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{{Short description|Fast battleship of the United States Navy}}
{{Other ships|USS Massachusetts}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{| {{Infobox ship begin
| infobox caption = yes
}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = [[File:USS Massachusetts (BB-59) underway c1944.jpg|300px|USS Massachusetts (BB-59) underway off the coast of Point Wilson, 1944]]
| Ship caption = ''Massachusetts'' off the coast of [[Point Wilson]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], c. July 1944
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = United States
| Ship flag = {{USN flag|1947}}
| Ship name = ''Massachusetts''
| Ship namesake = [[Massachusetts]]
| Ship builder = [[Bethlehem Steel|Bethlehem Steel Corporation]] ([[Fore River Shipyard]])
| Ship laid down = 20 July 1939
| Ship launched = 23 September 1941
| Ship commissioned = 12 May 1942
| Ship decommissioned = 27 March 1947
| Ship struck = 1 June 1962
| Ship status = [[Museum ship]] at [[Battleship Cove]] since 14 August 1965
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class = {{sclass|South Dakota|battleship (1939)|0}} [[battleship]]
| Ship displacement =
* [[standard displacement|Standard]]: {{convert|37970|LT|t|0|lk=on}}
* [[Full load]]: {{convert|44519|LT|t|0|abbr=on}}
| Ship length = {{convert|680|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
| Ship beam = {{convert|108|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship draft = {{convert|35|ft|1|in|abbr=on}}
| Ship power =
* {{convert|130000|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}}
* 8 × [[Babcock & Wilcox boiler]]s
| Ship propulsion =
* 4 × [[General Electric]] [[steam turbine]]s
* 4 × [[screw propeller]]s
| Ship speed = {{convert|27.5|kn|lk=in}}
| Ship range = {{convert|15000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
| Ship crew =* 1,793 officers and enlisted men (peace)
* 2,500 officers and enlisted men (war)
| Ship armament =* 9 × [[16"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun|{{convert|16|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} guns]]
* 20 × [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}]] [[Dual purpose gun|DP guns]]
* 7 × quad [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|{{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] AA guns
* 35 × single [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on|1}}]] AA guns
| Ship armor =* [[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|12.2|in|abbr=on}}
* [[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|6|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
* [[Gun turret|Turret]]s: {{convert|18|in|mm|abbr=on|1}}
* [[Barbette]]s: {{convert|17.3|in|mm|abbr=on}}
* [[Conning tower]]: 16&nbsp;in
| Ship aircraft = 3 × [[Vought OS2U Kingfisher|"Kingfisher"]] [[floatplane]]s
| Ship aircraft facilities = 2 × [[Aircraft catapult|catapults]]
| Ship notes =
}}
|}

'''USS ''Massachusetts'' (BB-59)''' is the third of four {{sclass|South Dakota|battleship (1939)|0}} [[fast battleship]]s built for the [[United States Navy]] in the late 1930s.  The first American battleships designed after the [[Washington Naval Treaty|Washington]] treaty system began to break down in the mid-1930s, they took advantage of an escalator clause that allowed increasing the [[main battery]] to {{convert|16|in|adj=on|0}} guns, but refusal to authorize larger battleships kept their [[displacement (ship)|displacement]] close to the Washington limit of {{convert|35000|LT|t}}. A requirement to be armored against the same caliber of guns as they carried, combined with the displacement restriction, resulted in cramped ships, a problem that was exacerbated by wartime modifications that considerably strengthened their anti-aircraft batteries and significantly increased their crews.

On completion, ''Massachusetts'' was sent to support [[Operation Torch]], the invasion of French North Africa, in November 1942. There, she engaged in an artillery duel with the incomplete French battleship {{ship|French battleship|Jean Bart|1940|2}} and neutralized her. ''Massachusetts'' thereafter transferred to the [[Pacific War]] for operations against Japan; she spent the war primarily as an escort for the [[fast carrier task force]] to protect the [[aircraft carrier]]s from surface and air attacks. In this capacity, she took part in the [[Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign]] in 1943 and early 1944 and the [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|Philippines campaign]] in late 1944 and early 1945. Later in 1945, the ship supported Allied forces during the [[Battle of Okinawa]] and thereafter participated in attacks on Japan, including bombarding industrial targets on [[Honshu]] in July and August.

After the war, ''Massachusetts'' returned to the United States and was decommissioned and assigned to the [[Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Norfolk]] in 1947. She remained out of service until 1962, when she was stricken from the ''[[Naval Vessel Register]]''. Three years later, she was transferred to the Massachusetts Memorial Committee and preserved as a [[museum ship]] at [[Battleship Cove]] in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]]. Some material was removed in the 1980s to reactivate the {{sclass|Iowa|battleship|1}}s, but the ship otherwise remains in her wartime configuration.

==Design==
{{main|South Dakota-class battleship (1939)|l1=South Dakota-class battleship}}
[[File:ONI identification image South Dakota class battleship.jpg|thumb|left|Recognition drawing of the ''South Dakota'' class]]

The {{sclass|South Dakota|battleship|4||1939}} was ordered in the context of global naval rearmament during the breakdown of the [[Washington Naval Treaty|Washington treaty]] system that had controlled battleship construction during the 1920s and early 1930s. Under the Washington and [[London Naval Treaty|London treaties]], so-called [[treaty battleship]]s were limited to a [[standard displacement]] of {{cvt|35000|LT|t|0|lk=on}} and a [[main battery]] of {{convert|14|in|adj=on|0}} guns. In 1936, following Japan's decision to abandon the treaty system, the [[United States Navy]] decided to invoke the "escalator clause" in the [[Second London Naval Treaty|Second London treaty]] that allowed displacements to rise to {{cvt|45000|LT|t}} and armament to increase to {{cvt|16|in|0}} guns. [[United States Congress|Congressional]] objections to increasing the size of the new ships forced the design staff to keep displacement as close to 35,000&nbsp;LT as possible while incorporating the larger guns and armor sufficient to defeat guns of the same caliber.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|pp=281–282}}

[[File:American battleship, massachusetts.jpg|thumb|left|''Massachusetts''' rear turret, showing the ability of the guns to elevate independently]]
''Massachusetts'' is {{convert|680|ft}} [[length overall|long overall]] and has a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|108|ft|2|in|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (nautical)|draft]] of {{convert|35|ft|1|in|abbr=on}}. She displaces {{convert|37970|LT|t}} as designed and up to {{convert|44519|LT|t}} at [[Full-load displacement|full combat load]]. The ship was powered by four [[General Electric]] [[steam turbines]], each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by eight oil-fired [[Babcock & Wilcox boiler]]s. Rated at {{convert|130000|shp|lk=on}}, the turbines were intended to give a top speed of {{convert|27.5|kn|lk=in}}. The ship had a cruising range of {{convert|15000|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|15|kn}}. She carried three [[Vought OS2U Kingfisher]] [[floatplane]]s for aerial reconnaissance, which were launched by a pair of [[aircraft catapult]]s on her [[fantail (ship)|fantail]]. Her peace time crew numbered 1,793&nbsp;officers and enlisted men, but during the war the crew swelled to 2,500&nbsp;officers and enlisted.{{sfn|Friedman 1980|p=98}}

The ship is armed with a main battery of nine [[16"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun]]s{{efn|/45 refers to the length of the gun in terms of [[Caliber (artillery)|calibers]]. A /45 gun is 45 times long as it is in bore diameter.}} guns in three triple-[[gun turret]]s on the centerline, two of which are placed in a [[superfire|superfiring pair]] forward, with the third aft. The [[secondary armament|secondary battery]] consisted of twenty [[5"/38 caliber gun|5-inch /38 caliber]] [[dual purpose gun]]s mounted in twin turrets clustered [[amidships]], five turrets on either side. As designed, the ship was equipped with an anti-aircraft battery of twelve {{convert|1.1|in|abbr=on}} guns and twelve .50-caliber (12.7&nbsp;mm) [[M2 Browning]] machine guns,{{efn|In the context of small arms, [[caliber]] refers to the bore diameter; in this case, a .50-caliber machine gun is a half-inch in diameter.}} but she was completed with a battery of six quadruple [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|{{cvt|40|mm}} Bofors guns]] in place of the 1.1&nbsp;in guns and thirty-five [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon#World War II|{{cvt|20|mm}} Oerlikon autocannon]] instead of the .50-cal. guns.{{sfn|Friedman 1980|p=98}}{{sfn|Friedman 1985|pp=298–299}}

The main [[armored belt]] is {{convert|12.2|in|abbr=on|0}} thick, while the main armored deck is up to {{convert|6|in|abbr=on|0}} thick. The main battery gun turrets have {{convert|18|in|abbr=on|0}} thick faces, and they were mounted atop [[barbette]]s that were {{convert|17.3|in|mm|abbr=on}} thick. The [[conning tower]] had {{convert|16|in|abbr=on|0}} thick sides.{{sfn|Friedman 1980|p=98}}

===Modifications===
[[File:Twin Spin 0559 (5519367780).jpg|thumb|''Massachusetts''' secondary and anti-aircraft battery, showing 20&nbsp;mm, 40&nbsp;mm, and 5-inch guns]]
''Massachusetts'' received a series of modifications through her wartime career, consisting primarily of additions to anti-aircraft battery and various types of radar sets. The first addition was the installation of SC air [[search radar]] in 1941, fitted in the foremast, which was later replaced with an SK type set. At the same time, an SG surface search radar was installed on the forward [[superstructure]]; a second SG set was added to the main mast after experiences during the [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] in 1942. While still under construction, she received a Mark 8 [[fire-control radar]], mounted on her conning tower to assist in the direction of her main battery guns and Mark 4 radars for the secondary battery guns. She later received Mark 12/22 sets in place of the Mark 4s. ''Massachusetts'' also received a TDY [[Radar jamming and deception|jammer]]. In 1945, her traditional spotting scopes were replaced with Mark 27 microwave radar sets.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|pp=294–298}}

The ship's light anti-aircraft battery was gradually expanded. Four more 40&nbsp;mm quad mounts were added in late 1942, and in February 1943, two more quads were added, one each to the roofs of turrets 2 and 3. By this time, she had another twenty-four 20&nbsp;mm guns installed, bringing the total to sixty-one of the guns. Two more 40&nbsp;mm quadruple mounts were added in February, and another seven 20&nbsp;mm guns were added later that year for a total battery of sixty barrels. By early 1944, the Navy had begun to realize that the 20&nbsp;mm guns were less effective and had made plans to reduce the number of those guns to 33&nbsp;barrels in favor of more 40&nbsp;mm guns. By October, ''Massachusetts'' had thirty-two of the guns, six of which were in experimental quad and twin mounts. She received six more quadruple 40&nbsp;mm guns, bringing the total to seventy-two barrels. Two of these new quads were mounted in the [[forecastle]], which proved to be of limited use as they were unusable in all but the calmest seas, and they were removed in the ship's postwar refit, as was the mount atop the number 2 turret.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|pp=298–302}}

==Service history==
===Construction and Atlantic operations===
[[File:USS Massachusetts (BB-59) off Casablanca 1942.jpg|thumb|''Massachusetts'' off [[Casablanca]], 8 November 1942]]

''Massachusetts'' was [[keel laying|laid down]] at [[Bethlehem Steel]]'s [[Fore River Shipyard]] on 20 July 1939. She was [[ship launching|launched]] on 23 September 1941, and after completing [[fitting-out]] work, was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the fleet on 12 May 1942. She then conducted her [[shakedown cruise]] before moving to [[Casco Bay]], Maine; from there, she was assigned to the Western Naval Task Force, which was to support [[Operation Torch]], the invasion of French North Africa. ''Massachusetts'' got underway on 24 October to join the rest of the unit, which she met at sea four days later. She became the [[flagship]] of [[Rear Admiral]] [[Henry Kent Hewitt]],{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}} part of Task Group (TG) 34.1, which also included the [[heavy cruiser]]s {{USS|Wichita|CA-45|2}} and {{USS|Tuscaloosa|CA-37|2}} and four [[destroyer]]s. The ships rendezvoused with the rest of the invasion fleet on 28 October some {{cvt|450|nmi}} southeast of [[Cape Race]] and proceeded across the Atlantic.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=206}}

''Massachusetts'' participated in the [[Naval Battle of Casablanca]], which began early on the morning of 8 November. The ships were tasked with neutralizing the primary French defenses, which included coastal guns on El Hank, several submarines, and the incomplete battleship {{ship|French battleship|Jean Bart|1940|2}} which lay at anchor in the harbor with only half of its main battery installed. ''Massachusetts'' began firing at 07:04 at a range of {{convert|22000|m|ft|abbr=on}} and shortly thereafter came under fire from ''Jean Bart'' that morning, and she returned fire at 07:40. ''Wichita'' and ''Tuscaloosa'' initially engaged the French batteries on El Hank and the French submarine pens, while ''Massachusetts'' attacked ''Jean Bart''. French naval forces, led by the cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Primauguet|1924|2}}, put up a stubborn defense.  ''Massachusetts'' and the American cruisers broke up attempts by French destroyers to attack the fleet before returning to shelling ''Jean Bart''; in the course of the action, ''Massachusetts'' scored five hits on ''Jean Bart'' and disabled her main battery turret.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|pp=209–210}}{{sfn|Tomblin|pp=30–32}}{{sfn|Garzke & Dulin|pp=103–109}}

With ''Jean Bart'' out of action, ''Massachusetts'' and the other ships then shifted fire to destroy coastal artillery batteries, an ammunition dump, and [[merchant ship]]s in the harbor. One of her 16-inch shells also struck the floating dry-dock that held the [[submarine]] {{ship|French submarine|Le Conquérant||2}}; the dry dock sank, but ''Le Conquérant'' was not damaged and was able to get underway, only to be sunk by a [[PBY Catalina]] at sea. The French defenders agreed to a cease-fire on 11 November, which allowed the ships of TG&nbsp;34.1 to be detached for other operations. ''Massachusetts'' got underway for the United States on 12 November to begin preparations for operations in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]].{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=210}}{{sfn|Garzke & Dulin|pp=107–109}}

===Pacific war===
====Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign====
{{main|Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign}}
[[File:USS Massachusetts BB-59 5-12-1942 Boston Harbor.jpg|thumb|left|''Massachusetts'' off Boston in 1942]]

''Massachusetts'' reached [[Noumea]] in [[New Caledonia]] on 4 March 1943 and spent the next several months escorting convoys to the [[Solomon Islands]] in support of operations during the [[Solomon Islands campaign]].{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}} On 30 June, she provided cover for an amphibious assault on [[New Georgia]], part of [[Operation Cartwheel]]; at the time, she was assigned to the battleship group for TF&nbsp;36.3, which included her [[sister ship]] {{USS|Indiana|BB-58|2}} and {{USS|North Carolina|BB-55|2}}. Over the next week, the Japanese launched several naval and aerial attacks on American forces involved in the campaign, but none attacked the battleship force.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=258}}

She departed the area on 19 November to take part in the [[Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign]], escorting the carrier task group TG&nbsp;50.2, again in company with ''Indiana'' and ''North Carolina'', that carried out a series of air attacks on [[Makin (islands)|Makin]], [[Tarawa]], and [[Abemama]] in the [[Gilbert Islands]]. These operations were in support of the [[Battle of Tarawa|landings at Tarawa]] and [[Battle of Makin|Makin]], both to weaken Japanese defenses on the islands and also isolate the Japanese garrisons from forces on nearby islands that might be able to reinforce them or launch counterattacks. On 8 December, she took part in a bombardment of Japanese positions at [[Nauru]]. For the operation, she was detached to form TG&nbsp;50.8 under the command of Rear Admiral [[Willis Lee]], along with ''North Carolina'', ''Indiana'', {{USS|South Dakota|BB-57|2}}, and {{USS|Washington|BB-56|2}} and several escorting destroyers.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|pp=289, 292}}

Operations during the campaign continued into January 1944, with the [[Battle of Kwajalein|invasion of Kwajalein]]; by this time, ''Massachusetts'' had been transferred to TG&nbsp;58.1, under the command of [[United States Fifth Fleet|Fifth Fleet]]. For much of the Pacific War, ''Massachusetts'' served with the [[fast carrier task force]], at that time designated TF&nbsp;58, screening the carriers from surface attacks and contributing her heavy anti-aircraft battery against Japanese air attacks. The carriers struck numerous targets in the Marshalls, again to isolate the garrison on [[Kwajalein]]. ''Massachusetts'' bombarded the island on 30 January in company with ''Washington'', ''North Carolina'', and ''Indiana'', the day before [[USMC|marines]] went ashore.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=303}}

[[File:Uss massachusetts bb.jpg|thumb|''Massachusetts'' after her 1944 refit]]
''Massachusetts'' continued in her role as an escort for the fast carrier task force during [[Operation Hailstone]] on 17 February, a major carrier raid on the island of [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]], which had been the primary staging area for the Japanese fleet in the central Pacific. The ship was now part of TG&nbsp;58.3 for the attack. The fleet continued on to conduct a series of strikes on the islands of [[Saipan]], [[Tinian]], and [[Guam]], which provoked heavy Japanese air attacks in response. ''Massachusetts'' contributed her heavy anti-aircraft battery to the fleet's defense. The American fleet then moved to the [[Caroline Islands]], striking several islands in the area.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=306}}

On 22 April, the fleet supported the [[Battle of Hollandia|landing at Hollandia]] in western [[New Guinea]]. On the way back from the area, the fleet struck Truk again. On 1 May, ''Massachusetts'' joined a bombardment group designated TG&nbsp;58.7 that attacked [[Pohnpei]] in the [[Senyavin Islands]], again under Lee's command. After the attack, fleet withdrew to [[Eniwetok]] in the Marshall Islands. From there, the ship was detached for an overhaul at the [[Puget Sound Naval Shipyard]], which included having her guns re-lined, as they had been worn out by that time. As a result, she was unavailable for the [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign]] that was waged in June and July. She departed the west coast in July and stopped in [[Pearl Harbor]] on the way, departing there on 1 August to rejoin the fleet in the [[Marshall Islands]].{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=321}}

By this time, the [[United States Third Fleet|Third Fleet]] had taken command of the fast carrier task force and all subordinate units were renumbered from the 50s series to the 30s series. Accordingly, she joined TG&nbsp;38.3 on reaching the fleet and escorted carriers that made a series of strikes in late August and early September in preparation of the [[Battle of Morotai|landings at Morotai]] and [[Battle of Peleliu|Peleliu]]. These included strikes on 9 and 10 September on the island of [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]] to neutralize Japanese-held airfields that could interfere with the landings. From 12 to 14 September, the fleet moved to strike targets in the [[Visayas]]. ''Massachusetts'' escorted the carriers for further strikes on [[Luzon]], particularly around the capital at [[Manila]], and the Visayas from 21 to 22 September. The month-long campaign destroyed some 1,000&nbsp;Japanese aircraft and sank or otherwise neutralized 150&nbsp;ships.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=354}}

====Philippines campaign====
[[File:USS Massachusetts (BB-59) refuels Fletcher class destroyers 1945.jpg|thumb|''Massachusetts'' refuels two [[Fletcher-class destroyer|''Fletcher''-class destroyer]]s, 1944]]
{{main|Philippines campaign (1944–1945)}}

On 6 October, she sortied with the rest of the fleet to begin preparations for the invasion of the Philippines, still as part of TG&nbsp;38.3. The first operation was a major strike on Japanese air bases on the island of [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]] on 10 October, part of an effort to reduce Japan's ability to interfere with the landings from airbases in the region. From 12 to 14 October, the fast carrier task force struck bases on [[Formosa]] (Taiwan), before returning to the invasion fleet off [[Leyte]], the initial target. Over the course of the strikes on Okinawa and Formosa, the fleet came under heavy air attacks, but ''Massachusetts'' was not engaged, as the Japanese attacks concentrated on task groups 38.1 and 38.4. On 16 October, a group of Japanese cruisers and destroyers sortied to attack American vessels that had been damaged in the attacks, prompting ''Massachusetts'' and the rest of TG&nbsp;38.3 and 38.2 to return north to engage them, but they failed to locate the Japanese before they returned to port at [[Amami Ōshima]].{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=364}}

The next day, the carrier task force returned to strike Luzon, the same day that elements of [[Sixth United States Army|Sixth Army]] went ashore at Leyte; the raids on Luzon continued into 19 October.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=366}} The [[Battle of Leyte|landing on Leyte]] led to the activation of [[Operation Shō-Gō 1]], the Japanese navy's planned riposte to an Allied landing in the Philippines.{{sfn|Wilmott|p=47}} The plan was a complicated operation with three separate fleets: The 1st Mobile Fleet, now labeled the Northern Force under [[Jisaburō Ozawa]], the Center Force under [[Takeo Kurita]], and the Southern Force under [[Shōji Nishimura]]. Ozawa's carriers, by now depleted of most of their aircraft, were to serve as a decoy for Kurita's and Nishimura's battleships, which were to use the distraction to attack the invasion fleet directly.{{sfn|Wilmott|pp=73–74}}

Kurita's ships were detected in the [[San Bernardino Strait]] on 24 October, and in the ensuing [[Battle of the Sibuyan Sea]], American carrier aircraft sank the powerful battleship {{ship|Japanese battleship|Musashi||2}}, causing Kurita to temporarily reverse course. This convinced Admiral [[William F. Halsey]], the commander of Third Fleet, to send the fast carrier task force to destroy the 1st Mobile Fleet, which had by then been detected. Later that evening, [[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]] [[Arleigh Burke]], Admiral [[Marc Mitscher]]'s Chief of Staff, suggested that Mitscher detach ''Massachusetts'' and ''South Dakota'' (along with a pair of light cruisers and a destroyer screen) to send them ahead of the carriers to fight a night action with the Northern Force. Mitscher agreed, and at 17:12 ordered Rear Admiral [[Forrest Sherman]] to put the plan into action. Halsey intervened before Sherman could send the ships north and overruled Mitscher, ordering them to keep the battleships with the main fleet. ''Massachusetts'' steamed north with the carriers, and on the way Halsey established TF&nbsp;34, consisting of ''Massachusetts'' and five other fast battleships, seven cruisers, and eighteen destroyers, commanded by now-Vice Admiral Willis Lee.{{sfn|Wilmott|pp=110–123}}

[[File:USS Saugatuck (AO-75) refueling Massachusetts (BB-59) 1945.jpg|thumb|left|''Massachusetts'' refueling from the tanker {{USS|Saugatuck}} in 1945]]

TF&nbsp;34 was arrayed ahead of the carriers, serving as their screen. On the morning of 25 October, Mitscher began his first attack on the Northern Force, initiating the [[Battle off Cape Engaño]]; over the course of six strikes on the Japanese fleet, the Americans sank all four carriers and damaged two old battleships that had been converted into hybrid carriers. Unknown to Halsey and Mitscher, Kurita had resumed his approach through the San Bernardino Strait late on 24 October and passed into [[Leyte Gulf]] the next morning. While Mitscher was occupied with the decoy Northern Force, Kurita moved in to attack the invasion fleet; in the [[Battle off Samar]], he was held off by a group of [[escort carrier]]s, destroyers, and [[destroyer escort]]s, TU&nbsp;77.4.3, known as Taffy 3. Frantic calls for help later that morning led Halsey to detach Lee's battleships to head south and intervene.{{sfn|Evans 2015}}

However, Halsey waited more than an hour after receiving orders from Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]], the [[Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet]], to detach TF&nbsp;34; still steaming north during this interval, the delay added two hours to the battleships' voyage south. A need to refuel destroyers further slowed TF&nbsp;34's progress south.{{sfn|Wilmott|p=195}} Heavy resistance from Taffy 3 threw Kurita's battleships and cruisers into disarray and led him to break off the attack before ''Massachusetts'' and the rest of TF&nbsp;34 could arrive.{{sfn|Evans 2015}} Halsey detached the battleships {{USS|Iowa|BB-61|2}} and {{USS|New Jersey|BB-62|2}} as TG&nbsp;34.5 to pursue Kurita through the San Bernardino Strait while Lee took the rest of his ships further southwest to try to cut off his escape, but both groups arrived too late. The historian H. P. Wilmott speculated that had Halsey detached TF&nbsp;34 promptly and not delayed the battleships by refueling the destroyers, the ships could have easily arrived in the strait ahead of Center Force and, owing to the marked superiority of their radar-directed main guns, destroyed Kurita's ships.{{sfn|Wilmott|pp=195, 214–215}}

The fleet withdrew to [[Ulithi]] to replenish fuel and ammunition before embarking on a series of raids on Japanese airfields and other facilities on Luzon as the amphibious force prepared for its next landing on the island of [[Mindoro]] in the western Philippines. ''Massachusetts'' was now a member of TG&nbsp;38.1. The carriers struck Manila on 14 December and after the fleet withdrew on 17 December, [[Typhoon Cobra]] swept through the area, battering the fleet and sinking three destroyers, though ''Massachusetts'' was not significantly damaged in the incident.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=377}} She reported one injury among her crew and the loss of two of her reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pacific-typhoon-18-december-1944/personnel-casualties-suffered-by-third-fleet-17-18-december-1944-compiled-from-official-sources.html|title=Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17–18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources|date=14 April 2015|access-date=1 May 2019|website=history.navy.mil|publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pacific-typhoon-18-december-1944/aircraft-losses-suffered-by-third-fleet-17-18-december-1944-compiled-from-official-sources.html|title=Aircraft Losses Suffered by Third Fleet, 17–18 December 1944, Compiled From Official Sources|date=14 April 2015|access-date=1 May 2019|website=history.navy.mil|publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command}}</ref> From 30 December to 23 January 1945, ''Massachusetts'' operated with the carriers of TF&nbsp;38, which made a series of raids on Formosa and Okinawa, to support the [[invasion of Lingayen Gulf]] in the northern Philippines. The carriers of TG&nbsp;38.1 concentrated their attacks on Formosa.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|pp=380, 383}}

====Operations off Japan and later career====
[[File:USS Wrangell (AE-12) replenishing USS Massachusetts (BB-59) in 1945.jpg|thumb|left|''Massachusetts'' reloading ammunition from the [[ammunition ship]] {{USS|Wrangell}}]]

By February, the fast carrier task force had reverted to Fifth Fleet command, and ''Massachusetts'' was now part of TG&nbsp;58.1. The ship carried on in her role as an escort for the fleet carriers during a series of strikes on [[Honshu]]; these were made to support the upcoming [[Battle of Iwo Jima|invasion of Iwo Jima]]. The task force departed Ulithi on 10 February, and after conducting exercises off Tinian on 12 February and refueling on the 14th, began the attacks on Honshu on 16 February. Further raids are carried out the next day and on 18 February, the ships of TG&nbsp;58.1 withdrew to refuel at sea. The carriers also raided [[Iwo Jima]] during battle there, with TG&nbsp;58.1 contributing its firepower beginning on 20 February. TF&nbsp;58 withdrew to refuel on 24 February and then made additional strikes on the Tokyo area over the course of 25 and 26 February. They then steamed south to raid Okinawa on 1 March before withdrawing the next day to Ulithi, which they reached on 4 March.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=393}}

TF&nbsp;58 sortied again on 14 March for another raid on Japan; ''Massachusetts'' was again assigned to TG&nbsp;58.1. The ships refueled on the way on 16 March. Two days later, the carriers began another series of attacks on mainland Japan, starting with targets on the island of [[Kyushu]] to weaken Japanese forces before the [[Battle of Okinawa|invasion of Okinawa]] in April. A large counter-attack consisting of 48&nbsp;[[kamikaze]]s hit the fleet, but the attacks were concentrated on TG&nbsp;58.4 and as a result ''Massachusetts'' was not heavily engaged. The next day, during raids on the [[Kure]] area, Japanese bombers attacked the fleet and badly damaged the carrier {{USS|Wasp|CV-18|2}}, part of TG&nbsp;58.1, though ''Massachusetts'' was not hit. Heavy damage inflicted on other units by bombers and kamikazes prompted Mitscher, the commander of TF&nbsp;58, to withdraw his fleet and reorganize it. ''Massachusetts'' remained in TG&nbsp;58.1, but two cruisers were detached to escort ''Wasp'' back to Ulithi.{{sfn|Rohwer|pp=399–400}}

On 23 March, TF&nbsp;58 steamed southwest to begin preparatory attacks on Okinawa in advance of the landing on the island. The next day, the carriers of TG&nbsp;58.1 destroyed a [[convoy]] of eight transports off Kyushu and ''Massachusetts'' was detached in company with the battleships ''Indiana'', ''New Jersey'', and {{USS|Wisconsin|BB-64|2}} as TF&nbsp;59 to shell Okinawa, thereafter returning to their carrier groups.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=402}} The ship spent much of April operating off the island, helping to fend off heavy Japanese air attacks. Throughout this period, the carrier task groups rotated through the station, with two groups in action at any given time. Heavy and repeated kamikaze attacks hit numerous vessels over the course of the campaign, but ''Massachusetts'' was not targeted by the suicide craft. In late May, Third Fleet resumed command of the task force, and ''Massachusetts''' unit was accordingly re-numbered TG&nbsp;38.1. On 5 June, the ship passed through another typhoon that did not inflict serious damage to ''Massachusetts''. Five days later, ''Massachusetts'' steamed to shell Japanese facilities on the island of [[Minami Daito Jima]] in the [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryukyus]]. Following this bombardment, TF&nbsp;38 withdrew to Leyte Gulf after three months of continuous operations.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|pp=408, 419}}

[[File:USS Massachusetts BB-59.jpg|thumb|''Massachusetts'' in Puget Sound in 1946]]
The fleet thereafter returned to Leyte Gulf to prepare for the next major operation off Japan. The fast carrier task force sortied on 1 July for attacks on Honshu, initially concentrating on the area around [[Tokyo]]. On 14 July, ''Massachusetts'' was detached to form TG&nbsp;34.8.1. with ''Indiana'', ''South Dakota'', two heavy cruisers and nine destroyers. The ships were sent to bombard an industrial complex in [[Kamaishi]] that included the Japan Iron Co. and the Kamaishi Steel Works; this complex was Japan's second-largest iron and steel manufacturing center, and this was the first bombardment operation conducted against the Japanese [[Japanese archipelago|Home Islands]]. Two weeks later, she repeated the bombardment, this time targeting industrial facilities at [[Hamamatsu]]. For this operation, they were joined by the battleship {{HMS|King George V|1939|6}} and three destroyers of the [[British Pacific Fleet]]. Another attack on Kamaishi followed on 9 August, this time TG&nbsp;34.8 was reinforced by the battleship {{USS|Alabama|BB-60|2}}.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}{{sfn|Rohwer|pp=421–422, 425–426}}

Following the Japanese surrender on 15 August, ''Massachusetts'' departed the region on 1 September, bound for Puget Sound for an overhaul. The work lasted until 28 January 1946, when she sailed south to [[San Francisco]], California before proceeding on to [[Hampton Roads]], Virginia, which she reached on 22 April. She was decommissioned on 27 March 1947 at [[Norfolk, Virginia]], and assigned to the [[Atlantic Reserve Fleet]].{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}

Plans were drawn up during the period she was in reserve to modernize ''Massachusetts'' and the other ships of her class should they be needed for future active service. In March 1954, a program to equip the four ships with secondary batteries consisting of ten twin {{convert|3|in|adj=on}} guns were proposed, but the plan came to nothing. Another plan to convert the ship into a [[guided missile]] battleship arose in 1956–1957, but the cost of the conversion proved to be prohibitive. She would have had all three main battery turrets removed and replaced with a twin [[RIM-8 Talos]] missile launcher forward, two [[RIM-24 Tartar]] launchers aft, anti-submarine weapons, and equipment to handle [[helicopter]]s. The cost of the project amounted to $120&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Friedman 1985|pp=390, 392, 399}} ''Massachusetts'' remained out of service until 1 June 1962, when she was stricken from the [[Naval Vessel Register]].{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}} While she was in reserve, the Navy removed approximately 5,000 tons of equipment for use on other naval vessels, including both of the explosive-driven catapults used to launch float planes.<ref name="npsd">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/butowsky1/massachusetts.htm|title=Warships Associated with World War II in the Pacific: USS ''Massachusetts''|last=Butowsky|first=Harry A., Dr|work=National Maritime Initiative|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=2009-08-01}}</ref>

==Museum ship==
{{Infobox NRHP
| name                 = USS ''Massachusetts'' (BB-59)
| nrhp_type            = nhl
| image                = USS Massachusetts.jpg
| alt                  = A large ship resting on the water under a bridge, smaller boats are visible in the foreground along with a ripple effect on the water.
| caption              = ''Massachusetts'' at Battleship Cove
| image_size           = 300
| location             = 5 Water Street, [[Battleship Cove]], [[Fall River, Massachusetts]]
| coordinates          = {{coord|41|42|22.3|N|71|9|48|W|display=inline,title}}
| area                 =
| built                = 1941
| architect            = US Navy
| architecture         =
| designated_nrhp_type = 14 January 1986<ref name="nhlsum">
 {{citation
 |url         = http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1709&ResourceType=Structure
 |title       = Massachusetts, USS (Battleship)
 |access-date  = 2009-08-12
 |work        = National Historic Landmarks Program
 |publisher   = [[National Park Service]]
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121010212401/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1709&ResourceType=Structure
 |archive-date = 10 October 2012
}}</ref>
| added                = 30 September 1976<ref name= nris/>
| refnum               = 76002269<ref name="nris">{{NRISref |refnum=76002269|version=2010a}}</ref>
}}
{{main|Battleship Cove}}

After ''Massachusetts'' was stricken and slated for disposal, a group of her former crew lobbied to have the battleship preserved as a [[museum ship]]. The Massachusetts Memorial Committee successfully raised enough money to purchase the vessel from the Navy, including through a donation campaign for children in the state, and on 8 June 1965, the Navy transferred ownership of the vessel to the state. Two months later, on 14 August, she was anchored in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], at [[Battleship Cove]]. The museum also includes the destroyer {{USS|Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.||2}}, the submarine {{USS|Lionfish||2}}, a pair of [[PT boat]]s, and numerous other exhibits.{{sfn|DANFS Massachusetts}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://battleshipcove.org/exhibits/|title=Exhibits|website=battleshipcove.org|access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>

In the early 1980s, when the Navy reactivated the four {{sclass|Iowa|battleship|1}}s, parts were cannibalized from preserved battleships, including ''Massachusetts'', to restore the ''Iowa''s to service. Engine room components that were no longer available in the Navy's inventory accounted for most of the material removed from the ships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ussalabama.com/park-complete-history/|title=Park Complete History|access-date=1 May 2019|website=ussalabama.com|publisher=[[Battleship Memorial Park|USS Alabama Battleship Memorial Park]]|date=2017}}</ref> ''Massachusetts'' was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] and added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on 14 January 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Massachusetts (BB-59) |url={{Naval Vessel Register URL|id=BB59}} |date=19 July 2002 |publisher=[[NAVSEA]] |work=[[Naval Vessel Register]] |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref> Apart from the material removed in the 1980s and her aircraft catapults, which were taken for use in other vessels while still in the Navy's possession, ''Massachusetts'' is still largely in her wartime configuration.<ref name="npsd" />

In November 1998, ''Massachusetts'' was closed to the public in advance of her planned departure for Boston, where she was scheduled to undergo an overhaul. She departed on her {{convert|300|mi|adj=on}} trip to the capital at 06:30 4 November 1998 with a tug boat moving her under the Braga, Mt. Hope and Newport Bridges, then up the coast to Boston. She arrived 7 November and entered Boston's [[Drydock]] Number 3, where an inspection determined the battleship was in need of additional steel plating along her hull at the water line to protect against sea water corrosion. In addition, the survey also located leaking [[rivet]]s and identified a need to remove two of the battleship's propellers for repair purposes. For the next four months ''Massachusetts'' underwent repairs to correct these problems, including the addition of nearly {{convert|225000|lb}} of steel to her hull and the addition of a compound known as [[Red Hand Epoxy]] to encase and protect the hull against further deterioration. In March 1999 ''Massachusetts'' emerged from her dry docking period and returned under tow to Battleship Cove, arriving at her berth at 15:30 13 March 1999 to a crowd of citizens, dignitaries, veterans, and civic officials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Battleship Massachusetts at Dry Dock |url=http://www.battleshipcove.org/drydock.html |publisher=U.S.S. Massachusetts Memorial Committee, Inc |access-date=2009-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905154607/http://www.battleshipcove.org/drydock.html |archive-date=5 September 2008 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of museum ships]]
* [[List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts]]
* [[U.S. Navy Museum#See also|U.S. Navy museums]] (and other battleship museums)
* {{USS|Salem|CA-139}}, a museum ship [[Fore River Shipyard|built in]] and today preserved in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], the world's only remaining heavy cruiser-class warship

==Footnotes==
===Notes===

{{notelist}}

===Citations===

{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite DANFS
  | last= Evans
  | first = Mark L.  | title = South Dakota (BB-57) 1943–44
  | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/south-dakota-ii-bb57-1943-44.html
  | access-date = 18 April 2019
  | date = 12 November 2015
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Evans 2015}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last=Friedman
  | first=Norman
  | chapter=United States of America
  | pages=86–166
  | editor1-last = Gardiner
  | editor1-first = Robert
  | editor2-last = Chesneau
  | editor2-first = Roger
  | year = 1980
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
  | location = Annapolis
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-913-9
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Friedman 1980}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Friedman
  |first=Norman
  |title=U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History
  |publisher= Naval Institute Press
  |location=Annapolis
  |year=1985
  |isbn= 978-0-87021-715-9
  |ref={{sfnRef|Friedman 1985}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last1=Garzke
  |first1=William H.
  |last2=Dulin
  |first2=Robert O.
  |title=Battleships: Allied Battleships in World War II
  |location=Annapolis
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |year=1980
  |isbn=978-1-55750-174-5
  |ref={{sfnRef|Garzke & Dulin}}
  | name-list-style = amp
  }}
* {{cite web
  |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/massachusetts-v.html
  |date=6 August 2015
  |title=Massachusetts IV (BB-59)
  |work=[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]
  |publisher=[[Naval History & Heritage Command]]
  |access-date=1 May 2019
  |ref={{sfnRef|DANFS Massachusetts}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Rohwer
  | first = Jürgen
  | author-link = Jürgen Rohwer
  | year = 2005
  | title = Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-1-59114-119-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Rohwer}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Tomblin
  |first=Barbara
  |title=With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945
  |publisher=University Press of Kentucky
  |location=Lexington
  |year=2004
  |isbn=978-0-8131-2338-7
  |ref={{sfnRef|Tomblin}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Wilmott
  |first=H. P.
  |title=The Battle of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action
  |publisher=Indiana University Press
  |location=Bloomington
  |isbn=978-0-253-01901-1
  |year=2015
  |ref={{sfnRef|Wilmott}}
  }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Morss|first1=Strafford |title=Re: The Battleship ''Massachusetts'' WI No. 4, 1986 |journal=Warship International |date=1988 |volume=XXV |issue=4 |pages=333–336 |issn=0043-0374}}
* {{cite book
  | last=O'Hara
  | first=Vincent P.
  | year = 2021
  | title = Battleship ''Massachusetts''
  | location = Annapolis
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | isbn =  978-1-68247-635-2
  | ref = {{sfnRef|O'Hara}}
  }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|USS Massachusetts (BB-59)}}
* [http://www.battleshipcove.org Battleship Cove museum site]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hnsa.org/ships/bbma.htm |title=USS ''Massachusetts'' (BB-59) |publisher=Historic Naval Ships Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014043205/http://hnsa.org/ships/bbma.htm |archive-date=14 October 2007 }}
* [http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/ Maritime History of Massachusetts, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary]
* {{navsource|01/59a|USS Massachusetts}}

{{South Dakota class battleship}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Massachusetts (Bb-59)}}
[[Category:1941 ships]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Fall River, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Existing battleships]]
[[Category:Military and war museums in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Museum ships in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Museums in Bristol County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Fall River, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:South Dakota-class battleships (1939)]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Fall River, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:World War II battleships of the United States]]
[[Category:Battleship museums in the United States]]

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French battleship Jean Bart (1940) (edit)
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Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/National (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox mapframe (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Mapframe (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:MultiReplace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Naval Vessel Register URL (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:Naval Vessel Register URL/data (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Other uses (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/u (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to USS Massachusetts (BB-59).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_(BB-59)"