docs/Walker2011.pdf
|editor-last1=van Oostendorp
|editor-first1=Marc
|editor-last2=Ewen
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|date=2011 
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| year=2002
| title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
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* {{citation
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| year=2007
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| volume=37
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| pages=351–360
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| last=Wells
| first=John
| year=1982
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| pages=324–325
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| isbn=978-0-521-28540-7
}}
* {{citation
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| first=Claude Merton
| year=1957
| title=Introduction to Phonetics
| location=Englewood Cliffs
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* {{citation
 |last1     = Yavuz
 |first1    = Handan
 |last2     = Balcı
 |first2    = Ayla
 |year      = 2011
 |title     = Turkish Phonology and Morphology
 |place     = Eskişehir
 |publisher = Anadolu Üniversitesi
 |isbn      = 978-975-06-0964-0
 |url       = http://ds.anadolu.edu.tr/eKitap/TUR401U.pdf
}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɾ}}

{{IPA navigation}}
{{LetterR}}

[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Tap and flap consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]

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