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{{Short description|Period of the US Supreme Court from 1836 to 1864}}
{{Infobox SCOTUS CJcourt| court_name = Taney Court| previous = [[Marshall Court]]| next = [[Chase Court]]| image = Roger B. Taney - Brady-Handy.jpg| image_upright = .75| alt = | caption = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Roger Taney]]| start = March 28, 1836| end = October 12, 1864| duration = ({{age in years and days|1836|03|28|1864|10|12}})| location = [[Old Supreme Court Chamber]]<br>(1836–1860)<br>[[Old Senate Chamber]]<br>(1860–1864)<br>[[Washington, D.C.]]| positions = [[Seventh Circuit Act of 1807|7]] (1836–1837)<br>[[Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837|9]] (1837–1863)<br>[[Tenth Circuit Act of 1863|10]] (1863–1864)| decisions = [[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court|Taney Court decisions]]}}

The '''Taney Court''' refers to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] from 1836 to 1864, when [[Roger Taney]] served as the fifth [[Chief Justice of the United States]]. Taney succeeded [[John Marshall]] as Chief Justice after Marshall's death in 1835. Taney served as Chief Justice until his death in 1864, at which point [[Salmon P. Chase]] took office. Taney had been an important member of [[Andrew Jackson]]'s administration, an advocate of [[Jacksonian democracy]], and had played a major role in the [[Bank War]], during which Taney wrote a memo questioning the Supreme Court's power of judicial review.<ref name="schwartz1">{{cite book|last1=Schwartz|first1=Bernard|title=A History of the Supreme Court|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=71–72}}</ref> However, the Taney Court did not strongly break from the decisions and precedents of the Marshall Court, as it continued to uphold a strong federal government with an independent judiciary.<ref>Schwartz, 73-74</ref> Most of the Taney Court's [[Holding (law)|holdings]] are overshadowed by the decision in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'', in which the court ruled that [[African-American]]s could not be [[United States citizen|citizen]]s.<ref name="pbs">{{cite web|title=Roger Taney|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/democracy/robes_taney.html|website=The Supreme Court|publisher=PBS|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> However, the Taney Court's decisions regarding economic issues and [[separation of powers]] set important precedents, and the Taney Court has been lauded for its ability to adapt regulatory law to a country undergoing remarkable technological and economic progress.<ref name="hueb">{{cite book|last1=Huebner|first1=Timothy S.|author-link=Timothy S. Huebner | title=The Taney Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|pages=175–176, 185–186|isbn=9781576073681|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ng5Zwo7VgFkC&q=%22taney+court%22|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

==Membership==
{{see also|List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States}}
Taney was appointed Chief Justice by President [[Andrew Jackson]], who filled a vacancy caused by the death of Chief Justice John Marshall in 1835. Jackson had previously nominated Taney to fill a vacancy caused by the retirement of [[Gabriel Duvall]], but Taney's appointment for that seat was not voted on by the Senate. Duvall's seat was instead filled by [[Philip P. Barbour]] in 1836. After the confirmation of Barbour, the Taney Court consisted of Taney, Barbour, and five Associate Justices from the Marshall Court: [[Joseph Story]], [[Smith Thompson]], [[John McLean]], [[Henry Baldwin (judge)|Henry Baldwin]], and [[James Moore Wayne]]. Jackson appointed [[John Catron]] to the bench in 1837 after Congress increased the size of the Supreme Court to nine seats. The same year, President [[Martin Van Buren]] filled the other newly created seat with the appointment [[John McKinley]]. Van Buren also appointed [[Peter Vivian Daniel]] in 1841 after the death of Barbour. Thompson died in 1843, but President [[John Tyler]] was [[Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States|unsuccessful]] in his attempts to fill the seat. However, Tyler was able to nominate [[Samuel Nelson]] right before leaving office, and soon after, President [[James K. Polk]] successfully nominated [[Levi Woodbury]] a short time after taking office, replacing Thompson and Story. Polk also appointed [[Robert Cooper Grier]], replacing Baldwin; the vacancy caused by Baldwin's death is the longest in Supreme Court history.<ref name="desilver">{{cite news|last1=Desilver|first1=Drew|title=Long Supreme Court vacancies used to be more common|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/26/long-supreme-court-vacancies-used-to-be-more-common/|access-date=10 March 2016|publisher=Pew|date=26 February 2016}}</ref>

[[Millard Fillmore]] appointed [[Benjamin Robbins Curtis|Benjamin Curtis]] to replace Woodbury in 1851; Curtis is the only [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]-appointed Justice in American history and is the last justice who was not appointed by a member of the Democratic or Republican parties. President [[Franklin Pierce]] appointed [[John Archibald Campbell]] in 1853, replacing McKinley. Curtis resigned from the court following the 1857 ''Dred Scott'' decision, and President [[James Buchanan]] appointed [[Nathan Clifford]] as his replacement. At the start of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Campbell resigned from the court to serve as a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] official. McLean and Daniel also died around the same time. In 1862, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] appointed [[Noah Haynes Swayne]] (the first Republican-appointed justice in history), [[Samuel Freeman Miller]], [[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]] to replace them. Lincoln also appointed [[Stephen Johnson Field]] to a newly created seat. Taney died in 1864, and Lincoln appointed [[Salmon P. Chase]] as the new Chief Justice. The Taney Court is notable for its long vacancies, as the three longest vacancies in court history all occurred during Taney's tenure as Chief Justice.<ref name="desilver"/>

===Timeline===

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==Other branches==
Presidents during this court included [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Martin Van Buren]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[John Tyler]], [[James K. Polk]], [[Zachary Taylor]], [[Millard Fillmore]], [[Franklin Pierce]], [[James Buchanan]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]]. Congresses during this court included [[24th United States Congress|24th]] through the [[38th United States Congress|38th]] United States Congresses.

==Rulings of the Court==
{{see also|List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court}}
The Taney Court issued several major rulings during its tenure, including:<ref>Schwartz, 69-105</ref>

*''[[Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge]]'' (1837): In a decision delivered by Chief Justice Taney, the court upheld Massachusetts's granting of a charter to construct a bridge over the [[Charles River]]. The plaintiff, [[Charles River Bridge]] Company, owned another bridge on the river, and sued the state, arguing that Massachusetts was breaking a charter it had given the plaintiff in the 18th century. The court held that there was no violation of the [[Contract Clause]], and also set an important precedent for a state's ability to promote the general welfare of its people.<ref>Schwartz, 75-77</ref>
*''[[Luther v. Borden]]'' (1849): In a decision written by Chief Justice Taney, the court refused to intervene in the [[Dorr Rebellion]]. The plaintiffs alleged that Rhode Island's government violated the [[Guarantee Clause]] because it was not republican in nature. The court held that the case was a [[non-justiciable]] [[political question]], and that it is Congress's role to determine whether a state's government qualifies as "republican."<ref>Schwartz, 95-96</ref>
*''[[Cooley v. Board of Wardens]]'' (1852): In a decision delivered by Justice Curtis, the court upheld a Pennsylvania law requiring vessels leaving [[Philadelphia]] to use a local pilot or pay a fine. In the decision, the court set an important precedent regarding the [[Commerce Clause]], charting a middle course between federal and state power. The decision gave states the ability to make some laws affecting interstate commerce, using a balancing test to determine whether state interests outweighed federal interests in uniform laws.<ref>Schwartz, 84-88</ref>
*''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' (1857): In a 7–2 decision in which all nine justices wrote an opinion, Chief Justice Taney wrote the majority opinion. The court dismissed the plaintiff's suit, and held that the plaintiff remained a slave of the defendant. More importantly, the court also declared that no [[African-American]]s (including [[Free negro|free blacks]]) qualified as citizens of the United States, and that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery from the [[United States territory|territories]]. The decision was strongly condemned by opponents of [[slavery in the United States|slavery]], and was largely overturned by the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]].
*''[[Ableman v. Booth]]'' (1859): In a unanimous decision written by Chief Justice Taney, the court held that federal courts have final say over issues of federal law, and thus state courts have no right to nullify federal court decisions regarding federal law.

For a full list of decisions by the Taney Court, see [[lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume]], volumes [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 36|36]] through [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 68|68]].

==See also==
*[[Aboriginal title in the Taney Court]]
*[[Criminal law in the Taney Court]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}

===Works on the Taney Court===
* {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Austin |title=Origins of the Dred Scott Case: Jacksonian Jurisprudence and the Supreme Court, 1837-1857 |date=2010 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=9780820336640}}
* {{cite journal |last=Huebner |first=Timothy S. |title=Roger Taney and the Slavery Issue: Looking Beyond—and Before—''Dred Scott'' |journal=Journal of American History |volume=97 |year=2010 |issue=1 |pages=39–62|doi=10.2307/jahist/97.1.17 |jstor=40662816}}
* {{cite book |last=Huebner |first=Timothy S. |year=2003 |title=The Taney Court, Justice Rulings and Legacy |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-368-8 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Maltz |first1=Earl M. |title=Slavery and the Supreme Court, 1825-1861 |date=2009 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=9780700616664}}
* {{cite book |last=Simon |first=James F. |year=2006 |title=Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney: Slavery, Secession, and the President's War Powers |edition=Paperback |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-7432-9846-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Streichler |first1=Stuart |title=Justice Curtis in the Civil War Era: At the Crossroads of American Constitutionalism |date=2005 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=9780813923420}}

===Other relevant works===

* {{cite book|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry Julian|title=Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742558953}}
* {{cite book |last=Cushman |first=Clare |title=The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 |edition=2nd |publisher=(Supreme Court Historical Society, [[Congressional Quarterly]] Books) |year=2001 |isbn=1-56802-126-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Leon |editor2-last=Israel |editor2-first=Fred L. |title=The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions |publisher=[[Chelsea House]] Publishers |year=1995 |isbn=0-7910-1377-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hall |editor1-first=Kermit L. |editor2-last=Ely |editor2-first=James W. Jr. |editor3-last=Grossman |editor3-first=Joel B. |title=The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=9780195176612}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hall |editor1-first=Kermit L. |editor2-last=Ely |editor2-first=James W. Jr. |title=The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0195379396}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Timothy L. |title=Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary |date=2001 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438108179}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hoffer |first1=Peter Charles |last2=Hoffer |first2=WilliamJames Hull |last3=Hull |first3=N. E. H. |title=The Supreme Court: An Essential History |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7006-2681-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Howe | first=Daniel Walker | author-link=Daniel Walker Howe | date=2007 | title=What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 | isbn=978-0-19-507894-7 | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford History of the United States | url=https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe }}
* {{cite book |last1=Irons |first1=Peter |title=A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00iron_0 |url-access=registration |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9781101503133 |edition=Revised}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Fenton S. |author2=Goehlert, Robert U. |title=The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-87187-554-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart }}
* {{cite book |last1=McGinty |first1=Brian |title=Lincoln and the Court |date=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674040823}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Tomlins |editor1-first=Christopher |title=The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |date=2005 |isbn=978-0618329694 |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatessupr00toml }}
* {{cite book |last=Urofsky |first=Melvin I. |title=The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Garland Publishing |year=1994 |isbn=0-8153-1176-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv }}
{{refend}}

{{SCOTUS Justices|chiefjustices}}
{{Taney Court}}
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{{Reconstruction era}}

[[Category:Taney Court| ]]
[[Category:1830s in the United States]]
[[Category:1840s in the United States]]
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[[Category:United States Supreme Court history by court]]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taney_Court"