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{{short description|Independence-class light aircraft carrier of the US Navy}}
{{Other ships|USS Princeton}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{coord|15|21|N|123|31|E|display=title|type:landmark_source:dewiki}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=USS Princeton (CVL-23) underway in Puget Sound on 3 January 1944 (NH 95651).jpg
|Ship caption=USS ''Princeton'' off the coast of [[Seattle]], Washington
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1944}}
|Ship name=USS ''Princeton''
|Ship namesake=[[Battle of Princeton]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=2 June 1941
|Ship launched=18 October 1942
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|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=
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|Ship commissioned=25 February 1943
|Ship recommissioned=
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|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Scuttled after being severely damaged by Japanese air attack on 24 October 1944 in the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]]
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Independence|aircraft carrier}}
|Ship type=
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement=13,000&nbsp;tons
|Ship length={{convert|622.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam=*{{convert|71.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} (waterline)
* {{convert|109.2|ft|m|abbr=on}} (extreme)
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|Ship draft={{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}
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|Ship speed=31&nbsp;knots
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|Ship troops=
|Ship complement=1,569 officers and men
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|Ship armament=*22 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors 40 mm gun]]s
*16 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon]]s
|Ship armour=
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|Ship aircraft=45
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}}
|}

The fourth '''USS ''Princeton'' (CVL-23)''' was a [[United States Navy]] {{sclass|Independence|aircraft carrier|0}} [[light aircraft carrier]] active in the [[Pacific Ocean]] during [[World War II]].  She was launched in 1942 and lost at the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]] in 1944.

== Construction and deployment ==
The ship was laid down as the {{sclass|Cleveland|light cruiser}} ''Tallahassee'' (CL-61) by the [[New York Shipbuilding Corporation]], [[Camden, New Jersey]], 2 June 1941. She was reclassified as the [[Independence-class aircraft carrier|Independence-class light aircraft carrier]] CV-23 on 16 February 1942, renamed ''Princeton'' 31 March 1942, launched 18 October 1942, sponsored by Margaret Dodds (wife of [[Princeton University]] president [[Harold Dodds]]), and commissioned at [[Philadelphia]] 25 February 1943, Capt. [[George R. Henderson]] in command.<ref name=DANFS>{{cite DANFS |url= http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/princeton-iv.html |title= Princeton IV}}</ref>

Following shakedown in the [[Caribbean]], and reclassification to CVL-23 on 15 July 1943, ''Princeton'', with Air Group 23 embarked, got underway for the [[Pacific]]. Arriving at [[Pearl Harbor]] 9 August, she sortied with [[Task Force 11|TF&nbsp;11]] on 25 August and headed for [[Baker Island]]. There she served as [[flagship]], TG&nbsp;11.2 and provided air cover during the occupation of the island and the construction of an airfield there, 1–14 September. During that time her planes downed [[Kawanishi H8K|Japanese Emily reconnaissance planes]] and, more importantly, furnished the fleet with photographs of them.<ref name=DANFS />

Completing that mission, ''Princeton'' rendezvoused with TF&nbsp;15, conducted strikes against enemy installations on [[Makin (islands)|Makin]] and [[Tarawa Atoll|Tarawa]], then headed back to Pearl Harbor. In mid-October, she sailed for [[Espiritu Santo]] where she joined {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}} to form [[Fast Carrier Task Force|TF&nbsp;38]] on 20 October. With that force, she sent her planes against airfields at [[Buka Island|Buka]] and [[Bonis Peninsula|Bonis]] on [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] (1–2 November) to diminish Japanese aerial resistance during the landings at [[Empress Augusta Bay]]. On 5 and 11 November her planes along with those from ''Saratoga'' undertook a risky air raid to neutralize a squadron of Japanese heavy cruisers while [[Bombing of Rabaul (November 1943)|raiding]] [[Rabaul]] and on the 19th, with TF&nbsp;50, helped neutralize the airfield at [[Nauru]]. ''Princeton'' then steamed northeast, covered the garrison groups en route to Makin and Tarawa and, after exchanging operational aircraft for damaged planes from other carriers, got underway for Pearl Harbor and the west coast.<ref name=DANFS />

On 3 January 1944, ''Princeton'' steamed west again for Pearl Harbor, where she rejoined the fast carriers of TF&nbsp;50, now designated TF&nbsp;58. On 19 January, she sortied with TG&nbsp;58.4 for strikes at [[Wotje]] and [[Taroa]] (29–31 January) to support amphibious operations against [[Kwajalein]] and [[Majuro]]. Her planes photographed the next assault target, [[Eniwetok]], 2 February and on 3 February returned on a more destructive assignment – the demolition of the airfield on [[Engebi]]. For three days the atoll was bombed and strafed. On 7 February, ''Princeton'' retired to Kwajalein, and the same day [[William H. Buracker]] took command.<ref name=DANFS /> ''Princeton'' returned to Eniwetok on 10–13 and 16–28 February, when her planes softened the beaches for the invasion force, then provided air cover during the assault and ensuing fight.<ref name=DANFS />

From Eniwetok, ''Princeton'' retired to Majuro, thence to Espiritu Santo for replenishment. On 23 March, she got underway for strikes against enemy installation and shipping in the [[Caroline Islands|Carolines]]. After striking the [[Palau]]s, [[Woleai]] and [[Yap]], the force replenished at Majuro and sortied again 13 April. Steaming to [[New Guinea]], the carriers provided air cover for the [[Jayapura|Hollandia]] operation (21–29 April), then crossed back over the [[International Date Line]] to raid [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]] (29–30 April) and [[Pohnpei|Ponape]] (1 May).<ref name=DANFS />

On 11 May, ''Princeton'' returned to Pearl Harbor only to depart again on 29 May for Majuro. There she rejoined the fast carriers and pointed her bow toward the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]] to support the assault on [[Saipan]]. From 11 to 18 June, she sent her planes against targets on [[Guam]], [[Rota (island)|Rota]], [[Tinian]], [[Pagan Island|Pagan]], and Saipan, then steamed west to intercept a Japanese fleet reported to be en route from the [[Philippines]] to the Marianas. In the ensuing [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]], ''Princeton''{{'s}} planes contributed 30 kills and her guns another three, plus one assist, to the devastating toll inflicted on Japan's naval air arm.<ref name=DANFS />

Returning to the Marianas, ''Princeton'' again struck Pagan, Rota and Guam, then replenished at Eniwetok. On 14 July, she got underway again as the fast carriers returned their squadrons to the Marianas to furnish air cover for the assault and occupation of Guam and Tinian. On 2 August, the force returned to Eniwetok, replenished, then sailed for the Philippines. En route, her planes raided the Palaus, then on 9–10 September, struck airfields on northern [[Mindanao]]. On 11 September, they pounded the [[Visayas]]. At mid-month the force moved back over the Pacific chessboard to support the Palau offensive, then returned to the Philippines to hit [[Luzon]], concentrating on [[Clark Air Base|Clark]] and [[Nichols Field|Nichols]] fields. The force then retired to [[Ulithi]], and in early October, bombed and strafed enemy airfields, installations and shipping in the [[Nansei Shoto]] and [[Taiwan|Formosa]] area in preparation for the invasion of the Philippines.<ref name=DANFS />

== Loss ==
[[File:USS Birmingham comes alongside the burning USS Princeton.jpg|right|thumb|{{USS|Birmingham|CL-62|2}} attempts to fight fires aboard ''Princeton'']]

On 20 October, landings were made at [[Dulag, Leyte|Dulag]] and [[San Pedro Bay (Philippines)|San Pedro Bay]], [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]]. ''Princeton'', in Task Group 38.3, cruised off Luzon and sent her planes against airfields there to prevent Japanese land-based aircraft attacks on Allied ships massed in [[Leyte Gulf]].<ref name=DANFS />

On 24 October, however, the task group was found by enemy planes from Clark and Nichols fields. Shortly before 10:00&nbsp;a.m. ''Princeton'' was attacked by a lone [[Yokosuka D4Y]] 'Judy'. The dive bomber dropped a single bomb, which struck the carrier between the elevators, punching through the wooden flight deck and hangar before exploding. Although structural damage was minor, a fire broke out and quickly spread owing to burning gasoline, causing further explosions.<ref name=Popham>{{cite web |url= http://www.historynet.com/harry-popham-recalls-the-attack-of-the-uss-princeton-during-the-battle-for-leyte-gulf.htm |title= Harry Popham Recalls the Attack of the USS Princeton During the Battle for Leyte Gulf |website= history.net |date= 12 June 2006 }}</ref>

[[File:USS Princeton (CVL-23) burning on 24 October 1944 (80-G-287970).jpg|thumb|left|USS ''Princeton'' on fire east of Luzon, 24 October 1944]]

Cruisers and destroyers came alongside to render assistance. {{USS|Irwin|DD-794|6}} approached and attempted to fight the fire in the forward section of the hangar deck. The [[cruiser]] {{USS|Birmingham|CL-62|6}}, being the largest ship, took the lead role in fire fighting. During the operation, ''Princeton'' collided with and damaged the assisting ships.<ref name=Popham />

At 15:24, a second and larger explosion shook the ''Princeton'', possibly caused by an explosion of one or more bombs in the magazine. ''Birmingham'' suffered extensive damage to her superstructure and considerable casualties.<ref name=Bernstein /> ''Irwin'' was also damaged, but stayed close and launched boats to rescue survivors from the sea. ''Irwin'' rescued 646 crewmen from the ''Princeton''; the ship later received a [[Navy Unit Commendation]] award for her actions.<ref>{{cite DANFS |url= http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/irwin.html |title= USS Irwin }}</ref>

Efforts to save the carrier continued, but by 16:00, the fires were out of control. The remaining personnel were evacuated, and shortly after 17:06, ''Irwin'' commenced firing torpedoes at the burning hulk. However, ''Irwin'' abandoned this effort due to torpedo malfunctions (her [[torpedo tube]]s possibly damaged in the collision with ''Princeton'') that caused her torpedoes to circle back and almost hit her. {{USS|Reno|CL-96|6}}, at 17:46, took over the task of [[scuttling]] ''Princeton''.<ref name=Popham /> Three minutes later, an even larger explosion occurred on ''Princeton'', destroying the entire forward section and sending flames and debris up to {{convert|1,000|–|2,000|ft|m}} into the air. ''Princeton'' sank at approximately 17:50.<ref name=DANFS />

===Aftermath===
[[File:USS Princeton (CVL-23) blows up after being torpedoed by USS Reno.jpg|thumb|USS ''Princeton'' explodes after being torpedoed by USS ''Reno'']]

Casualties on ''Princeton'' herself were relatively light considering the intensity of her fires; 108 men (10 officers and 98 enlisted men) were lost, while 1,361 crewmen were rescued. ''Princeton'''s Captain Buracker was later awarded the Purple Heart, Legion of Merit with the Combat "V", and the Navy Cross for his actions during the sinking.

Casualties were much heavier aboard ''Birmingham'' which was devastated by secondary explosions aboard ''Princeton'' while fighting fires, with 241 killed and 412 wounded.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bernstein |first=Marc D. |date=October 2009 |title='Hell Broke Loose' at Leyte Gulf |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2009/october/hell-broke-loose-leyte-gulf |url-status= |magazine=Naval History |location= |publisher= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=12 March 2024 |volume=23 |number=5}}</ref><ref name=Popham /><ref>{{cite DANFS |url= http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/birmingham-ii.html |title= Birmingham II}}</ref> Three other ships were more lightly damaged while assisting ''Princeton'':

* {{USS|Birmingham|CL-62|2}}: heavy topside damage, two 5 in., two 40&nbsp;mm and two 20&nbsp;mm guns lost.<ref name=DANFS />
* {{USS|Morrison|DD-560|2}}: foremast lost, portside smashed<ref name=DANFS />
* {{USS|Irwin|DD-794|2}}: forward 5 in. mounts and director out, starboard side smashed.<ref name=DANFS />
* {{USS|Reno|CL-96|2}}: one 40&nbsp;mm smashed.<ref name=DANFS />

Captain [[John M. Hoskins]], who had been prospective commanding officer of CVL-23, was also rescued, but lost his right foot. He would later become the new commanding officer of the fifth {{USS|Princeton|CV-37|2}}, launched as a replacement in 1945.<ref name=DANFS />

''Birmingham''{{'}}s commanding officer Thomas Inglis said "I should take the same action{{spaced en dash}}providing the same factors were involved and I had no crystal ball." By the end of 1945, he had been promoted to rear admiral and chief of Naval Intelligence. ''Birmingham'' earned a Navy Unit Commendation for her performance on 24 October 1944.<ref name=Bernstein>{{cite web |url= http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-10/hell-broke-loose-leyte-gulf |title= Hell Broke Loose at Leyte Gulf |publisher= United States naval Institute |date= October 2009 |first= Marc D. |last= Bernstein }}</ref> According to a second hand account told by a ''Birmingham'' survivor, when the cruiser returned to port for repairs, the civilian workers brought in to clean up the ship before repairs allegedly refused to do the job due to the stench of rotting flesh, so naval enlisted men took over the job.<ref name=Popham />

Lt. Robert G. Bradley was posthumously awarded the [[Navy Cross]] for his actions on ''Princeton'' on 24 October 1944. He was later the namesake of {{USS|Robert G. Bradley|FFG-49}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/robert-g-bradley.html |title= USS Robert G. Bradley |website=[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]] |access-date= 2014-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/19829 |title= Robert Graham Bradley |website= [[Gannett Government Media|Military Times]] |access-date= 2014-06-07 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191936/http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=19829 |archive-date= 14 July 2014 }}</ref> ''Princeton''{{'}}s executive officer Cdr. Joseph Nathaniel Murphy who assumed command was later awarded the Navy Cross for his tireless effort to save the ship and get the crew to safety.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/21414 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20150125012725/http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=21414 |url-status=live |archive-date= 2015-01-25 |title= Joseph Nathaniel Murphy |work= Military Times}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Princeton'' earned nine [[Service star#Navy warships|battle stars]] during World War II.<ref name=DANFS />

In November 2004, the [[Princeton University Chapel]] rededicated a service flag that once flew on ''Princeton''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S07/31/66I60/index.xml |title= Historical flag to be rededicated on Veterans Day, Nov. 11 |first= Eric |last= Quinones |publisher= News at Princeton |date= 3 November 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155806/https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S07/31/66I60/index.xml |archive-date= 22 December 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of aircraft carriers]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy]]
* [[List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II]] for other ships lost in World War II.

== References ==
* {{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/princeton-iv.html}}
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Bradshaw, T. I. and M. L. Clark. (1990). ''Carrier Down: The Story of the Sinking of the U.S.S. Princeton'' (CVL-23).  Austin: Eakin Press. {{ISBN|978-0-89015-773-2}}.
* Thulesius, O. (2007). ''The Man Who Made the Monitor: A Biography of John Ericsson''. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-2766-6}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|USS Princeton (CVL-23)|USS Princeton (CVL-23)}}
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-p/cvl23.htm Navy photographs of ''Princeton'' (CVL-23)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113532/http://www.ninesisters.com/princeton.htm USS Princeton] at Nine Sisters Light Carrier Historical Documentary Project
* [http://www.historynet.com/eyewitness-to-tragedy-death-of-uss-princeton-may-97-world-war-ii-feature.htm Eyewitness to Tragedy: Death of USS Princeton] at [http://www.historynet.com/ HistoryNet]

{{Cleveland class cruiser}}
{{Independence class aircraft carrier}}
{{October 1944 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Princeton (CVL-23)}}
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers sunk by aircraft]]
[[Category:Independence-class aircraft carriers]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in October 1944]]
[[Category:Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft carriers of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Philippine Sea]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by aircraft during the Battle of Leyte Gulf]]
[[Category:Naval magazine explosions]]
[[Category:Aircraft carrier fires]]

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USS Darter (SS-227) (edit)
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USS Denver (CL-58) (edit)
USS Duluth (CL-87) (edit)
USS Escolar (SS-294) (edit)
USS Eversole (DE-404) (edit)
USS Flying Fish (SS-229) (edit)
USS Galveston (CL-93) (edit)
USS Gambier Bay (edit)
USS Hoel (DD-533) (edit)
USS Houston (CL-81) (edit)
USS Independence (CVL-22) (edit)
USS Irwin (DD-794) (edit)
USS Johnston (DD-557) (edit)
USS Langley (CVL-27) (edit)
USS Little Rock (CL-92) (edit)
USS Manchester (CL-83) (edit)
USS Miami (CL-89) (edit)
USS Mingo (SS-261) (edit)
USS Mobile (CL-63) (edit)
USS Monterey (CVL-26) (edit)
USS Montgomery (DD-121) (edit)
USS Montpelier (CL-57) (edit)
USS Morrison (DD-560) (edit)
USS Newark (CL-88) (edit)
USS Oklahoma City (CL-91) (edit)
USS Pasadena (CL-65) (edit)
USS Portsmouth (CL-102) (edit)
USS Princeton (CV-37) (edit)
USS Providence (CL-82) (edit)
USS Reno (CL-96) (edit)
USS Robert G. Bradley (FFG-49) (edit)
USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413) (edit)
USS San Jacinto (CVL-30) (edit)
USS Santa Fe (CL-60) (edit)
USS Saratoga (CV-3) (edit)
USS Seawolf (SS-197) (edit)
USS Shark (SS-314) (edit)
USS Shelton (DE-407) (edit)
USS Sonoma (AT-12) (edit)
USS Springfield (CL-66) (edit)
USS St. Lo (edit)
USS Stingray (SS-186) (edit)
USS Tang (SS-306) (edit)
USS Topeka (CL-67) (edit)
USS Vicksburg (CL-86) (edit)
USS Vincennes (CL-64) (edit)
USS Wilkes-Barre (edit)
USS Youngstown (CL-94) (edit)
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Return to USS Princeton (CVL-23).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CVL-23)"