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{{Short description|Second-most populous city in Brazil}}
{{About|the city|the state|Rio de Janeiro (state)|other uses|Rio de Janeiro (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Rio de Janeiro
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipality]]
| named_for          = [[Saint Sebastian]]<br/>[[Guanabara Bay]]
| official_name      = Municipality of Rio de Janeiro
| nicknames          = ''Cidade Maravilhosa'' (Marvellous City), ''Princesa Maravilhosa'' (Marvellous Princess), ''Cidade dos Brasileiros'' (City of Brazilians)
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 |perrow = 1/3/2/1
 |border = infobox
 |total_width = 300
 |caption_align = center
 |image1 = Cidade Maravilhosa.jpg
 |caption1 = [[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|Christ the Redeemer]] on [[Corcovado]] with [[Sugarloaf Mountain]] and [[Guanabara Bay]] (background)
 |image2 = Pão de Açucar Rio de Janeiro Brazil - panoramio - Hiroki Ogawa (cropped).jpg
 |caption2 = [[Sugarloaf Cable Car]] 
 |image3 = At Rio de Janeiro 2019 200 (cropped).jpg
 |caption3 = [[Theatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro)|Theatro Municipal]] 
 |image4 = Rio de Janeiro 0002 14 (1) (cropped).jpg
 |caption4 = [[Museum of Tomorrow]]
 |image5 = Maracanã_2014_g.jpg
 |caption5 = [[Maracanã Stadium]] 
 |image6 = Barra Panorama.jpg
 |caption6 = [[Barra da Tijuca]] 
 |image7 = Centro do Rio visto do museu chácara do céu.jpg
 |caption7 = [[Centro, Rio de Janeiro|Downtown Rio]] from [[Santa Teresa, Rio de Janeiro|Santa Teresa]], with the [[Rio de Janeiro Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] (center), [[Carioca Aqueduct]] (right) and [[Rio-Niteroi Bridge]] (background)
 |color = white
 }}
| image_flag         = Bandeira da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.svg
| image_shield       = Brasão da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.svg
| image_blank_emblem = 
| image_map          = RiodeJaneiro Municip RiodeJaneiro.svg
| mapsize            = 250px
| map_caption        = Location in the state of Rio de Janeiro
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| motto              = 
| pushpin_map        = Brazil#South America
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| pushpin_mapsize    = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Brazil##Location within South America
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|54|40|S|43|12|20|W|region:BR-RJ|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Brazil]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[States of Brazil|State]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
| subdivision_type3  = Historic countries
| subdivision_name3  = [[Kingdom of Portugal]]<br/>[[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]<br/>[[Empire of Brazil]]
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = {{Start date and age|1555}}
| established_title1 = Founded
| established_date1  = {{Start date and age|1565|03|01|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro Info |url=http://www.paralumun.com/citrio.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227075155/http://www.paralumun.com/citrio.htm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=6 August 2016 |publisher=paralumun.com}}</ref>
| government_type    = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor-council]]
| governing_body     = [[Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro]]
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Rio de Janeiro|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Eduardo Paes]]
| leader_party       = [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]]
| leader_title1      = Vice Mayor
| leader_name1       = Nilton Caldeira ([[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PL]])
| area_total_km2     = 1221
| area_total_sq_mi   = 486.5
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 1759.6
| population_as_of   = 2022
| population_metro   = 12,280,702{{update inline|date=February 2024}} (2nd)
| area_metro_km2     = 4539.8
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro (RJ) {{!}} Cidades e Estados {{!}} IBGE |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/rj/rio-de-janeiro.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.ibge.gov.br}}</ref>
| population_total   = 6,211,223
| population_rank    = [[List of cities in South America|4th]] in South America<br />[[List of cities in Brazil|2nd]] in Brazil
| population_urban   = 11,616,000{{update inline|date=February 2024}}
| population_density_km2 = 5174.6
| population_density_metro_km2 = 2705.1
| population_demonym = [[Carioca]]
<!-- GDP --------------->| demographics_type1 = [[GDP|GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)]]
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 = 2023
| demographics1_title2 = Total (Metro)
| demographics1_info2 = $285.9&nbsp;billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_bra.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Brazil Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)|access-date=2024-01-11|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122013315/https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_bra.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Per capita
| demographics1_info3 = $23,700
| timezone           = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]]
| utc_offset         = &minus;3
| elevation_m        = 2
| elevation_min_m    = 0
| elevation_max_m    = 1020
| elevation_ft       = 7
| elevation_min_ft   = 0
| elevation_max_ft   = 3349
| area_code          = 21
| postal_code_type   = Postal Code
| postal_code        = 20000-001 to 23799-999
| blank_name         = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2010)
| blank_info         = 0.799  – <span style="color:#090">high</span><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDNM Ranking |url=http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409151422/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1   = [[Gross domestic product|Nominal 2018 GDP]] (City)
| blank1_info_sec1   = US$ 93.9 billion (2nd)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/economic/national-accounts/19567-gross-domestic-product-of-municipalities.html?=&t=o-que-e |title=Gross Domestic Product of Municipalities |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] |website=ibge.gov.br |accessdate=5 November 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105143658/https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/economic/national-accounts/19567-gross-domestic-product-of-municipalities.html?=&t=o-que-e |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1   = Per capita
| blank2_info_sec1   = US$14,046 (2nd)
| website            = {{URL|https://en.prefeitura.rio}}
| footnotes          = {{designation list |embed=yes
 |designation1             = WHS
 |designation1_offname     = Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea
 |designation1_date        = 2012 <small>(36th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
 |designation1_type        = Cultural
 |designation1_criteria    = vi
 |designation1_number      = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1100 1100]
 }}
}}

'''Rio de Janeiro''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈʁi.u d(ʒi) ʒɐˈne(j)ɾu|lang|Pt-br Rio de Janeiro.ogg}}<ref>''Larousse Concise Dictionary: Portuguese-English'', 2008, p. 339.</ref>), or simply '''Rio''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro: travel guide |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/world-cup/2014/rio-de-janeiro-travel-guide/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613010722/http://www.v-brazil.com/world-cup/2014/rio-de-janeiro-travel-guide/ |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> is the capital of the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state of Rio de Janeiro]]. It is the [[List of cities in Brazil by population|second-most-populous city]] in [[Brazil]] (after [[São Paulo]]) and the [[Largest cities in the Americas|sixth-most-populous city]] in the Americas.

Founded in 1565 by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], the city was initially the seat of the [[Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro]], a domain of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. In 1763, it became the capital of the [[State of Brazil]], a [[List of states of the Portuguese Empire|state of the Portuguese Empire]]. In 1808, when the [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|Portuguese Royal Court moved to Brazil]], Rio de Janeiro became the seat of the court of Queen [[Maria I of Portugal]]. She subsequently, under the leadership of her son the [[prince regent]] [[John VI of Portugal]], raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom, within the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves]]. Rio remained as the capital of the [[pluricontinentalism|pluricontinental]] monarchy until 1822, when the [[War of Independence of Brazil|Brazilian War of Independence]] began. This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonizing country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy, the [[Empire of Brazil]], until 1889, and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to [[Brasília]].

Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the country,<ref name="IBGE_PIB_Ranking">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=Posição ocupada pelos 100 maiores municípios em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2006/tab02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419111619/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2006/tab02.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2009 |access-date=16 December 2008 |publisher=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)}}</ref> and 30th-largest in the world in 2008.<ref name="Richest_Cities">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2007 |title=The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005 |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html |access-date=8 September 2008 |publisher=City Mayors Statistics |archive-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918030640/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This is estimated at [[Brazilian real|R$]]343&nbsp;billion. In the city are the headquarters of Brazilian oil, mining, and telecommunications companies, including two of the country's major corporations, [[Petrobras]] and [[Vale S.A.|Vale]], and Latin America's largest telemedia conglomerate, [[Grupo Globo]]. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17 percent of national scientific output according to 2005 data.<ref name="Unicamp_2005">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2005 |title=Assessoria de Comunicação e Imprensa |url=http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/canal_aberto/clipping/junho2005/clipping050617_correiopop.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617115727/http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/canal_aberto/clipping/junho2005/clipping050617_correiopop.html |archive-date=17 June 2008 |access-date=8 September 2008 |publisher=Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp)}}</ref> Despite the high perception of crime, the city actually has a lower [[Crime in Brazil|incidence of crime]] than most state capitals in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veja o ranking das capitais mais violentas do Brasil |url=https://brasil.estadao.com.br/galerias/geral,veja-o-ranking-das-capitais-mais-violentas-do-brasil,32650 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=www.estadao.com.br |publisher=O Estado de Sao Paulo |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121320/https://brasil.estadao.com.br/galerias/geral,veja-o-ranking-das-capitais-mais-violentas-do-brasil,32650 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Rio de Janeiro is one of the most visited cities in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and is known for its natural settings, [[Rio Carnival|carnival]], [[samba]], [[bossa nova]], and [[balneario]] beaches<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_8250000/newsid_8250700/8250788.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=8250788&bbcws=1 "Rio de Janeiro's Beach Culture"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705065420/http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_8250000/newsid_8250700/8250788.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=8250788&bbcws=1 |date=5 July 2018 }} Tayfun King, ''Fast Track'', BBC World News (11 September 2009)</ref> such as [[Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro|Barra da Tijuca]], [[Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)|Copacabana]], [[Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro|Ipanema]], and [[Leblon, Rio de Janeiro|Leblon]]. In addition to the beaches, landmarks include the giant statue of [[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|''Christ the Redeemer'']] atop [[Corcovado]] mountain, named one of the [[New7Wonders of the World|New Seven Wonders of the World]]; [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf Mountain]] with its [[Aerial lift|cable car]]; the ''[[Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí|Sambódromo]]'' (Sambadrome), a permanent grandstand-lined parade avenue which is used during Carnival; and [[Maracanã Stadium]], one of the [[List of association football stadiums by capacity|world's largest football stadiums]]. Rio de Janeiro was the host of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2016 Summer Paralympics]], making the city the first South American and [[List of countries where Portuguese is an official language|Portuguese-speaking city]] to ever host the events, and the third time the Olympics were held in a Southern Hemisphere city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2009 |title=BBC Sport, Rio to stage 2016 Olympic Games |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8282518.stm |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213195022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8282518.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]] and [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] FIFA World Cups, the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]], and the [[2007 Pan American Games|XV Pan American Games]]. The city will host the [[2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit|G20 summit in 2024]], and the [[2027 FIFA Women's World Cup|FIFA Women's World Cup in 2027]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rio de Janeiro sediará cúpula do G20 em 2024|website=[[CNN Brazil]]|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/rio-de-janeiro-sediara-cupula-do-g20-em-2024/|date=9 May 2023|language=pt|access-date=19 May 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519223844/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/rio-de-janeiro-sediara-cupula-do-g20-em-2024/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rio de Janeiro sediará cúpula dos chefes de Estado do G20 em 2024|website=G1|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2023/05/09/rio-de-janeiro-sediara-cupula-dos-chefes-de-estado-do-g20-em-2024.ghtml|date=9 May 2023|language=pt|access-date=19 May 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519223836/https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2023/05/09/rio-de-janeiro-sediara-cupula-dos-chefes-de-estado-do-g20-em-2024.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Rio de Janeiro|Timeline of Rio de Janeiro}}

{{Quote box |width=20em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE |title=Historical affiliations|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|POR|1640}} [[Portuguese Empire]] 1565–1815<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves (1815-1825).svg|border}} [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] 1815–1822<br>{{flag|Empire of Brazil}} 1822–1889<br>{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Republic of Brazil]] 1889–present
}}

=== Pre-Cabraline period ===
{{main|Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil}}
The region of Rio was inhabited by the [[Tupi people|Tupi]], [[Purí people|Puri]], [[Botocudo people|Botocudo]] and [[Maxakalí language|Maxakalí]] peoples.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zimring |first=Carl A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VifrCgAAQBAJ&q=Tupi%2C+Puri%2C+Botocudo+and+Maxakal%C3%AD&pg=PT750 |title=Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: The Social Science of Garbage |date=27 February 2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781506338279 |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002064218/https://books.google.com/books?id=VifrCgAAQBAJ&q=Tupi%2C+Puri%2C+Botocudo+and+Maxakal%C3%AD&pg=PT750#v=snippet&q=Tupi%2C%20Puri%2C%20Botocudo%20and%20Maxakal%C3%AD&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Colonial period ===
[[File:Palácio Pedro Ernesto - Fundação da Cidade.jpg|left|thumb|Founding of Rio de Janeiro on 1 March 1565]]
Europeans first encountered [[Guanabara Bay]] on 1 January 1502 (hence Rio de Janeiro, "January River"), during a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] expedition under explorer [[Gaspar de Lemos]], captain of a ship in [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]'s fleet, or under [[Gonçalo Coelho]].<ref>Jorge Couto, 1995, ''A Construção do Brasil'', Lisbon: Cosmos.</ref> Allegedly the Florentine explorer [[Amerigo Vespucci]] participated as an observer at the invitation of [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]] in the same expedition.

In 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called [[Villegagnon Island]], was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French [[admiral]] [[Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon]]. Consequently, Villegagnon built [[Fort Coligny]] on the island when attempting to establish the [[France Antarctique]] colony. Eventually this French settlement became too much of a threat to the established Portuguese colony and in 1560 the order was made to get rid of them. A years-long military aggression was then initiated by the new Governor General of Brazil Mem De Sa, and later continued by his nephew Estacio De Sa. On 20 January 1567, a final defeat was imposed on the French forces and they were decisively expelled from Brazil for good.
[[File:Cais_do_Valongo_e_da_Imperatriz.jpg|thumb|left|Between 500 thousand and one million slaves landed at [[Valongo Wharf]] through the [[Atlantic slave trade]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/world/americas/rios-race-to-future-intersects-slave-past.html|title=Rio's Race to Future Intersects Slave Past|last=Romero|first=Simon|date=2014-03-08|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2017-04-10|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717100027/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/world/americas/rios-race-to-future-intersects-slave-past.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
]]
The city of Rio de Janeiro proper was founded on 1 March 1565 by the Portuguese, led by [[Estácio de Sá]], including {{ill|Antônio de Mariz|pt}}. It was named ''São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro'', in honor of St. Sebastian, the [[Saint's name|saint who was the namesake and patron]] of the Portuguese then-monarch [[Sebastian of Portugal|Sebastião]]. ''Rio de Janeiro'' was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several mostly French pirates and buccaneers, such as [[Jean-François Duclerc]] and [[René Duguay-Trouin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Rio |url=http://www.paralumun.com/citrio.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227075155/http://www.paralumun.com/citrio.htm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Paralumun.com}}</ref>

In the late 17th century, still during the Sugar Era, the [[Bandeirantes]] discovered gold and diamonds in the neighboring [[captaincy]] of [[Minas Gerais]], thus Rio de Janeiro became a much more practical port for exporting wealth (gold, precious stones, besides the sugar) than [[Salvador, Bahia]], much farther northeast. On 27 January 1763,<ref name="RobinsonRobinson2014">{{Cite book |last1=Alex Robinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joc_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Rio de Janeiro Footprint Focus Guide: Includes Maracana Stadium, Copacabana, Paraty, Ilha Grande, Ipanema |last2=Gardenia Robinson |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-909268-88-3 |page=28 |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002064218/https://books.google.com/books?id=joc_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained primarily a colonial capital until 1808, when the Portuguese royal family and most of the associated [[Lisbon]] nobles, fleeing from [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]]'s invasion of Portugal, [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|moved]] to Rio de Janeiro.

===Portuguese royal period===
{{main|Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil}}
[[File:Departure of H.R.H. the Prince Regent of Portugal for the Brazils (Campaigns of the British Army in Portugal, London, 1812) - Henry L'Evêque, F. Bartollozzi.png|thumb|left|The [[House of Braganza|Portuguese Royal Family]] escaped the [[Napoleonic Wars]] ravaging Europe when Queen [[Maria I of Portugal]] and [[John VI of Portugal|Prince Regent John]] transferred the Portuguese royal court to Brazil, in 1807. It remained in Rio until its return to Portugal in 1821.]]
The kingdom's capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, became the only European capital outside of [[Europe]]. As there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sobrinho |first=Wanderley Preite |date=3 March 2008 |title=Chegada da família real portuguesa muda a arquitetura do Rio |trans-title=Arrival of the Portuguese royal family changes Rio's architecture |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u372084.shtml |access-date=17 April 2010 |website=[[Folha de S. Paulo]] |language=pt |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515024757/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u372084.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first decade, several educational establishments were created, such as the Military Academy, the Royal School of Sciences, Arts and Crafts and the [[Academia Imperial de Belas Artes|Imperial Academy of Fine Arts]], as well as the [[National Library of Brazil]] – with the largest collection in [[Latin America]]<ref name="BNB">{{Cite web |title=Apresentação da Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil |trans-title=Presenting Brazil's National Library |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/fbn/presentacion.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119091854/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/FBN/presentacion.shtml |archive-date=19 January 2010 |access-date=10 October 2012 |publisher=Fundação Biblioteca Nacional |language=pt}}</ref> – and The [[Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden|Botanical Garden]]. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the {{Lang|pt|[[Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro]]}}, came into circulation during this period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2007 |title=199 anos do primeiro jornal impresso no Brasil |trans-title=199 years of Brazil's first printed newspaper |url=http://www.jornalorebate.com.br/site/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1083 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240526073527/https://www.webcitation.org/6BJycK9Vh?url=http://www.jornalorebate.com.br/site/index2.php%3Foption=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1083 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=10 October 2012 |website=O Rebate |language=pt}}</ref> When Brazil was elevated to Kingdom in 1815, it became the capital of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] until the return of the [[Portuguese Royal Family]] to [[Lisbon]] in 1821, but remained as capital of the [[Kingdom of Brazil]].<ref name="HCRJ">{{Cite book |last=Coaracy |first=Vivaldo |title=Memória da cidade do Rio de Janeiro |year=1955 |editor-last=Livraria José Olympio Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |page=584}}</ref>

From the colonial period until the first independent era, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was a large influx of [[Slavery in Brazil|African slaves]] to Rio de Janeiro: in 1819, there were 145,000 slaves in the captaincy. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A África civiliza |url=http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/africa_civiliza.html |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Secretaria Municipal de Educação da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |archive-date=7 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107001757/http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/africa_civiliza.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1811 and 1831, 500,000 to a million slaves arrived in Rio de Janeiro through [[Valongo Wharf]], which is now a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1548 |title=Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site |website=UNESCO World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708160538/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1548/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tour Rio De Janeiro's Oldest Slave Port With This New App |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/07/18/537948535/tour-rio-de-janeiros-oldest-slave-port-with-this-new-app |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=NPR.org |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914094811/https://www.npr.org/2017/07/18/537948535/tour-rio-de-janeiros-oldest-slave-port-with-this-new-app |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Imperial period ===
{{multiple image
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| width             = 220
| image1            = Nicola Antonio Facchinetti - Enseada do Botafogo.JPG
| caption1          = Botafogo Bay in 1869
| image2            = Rio de janeiro 1889 01.jpg
| caption2          = Botafogo Bay in 1889
}}

When [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro]] proclaimed the [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|independence of Brazil]] in 1822, he decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his [[Empire of Brazil|new empire]] while the place was enriched with sugar cane agriculture in the Campos region and, especially, with the new coffee cultivation in the [[Paraíba Valley]].<ref name="HCRJ" /> In order to separate the province from the capital of the Empire, the city was converted in Neutral Municipality in 1834, passing the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|province of Rio de Janeiro]] to have [[Niterói]] as capital.<ref name="HCRJ" />

As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire. It was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century.<ref name="HCRJ" /> At that time the number of slaves was drastically reduced and the city was developed, with modern drains, animal trams, train stations crossing the city, gas and electric lighting, telephone and telegraph wiring, water and river plumbing.<ref name="HCRJ" /> Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|replaced]] by a republic.

On 6 February 1889 the Bangu Textile Factory was founded, with the name of Industrial Progress Company of Brazil (Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil). The factory was officially opened on 8 March 1893, in a complex with varying architectural styles like [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]], [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]] and a tower in [[Mansard roof|Mansard Roof]] style. After the opening in 1893, workers from [[Great Britain]] arrived in Bangu to work in the textile factory. The old farms became worker villages with red-bricks houses, and a neo-gothic church was created, which still exists as the Saint Sebastian and Saint Cecilia Parish Church. Street cinemas and cultural buildings also appeared. In May 1894, [[Thomas Donohoe]], a British worker from [[Busby, East Renfrewshire|Busby]], Scotland, arrived in Bangu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Who is the true father of football in Brazil? |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24537173 |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101115817/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24537173 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Donohoe was amazed to discover that there was absolutely no knowledge of football among Brazilians. So he wrote to his wife, Elizabeth, asking her to bring a football when she joined him. And shortly after her arrival, in September 1894, the first football match in Brazil took place in the field beside the textile factory. It was a five-a-side match between British workers, and took place six months before the first game organized by [[Charles William Miller|Charles Miller]] in São Paulo. However, the Bangu Football Club was not formally created until 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangu Athletic Club History [Portuguese] |url=http://www.bangu-ac.com.br/historia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101115818/http://www.bangu-ac.com.br/historia.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

===Republican period===
[[File:Rio de Janeiro ca1910s photo from USA Library of Congress 19301u.jpg|thumb|Rio de Janeiro, {{circa}} 1910s]]

At the time Brazil's [[First Brazilian Republic|Old Republic]] was established, the city lacked [[urban planning]] and [[sanitation]], which helped spread several diseases, such as [[yellow fever]], [[dysentery]], [[variola]], [[tuberculosis]] and even [[black death]]. [[Francisco Pereira Passos|Pereira Passos]], who was named mayor in 1902, imposed reforms to modernize the city, demolishing the [[cortiço]]s where most of the poor population lived. These people then moved to live in the city's hills, creating the first [[favelas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Suppia |first1=Alfredo |last2=Scarabello |first2=Marília |date=7 May 2014 |title=As reformas do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX |publisher=Universidade Virtual do Estado de São Paulo |language=pt |url=http://pre.univesp.br/as-reformas-do-rio-de-janeiro-no-inicio-do-seculo-xx#.WP3sUfnysdU |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523110959/http://pre.univesp.br/as-reformas-do-rio-de-janeiro-no-inicio-do-seculo-xx#.WP3sUfnysdU |archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> Inspired by the city of [[Paris]], Passos built the [[Theatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro)|Municipal Theatre]], the [[Museu Nacional de Belas Artes|National Museum of Fine Arts]] and the [[National Library of Brazil|National Library]] in the city's center; brought [[electric power]] to Rio and created larger avenues to adapt the city to [[automobiles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reforma Urbanística de Pereira Passos, o Rio com cara de Paris |url=http://educacao.globo.com/artigo/reforma-urbanistica-de-pereira-passos-o-rio-com-cara-de-paris.html |publisher=[[Grupo Globo]] |language=pt |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231052142/http://educacao.globo.com/artigo/reforma-urbanistica-de-pereira-passos-o-rio-com-cara-de-paris.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Passos also named [[Oswaldo Cruz]] as Director General of Public Health. Cruz's plans to clean the city of diseases included compulsory vaccination of the entire population and forced entry into houses to kill mosquitoes and rats. The people of the city rebelled against Cruz's policy, in what would be known as the [[Vaccine Revolt]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabral dos Santos |first=Marco |date=31 July 2005 |title=Revolta da Vacina: Oswaldo Cruz e Pereira Passos tentam sanear Rio |url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/revolta-da-vacina-oswaldo-cruz-e-pereira-passos-tentam-sanear-rio.htm |website=UOL Educação |language=pt |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425032844/https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/revolta-da-vacina-oswaldo-cruz-e-pereira-passos-tentam-sanear-rio.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Aqueduto da Carioca, Santa Teresa e Glória (007A5P3F13-029).jpg|thumb|[[Carioca Aqueduct]] in the 1920s]]

In 1910, Rio saw the [[Revolt of the Lash]], where [[Afro-Brazilian]] crew members in the [[Brazilian Navy]] mutinied against the heavy use of [[corporal punishment]], which was similar to the punishment slaves received. The mutineers took control of the [[Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes|battleship ''Minas Geraes'']] and threatened to fire on the city. Another military revolt occurred in 1922, the [[Copacabana Fort revolt]], a march against the Old Republic's [[coronelism]] and [[café com leite politics]]. This revolt marked the beginning of [[Tenentism]], a movement that resulted in the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930]] that started the [[Vargas Era]].

[[File:Bondinho Rio 1940.jpg|thumb|The [[Sugarloaf Cable Car]] in the 1940s]]
Until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighborhood now known as the historic city center (see below), on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. The city's center of gravity began to shift south and west to the so-called [[South Zone (Rio de Janeiro)|Zona Sul]] (South Zone) in the early part of the 20th century, when the first tunnel was built under the mountains between [[Botafogo]] and the neighborhood that is now known as [[Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)|Copacabana]]. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rio's streetcar transit system after 1905.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boone |first=Christopher G |year=1995 |title=Streetcars and Politics in Rio de Janeiro: Private Enterprise versus Municipal Government in Mass Transit Delivery, 1903–1920 |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–365 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x00010786 |s2cid=145351010 |issn=0022-216X}}</ref> Botafogos natural environment, combined with the fame of the [[Copacabana Palace]] Hotel, ''the'' luxury hotel of the Americas in the 1930s, helped Rio to gain the reputation it still holds today as a beach party town. This reputation has been somewhat tarnished in recent years by favela violence resulting from the narcotics trade and [[Brazilian police militias|militias]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2009 |title=Drugs and violence in Rio: The bottom line |newspaper=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14700720 |access-date=21 January 2010 |archive-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114042850/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14700720 |url-status=live }}{{Subscription required}}</ref>

[[File:Tanques ocupam a Avenida Presidente Vargas, 1968-04-04.jpg|thumb|A convoy of [[M41 Walker Bulldog]] tanks along the streets of the city in 1968 during the [[Brazilian military government|military rule]]. At the time, Rio de Janeiro was a city-state, capital of [[Guanabara (state)|Guanabara]].]]
Plans for moving the nation's capital city from Rio de Janeiro to the center of Brazil had been occasionally discussed, and when [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] was elected president in 1955, it was partially on the strength of promises to build a new capital.<ref>[http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_jk/htm/biografias/juscelino_kubitschek.asp Juscelino Kubitschek and the city of Rio de Janeiro] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315094527/http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_jk/htm/biografias/juscelino_kubitschek.asp |date=15 March 2015 }}</ref> Though many thought that it was just [[Political campaign|campaign]] rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília and a new [[Distrito Federal (Brazil)|Federal District]] built, at great cost, by 1960. On 21 April of that year, the capital of Brazil was officially moved to Brasília. The territory of the former Federal District became its own state, Guanabara, after the bay that borders it to the east, encompassing just the city of Rio de Janeiro. After the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 coup d'état]] that installed a [[Brazilian military government|military dictatorship]], the [[city-state]] was the only state left in Brazil to oppose the military. Then, in 1975, a presidential decree known as "The Fusion" removed the city's federative status and merged it with the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|State of Rio de Janeiro]], with the city of Rio de Janeiro replacing [[Niterói]] as the state's capital, and establishing the [[Greater Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2013 |title=Em 15 de março de 1975, Guanabara e Rio se transformaram num único estado |url=http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/fatos-historicos/em-15-de-marco-de-1975-guanabara-rio-se-transformaram-num-unico-estado-10121382 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=Acervo O Globo |publisher=[[O Globo]] |language=pt |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121223526/http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/fatos-historicos/em-15-de-marco-de-1975-guanabara-rio-se-transformaram-num-unico-estado-10121382 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1992, Rio hosted the [[Earth Summit]], a [[United Nations]] conference to fight [[environmental degradation]]. Twenty years later, in 2012, the city hosted another conference on [[sustainable development]], named [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]]. The city hosted the [[World Youth Day 2013|World Youth Day in 2013]], the second [[World Youth Day]] in [[South America]] and first in Brazil. In the sports field, Rio de Janeiro was the host of the [[2007 Pan American Games]] and the [[2014 FIFA World Cup Final]]. On 2 October 2009, the [[International Olympic Committee]] [[Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics|announced]] that Rio de Janeiro would host the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympic Games]] and the [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016 Paralympic Games]], beating competitors [[Chicago]], [[Tokyo]], and [[Madrid]]. The city became the first South American city to host the event and the second Latin American city (after [[Mexico City]] in [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]) to host the Games. Since the early 2010s, Rio de Janeiro has been inscribed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] for its arts, urban culture and [[designed landscape]]s set around a natural environment.

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Rio de Janeiro}}
[[File:ISS-67_City_lights_of_Rio_De_Janeiro,_Brazil.jpg|thumb|[[Satellite]] view of [[Greater Rio de Janeiro]] at night seen from [[ISS]]]]

Rio de Janeiro is near the west end of a strip (from [[Cabo Frio]] to just east of [[Ilha Grande]]) of Brazil's Atlantic coast close to the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] where the shoreline is oriented east and west; the city thus faces largely south. It was founded at the entrance to an inlet, [[Guanabara Bay]] (Baía de Guanabara), which is marked by a point of land called Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar) – a "calling card" of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2011 |title=Where is Rio de Janeiro? |url=http://riobrazilblog.com/where-is-rio-de-janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085554/http://riobrazilblog.com/where-is-rio-de-janeiro |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Riobrazilblog.com}}</ref>

The population of the city of Rio de Janeiro, occupying an area of {{cvt|1182.3|km2|sqmi|1|sp=us}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Area Territorial Official |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210035204/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5 |url-status=live }}</ref> is about 6,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimativas para 1° de Julho de 2006 |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] |language=pt |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104300/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of the greater metropolitan area is estimated at 11–13.5&nbsp;million. Residents of the city are known as ''[[carioca]]s''. The official song of Rio is "[[Cidade Maravilhosa]]", by composer [[André Filho]].

===Parks===
{{multiple image
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| width     = 220
| image1    = Parque Lage e Corcovado.jpg
| caption1  = [[Parque Lage]] with [[Corcovado]] in the background
| image2    = Arcos do Jardim Botânico do Rio..jpg
| caption2  = Arches in the [[Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden|Botanical Garden]]
| image3    = A_bela_vista_do_Cristo.jpg
| caption3  = [[Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon]]
}}
The city has parks and ecological reserves such as the Tijuca National Park, the world's first urban forest and [[UNESCO]] Environmental Heritage and Biosphere Reserve; [[Pedra Branca State Park]], which houses the highest point of Rio de Janeiro, the peak of Pedra Branca; the [[Quinta da Boa Vista]] complex; the [[Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro|Botanical Garden]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2005 |title="Cochicho da Mata" recria floresta dentro da floresta |url=http://www.jbrj.gov.br/materias/07_10_2005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155016/http://www.jbrj.gov.br/materias/07_10_2005.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=15 May 2017 |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}</ref> Rio's Zoo; [[Parque Lage]]; and the [[Passeio Público (Rio de Janeiro)|Passeio Público]], the first public park in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca (PEPB) |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/unidades/pqpedra_branca.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012125009/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/unidades/pqpedra_branca.asp |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=Governo do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Instituto Nacional do Ambiente |language=pt}}</ref> In addition the [[Flamengo Park]] is the largest landfill in the city, extending from the center to the south zone, and containing museums and monuments, in addition to much vegetation.

Since 1961, the [[Tijuca Forest|Tijuca National Park]] (Parque Nacional da Tijuca), the largest city-surrounded [[urban forest]] and the second largest urban forest in the world, has been a National Park. The largest urban forest in the world is the Floresta da Pedra Branca (White Rock Forest), which is located in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engelbrecht Ferreira |first=Daniel Ernesto |date=April 2005 |title=Poluição afeta Pedra Branca |language=pt |work=[[O Globo]] |url=http://www.biodiversityreporting.org/index.php?pageId=sub&lang=pt_BR&currentItem=article&docId=18381&c=Brasil&cRef=Brazil&year=2006&date=abril%202005 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007173549/http://www.biodiversityreporting.org/index.php?pageId=sub&lang=pt_BR&currentItem=article&docId=18381&c=Brasil&cRef=Brazil&year=2006&date=abril%202005 |archive-date=7 October 2007}}</ref>

===Environment===
Due to the high concentration of industries in the metropolitan region, the city has faced serious problems of environmental pollution. The [[Guanabara Bay]] has lost mangrove areas and suffers from residues from domestic and industrial sewage, oils and heavy metals. Although its waters renew when they reach the sea, the bay is the final receiver of all the tributaries generated along its banks and in the basins of the many rivers and streams that flow into it. The levels of particulate matter in the air are twice as high as that recommended by the [[World Health Organization]], in part because of the large numbers of vehicles in circulation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afra Balazina |date=21 September 2007 |title=Estudo revela poluição elevada em seis capitais |trans-title=Study reveals high pollution levels in six capitals |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u330220.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221042944/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u330220.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2007 |access-date=26 October 2008 |website=Folha Online |language=pt}}</ref>

The waters of Sepetiba Bay are slowly following the path traced by Guanabara Bay, with sewage generated by a population of the order of 1.29 million inhabitants being released without treatment in streams or rivers. With regard to industrial pollution, highly toxic wastes, with high concentrations of heavy metals – mainly [[zinc]] and [[cadmium]] – have been dumped over the years by factories in the industrial districts of [[Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro|Santa Cruz]], [[Itaguaí]] and [[Nova Iguaçu]], constructed under the supervision of State policies.<ref name="OQ">{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Contexto ambiental da Baía de Sepetiba |url=http://www.koinonia.org.br/oq/dossies/marambaia/not_contexto1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501032842/http://www.koinonia.org.br/oq/dossies/marambaia/not_contexto1.htm |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=Observatório Quilombola (OQ) |language=pt}}</ref>

The Marapendi lagoon and the [[Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon]] have suffered with the leniency of the authorities and the growth in the number of apartment buildings close by. The illegal discharge of sewage and the consequent deaths of algae diminished the oxygenation of the waters, causing fish mortality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hélio Almeida |date=11 January 2011 |title=Lagoa de Marapendi sofre com poluição da água |trans-title=Marapendi Lagoon suffers with water pollution |url=http://www.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/116507+lagoa+de+marapendi+sofre+com+poluicao+da+agua |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119050726/http://www.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/116507+lagoa+de+marapendi+sofre+com+poluicao+da+agua |archive-date=19 January 2011 |access-date=18 November 2012 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agência Brasil |date=18 May 2010 |title=Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas estará despoluída até 2014, diz secretário |trans-title=Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon will be unpolluted until 2014, says secretary |url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,lagoa-rodrigo-de-freitas-estara-despoluida-ate-2014-diz-secretario,553395,0.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518003936/http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,lagoa-rodrigo-de-freitas-estara-despoluida-ate-2014-diz-secretario,553395,0.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 November 2012 |website=O Estado de S. Paulo |language=pt}}</ref>

There are, on the other hand, signs of decontamination in the lagoon made through a [[public-private partnership]] established in 2008 to ensure that the lagoon waters will eventually be suitable for bathing. The decontamination actions involve the transfer of sludge to large craters present in the lagoon itself, and the creation of a new direct and underground connection with the sea, which will contribute to increase the daily water exchange between the two environments. However, during the Olympics the lagoon hosted the rowing competitions and there were numerous concerns about potential infection resulting from human sewage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=For rowers in Rio's Olympic water, it's all about avoiding the splash |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-olympic-rowing-dirty-water-20160806-story.html |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320070402/https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-olympic-rowing-dirty-water-20160806-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{wide image|PanoramaRio.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the city of Rio de Janeiro highlighting the mountains of [[Corcovado]] (left), [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf]] (center, background) and Two Brothers (right), from the [[Vista Chinesa|Chinese Belvedere]]}}

===Climate===
[[File:Tempestade_no_Rio_de_Janeiro_visto_do_Pão_de_Açúcar.jpg|thumb|Night [[storm]] with [[lightning]] in Rio de Janeiro, view from [[Sugarloaf Mountain]]]]
[[File:Praia_de_Copacabana_-_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brasil.jpg|thumb|[[Copacabana beach|Copacabana Beach]] on a sunny day]]

Rio has a [[tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw'') that closely borders a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]], and is often characterized by long periods of heavy rain between December and March.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alvares |first1=Clayton Alcarde |last2=Stape |first2=José Luiz |last3=Sentelhas |first3=Paulo Cesar |last4=de Moraes Gonçalves |first4=José Leonardo |last5=Sparovek |first5=Gerd |year=2013 |title=Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |publisher=E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung |volume=22 |pages=711–728 |bibcode=2013MetZe..22..711A |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507 |number=6|s2cid=55147576 }}</ref> The city experiences hot, humid summers, and warm, sunny winters. In inland areas of the city, temperatures above {{cvt|40|°C|0}} are common during the summer, though rarely for long periods, while maximum temperatures above {{cvt|27|°C|0}} can occur on a monthly basis.

Along the coast, the breeze, blowing onshore and offshore, moderates the temperature. Because of its geographic situation, the city is often reached by cold fronts advancing from [[Antarctica]], especially during autumn and winter, causing frequent weather changes. In summer there can be strong rains, which have, on some occasions, provoked catastrophic floods and landslides. The mountainous areas register greater rainfall since they constitute a barrier to the humid wind that comes from the Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Weather – Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3451190 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=BBC Weather |archive-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501091522/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3451190 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has had rare [[frost]]s in the past. Some areas within [[Rio de Janeiro state]] occasionally have falls of [[snow grains]] and [[ice pellets]] (popularly called {{lang|pt|granizo}}) and [[hail]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2012 |title=Hail falls in Rio de Janeiro's West Zone and Baixada Fluminense |language=pt |publisher=Globo News |url=http://globotv.globo.com/globo-news/jornal-globo-news/v/chuva-de-granizo-atinge-zona-oeste-e-baixada-fluminense-do-rio/1853797/ |url-status=dead |access-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202140159/http://globotv.globo.com/globo-news/jornal-globo-news/v/chuva-de-granizo-atinge-zona-oeste-e-baixada-fluminense-do-rio/1853797/ |archive-date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=Chuvinha de granizo – Nova Iguaçu 18-2-2013 |trans-title=Little hail shower – Nova Iguaçu, 18 February 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2c-u7vOEdk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/r2c-u7vOEdk |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=YouTube |language=pt}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2015 |title=As hail falls, Rio enters a warning interval |language=pt |publisher=G1 |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/com-chuva-de-granizo-rio-entra-em-estagio-de-atencao.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123610/https://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/com-chuva-de-granizo-rio-entra-em-estagio-de-atencao.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Drought is very rare, albeit bound to happen occasionally given the city's strongly seasonal tropical climate. The Brazilian drought of 2014–2015, most severe in the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]] and the worst in decades, affected the entire metropolitan region's water supply (a diversion from the [[Paraíba do Sul]] River to the [[Guandu River (Rio de Janeiro)|Guandu]] River is a major source for the state's most populous mesoregion). There were plans to divert the Paraíba do Sul to the [[Sistema Cantareira]] (Cantareira system) during the water crisis of 2014 in order to help the critically drought-stricken [[Greater São Paulo]] area. However, availability of sufficient rainfall to supply tap water to both metropolitan areas in the future is merely speculative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=Brazil drought crisis leads to rationing and tensions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2014/sep/05/brazil-drought-crisis-rationing |access-date=2 February 2015 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125416/https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2014/sep/05/brazil-drought-crisis-rationing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2015 |title=Brazil's worst drought in history prompts protests and blackouts |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/brazil-worst-drought-history |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125407/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/brazil-worst-drought-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2015 |title=Paraíba do Sul River might not have enough water to rescue São Paulo's Sistema Cantareira |url=http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2015/02/rio-paraiba-do-sul-pode-nao-ter-agua-para-socorrer-sistema-cantareira.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |publisher=G1 |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123613/https://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2015/02/rio-paraiba-do-sul-pode-nao-ter-agua-para-socorrer-sistema-cantareira.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Roughly in the same suburbs ([[Nova Iguaçu]] and surrounding areas, including parts of Campo Grande and Bangu) that correspond to the location of the March 2012, February–March 2013 and January 2015 pseudo-hail (''granizo'') falls, there was a [[tornado]]-like phenomenon in January 2011, for the first time in the region's recorded history, causing structural damage and long-lasting [[Power outage|blackouts]], but no fatalities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2011 |title=Tornado is responsible for havoc in Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |publisher=Globo |url=http://g1.globo.com/bom-dia-brasil/noticia/2011/01/tornado-causa-destruicao-em-nova-iguacu-no-rio-de-janeiro.html |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214165546/http://g1.globo.com/bom-dia-brasil/noticia/2011/01/tornado-causa-destruicao-em-nova-iguacu-no-rio-de-janeiro.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="9guaçutornado">{{Cite news |date=21 January 2011 |title=Tornado is responsible for havoc in Nova Iguaçu |language=pt |publisher=Gazeta do Povo |url=http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/chuvadevastadora/conteudo.phtml?tl=1&id=1088896&tit=Tornado-causa-estragos-em-Nova-Iguacu |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105182932/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/chuvadevastadora/conteudo.phtml?tl=1&id=1088896&tit=Tornado-causa-estragos-em-Nova-Iguacu |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[World Meteorological Organization]] has advised that Brazil, especially its southeastern region, must be prepared for increasingly [[severe weather]] occurrences in the near future, since events such as the catastrophic [[January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides]] are not an isolated phenomenon. In early May 2013, winds registering above {{cvt|90|km/h|0}} caused blackouts in 15 neighborhoods of the city and three surrounding municipalities, and killed one person.<ref>[http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/cidades/temporal-com-ventos-acima-de-90-kmh-mata-um-no-rio,5edebb5eb697e310VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html Storm with winds above {{cvt|90|km/h|0}} kill one in Rio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508131453/http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/cidades/temporal-com-ventos-acima-de-90-kmh-mata-um-no-rio,5edebb5eb697e310VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html |date=8 May 2013 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> Rio saw similarly high winds (about {{cvt|100|km/h|0}}) in January 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2015 |title=Bangu windstorm, inside the city of Rio, achieved near-cyclone speed |language=pt |publisher=G1 |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/ventos-em-bangu-no-rio-atingiram-velocidade-proxima-de-furacao.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134452/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/ventos-em-bangu-no-rio-atingiram-velocidade-proxima-de-furacao.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Bondinho do Pão de Açúcar by Diego Baravelli.jpg|thumb|[[Sugarloaf Cable Car]] approaching the summit]]

Temperature also varies according to elevation, distance from the coast, and type of vegetation or land use. During the winter, cold fronts and dawn/morning sea breezes bring mild temperatures; cold fronts, the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] (in the form of winds from the [[Amazon Forest]]), the strongest sea-borne winds (often from an [[extratropical cyclone]]) and summer [[evapotranspiration]] bring showers or storms. Thus the monsoon-like climate has dry and mild winters and springs, and very wet and warm summers and autumns. As a result, temperatures over {{cvt|40|°C|0}}, that may happen about year-round but are much more common during the summer, often mean the actual "feels-like" temperature is over {{cvt|50|°C|0}}, when there is little wind and the [[relative humidity]] percentage is high.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2010 |title=Com sensação térmica de 48&nbsp;°C, cariocas se refugiram do calor nas praias |trans-title=Feeling like 48&nbsp;°C, cariocas bathe in beaches trying to escape from the heat |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0,,MUL1502179-5606,00-COM+SENSACAO+TERMICA+DE+C+CARIOCAS+SE+REFUGIAM+DO+CALOR+NAS+PRAIAS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226030724/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0%2C%2CMUL1502179-5606%2C00-COM%2BSENSACAO%2BTERMICA%2BDE%2BC%2BCARIOCAS%2BSE%2BREFUGIAM%2BDO%2BCALOR%2BNAS%2BPRAIAS.html |archive-date=26 February 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2012 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio de Janeiro chega a 50&nbsp;°C nesta terça-feira |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro will be feeling like 50&nbsp;°C this Tuesday |url=http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/sensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-t%C3%A9rmica-rio-de-janeiro-chega-a-50-233457951.html |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Yahoo! Notícias |language=pt |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216124021/http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/sensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-t%C3%A9rmica-rio-de-janeiro-chega-a-50-233457951.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2013 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio ultrapassa os 50 graus |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro's feels like is now greater than 50 celsius |url=http://www.redetv.com.br/Video.aspx?52,15,320681,jornalismo,redetv-news,sensacao-termica-no-rio-ultrapassa-os-50-graus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213130508/http://www.redetv.com.br/Video.aspx?52%2C15%2C320681%2Cjornalismo%2Credetv-news%2Csensacao-termica-no-rio-ultrapassa-os-50-graus |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Rede TV! |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio chega aos 51 graus, diz pesquisa do Inpe |language=pt |trans-title=Feels like in Rio gets in 51 celsius mark, according to research |work=O Globo |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/sensacao-termica-no-rio-chegou-aos-51-graus-diz-pesquisa-do-inpe-11202125 |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121620/https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/sensacao-termica-no-rio-chegou-aos-51-graus-diz-pesquisa-do-inpe-11202125 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to data from the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), since 1931, the absolute minimum temperature recorded in Rio de Janeiro was 6.4 °C on August 18, 1933,<ref name="NCB-1931-1960"/> at the meteorological station in the [[Bangu, Rio de Janeiro|Bangu]] neighborhood (deactivated in March 2004). This same station, located in the city's hottest neighborhood,<ref>Andrade, Hanrrikson de. [https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2017/01/08/conhecido-como-bairro-mais-quente-do-rio-bangu-tem-no-calor-uma-tradicao.htm Conhecido como bairro mais quente do Rio, Bangu tem no calor uma tradição] (in Brazilian Portuguese)</ref> recorded a maximum temperature of 43.1 °C on January 14, 1984, which held the record for the highest temperature in the city until December 26, 2012, when 43.2 °C was recorded at the [[Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro|Santa Cruz]] station.<ref>[http://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/rio-de-janeiro,rio-tem-terceira-maior-temperatura-da-historia-42-8oc,1781099|título=Rio tem terceira maior temperatura da história: 42,8&nbsp;°C]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in Brazilian Portuguese)</ref> The record for rainfall within 24 hours is 349.4 mm, recorded on February 26, 1971, at the former station in the [[Engenho de Dentro]] neighborhood.<ref name="bdmep.inmet.gov.br"/>
{{Weatherbox
|location =  Rio de Janeiro ([[Alto da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro|Alto da Boa Vista]])<ref name="bdmep.inmet.gov.br">{{cite web|URL=https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/|title=Banco de dados meteorológicos|author=INMET|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref><ref name="NCB-INMET">{{cite web|URL=https://portal.inmet.gov.br/normais|title=Normais climatológicas do Brasil|author=INMET|access-date=2022-03-23}}</ref>
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width =  100%
| collapsed = s

|Jan record high C = 37.5 |Jan record low C = 12
|Feb record high C = 36.5 |Feb record low C = 15.2
|Mar record high C = 36.8 |Mar record low C = 14.5
|Apr record high C = 34.8 |Apr record low C = 11.5
|May record high C =  33  |May record low C = 10.2
|Jun record high C = 32.9 |Jun record low C = 6.7
|Jul record high C = 32.7 |Jul record low C = 7.3
|Aug record high C = 38.5 |Aug record low C = 8.7
|Sep record high C = 37.5 |Sep record low C = 8.1
|Oct record high C = 38.5 |Oct record low C = 10.5
|Nov record high C = 37.1 |Nov record low C = 11.4
|Dec record high C = 38.5 |Dec record low C = 10.2

|Jan high C = 30.2 |Jan low C = 20.8 |Jan precipitation days = 11  |Jan precipitation mm = 228.6
|Feb high C = 30.6 |Feb low C =  21  |Feb precipitation days = 9   |Feb precipitation mm = 177.8
|Mar high C = 29.1 |Mar low C = 20.2 |Mar precipitation days = 11  |Mar precipitation mm = 252
|Apr high C = 27.5 |Apr low C = 18.8 |Apr precipitation days = 9   |Apr precipitation mm = 201.1
|May high C =  25  |May low C = 16.5 |May precipitation days = 9   |May precipitation mm = 180.8
|Jun high C = 24.3 |Jun low C = 15.6 |Jun precipitation days = 8   |Jun precipitation mm = 154.1
|Jul high C = 24.1 |Jul low C = 15.1 |Jul precipitation days = 8   |Jul precipitation mm = 179.9
|Aug high C = 24.6 |Aug low C = 15.4 |Aug precipitation days = 9   |Aug precipitation mm = 150.5
|Sep high C = 25.2 |Sep low C = 16.5 |Sep precipitation days = 11  |Sep precipitation mm = 219.5
|Oct high C = 26.3 |Oct low C = 17.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11  |Oct precipitation mm = 194.7
|Nov high C = 26.8 |Nov low C = 18.5 |Nov precipitation days = 13  |Nov precipitation mm = 239
|Dec high C = 29.1 |Dec low C =  20  |Dec precipitation days = 12  |Dec precipitation mm = 236.8

|source = INMET (1991-2020 normals; extrems: June 1, 1966-presente)
}}{{Weatherbox
|location =  Rio de Janeiro ([[Bangu, Rio de Janeiro|Bangu]])<ref name="bdmep.inmet.gov.br"/><ref name="NCB-INMET"/><ref name="NCB-1931-1960">{{cite web | url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwM-LY650N0NRjNkR2V6YXF5bU0/view | title=Normais Climatológicas do Brasil (1931-1960) |author=INMET |location=[[Rio de Janeiro]] |date=1979 |access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>
| single line = yes
| metric first = yes
| width =  100%
| collapsed = s

|Jan record high C = 43.1 |Jan record low C = 16.9
|Feb record high C = 40.8 |Feb record low C = 15
|Mar record high C = 41.2 |Mar record low C = 15.4
|Apr record high C = 38.9 |Apr record low C = 12.5
|May record high C = 36.8 |May record low C = 9.8
|Jun record high C = 35.7 |Jun record low C = 6.8
|Jul record high C = 36.1 |Jul record low C = 8.8
|Aug record high C = 40.2 |Aug record low C = 6.4
|Sep record high C =  42  |Sep record low C = 9.8
|Oct record high C = 41.6 |Oct record low C = 8.9
|Nov record high C = 41.6 |Nov record low C = 11.4
|Dec record high C = 41.1 |Dec record low C = 14

|Jan high C = 33.9 |Jan low C = 23.8 |Jan precipitation days = 12 |Jan precipitation mm = 204.9
|Feb high C = 34.8 |Feb low C =  24  |Feb precipitation days = 9  |Feb precipitation mm = 148.7
|Mar high C =  33  |Mar low C = 23.2 |Mar precipitation days = 10 |Mar precipitation mm = 155.7
|Apr high C = 31.5 |Apr low C = 21.7 |Apr precipitation days = 7  |Apr precipitation mm = 108.7
|May high C =  29  |May low C = 19.3 |May precipitation days = 7  |May precipitation mm = 74.8
|Jun high C = 28.2 |Jun low C = 17.8 |Jun precipitation days = 5  |Jun precipitation mm = 56.4
|Jul high C = 27.5 |Jul low C = 17.1 |Jul precipitation days = 5  |Jul precipitation mm = 43.5
|Aug high C = 28.4 |Aug low C = 17.7 |Aug precipitation days = 5  |Aug precipitation mm = 38.8
|Sep high C = 28.3 |Sep low C = 18.6 |Sep precipitation days = 9  |Sep precipitation mm = 81.2
|Oct high C = 29.9 |Oct low C = 20.3 |Oct precipitation days = 9  |Oct precipitation mm = 80.9
|Nov high C = 31.5 |Nov low C = 21.7 |Nov precipitation days = 9  |Nov precipitation mm = 105
|Dec high C = 32.8 |Dec low C = 22.9 |Dec precipitation days = 11 |Dec precipitation mm = 152.4

|source =  [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]] (INMET) (normal climatológica de 1981-2010; recordes de temperatura: 01/01/1931 a 03/27/2004)
}}{{Weatherbox
|location  = Rio de Janeiro ([[Realengo, Rio de Janeiro|Realengo]])<ref name="bdmep.inmet.gov.br"/><ref name="NCB-INMET"/>
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width =  100%
| collapsed = s

|Jan record high C = 40.5 |Jan record low C = 17.8
|Feb record high C = 40.3 |Feb record low C = 16.9
|Mar record high C = 39.5 |Mar record low C = 17.3
|Apr record high C =  38  |Apr record low C = 13.7
|May record high C = 35.6 |May record low C = 12.2
|Jun record high C = 35.4 |Jun record low C = 9
|Jul record high C = 35.5 |Jul record low C = 8.5
|Aug record high C = 38.5 |Aug record low C = 9.8
|Sep record high C = 40.6 |Sep record low C = 10
|Oct record high C =  42  |Oct record low C = 11.6
|Nov record high C = 40.3 |Nov record low C = 13.2
|Dec record high C = 41.5 |Dec record low C = 16.5

|Jan high C = 32.6 |Jan low C = 23.5 |Jan precipitation mm =  169.4
|Feb high C = 33.3 |Feb low C = 23.5 |Feb precipitation mm =  113.4
|Mar high C = 32.5 |Mar low C = 23.1 |Mar precipitation mm =  137.8
|Apr high C = 30.8 |Apr low C = 21.3 |Apr precipitation mm =   92.4
|May high C = 28.1 |May low C = 18.4 |May precipitation mm =   52.8
|Jun high C = 27.7 |Jun low C = 16.8 |Jun precipitation mm =   32.8
|Jul high C = 26.9 |Jul low C = 16.4 |Jul precipitation mm =   43.7
|Aug high C =  28  |Aug low C = 17.4 |Aug precipitation mm =   26.6
|Sep high C =  28  |Sep low C = 18.2 |Sep precipitation mm =   48.1
|Oct high C = 29.2 |Oct low C =  20  |Oct precipitation mm =   82.2
|Nov high C = 30.4 |Nov low C = 21.3 |Nov precipitation mm =  111.7
|Dec high C = 31.3 |Dec low C = 22.6 |Dec precipitation mm =  163.9

|source = INMET (1981-2010 normals; extrems 04/01/1971-1976/10/31, 06/01/1986 a 11/30/1986 e 01/01/1999-2020/03/31)
}}{{Weatherbox
|location =  Rio de Janeiro ([[Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro|Santa Cruz]])<ref name="bdmep.inmet.gov.br"/><ref name="NCB-INMET"/>
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width =  100%
| collapsed = s

|Jan record high C = 42.5 |Jan record low C = 16.9
|Feb record high C = 41.5 |Feb record low C = 17.8
|Mar record high C = 40.1 |Mar record low C = 16.4
|Apr record high C = 38.5 |Apr record low C = 13.2
|May record high C =  36  |May record low C = 12
|Jun record high C = 35.2 |Jun record low C = 9
|Jul record high C =  36  |Jul record low C = 9.7
|Aug record high C = 39.1 |Aug record low C = 11.6
|Sep record high C = 41.2 |Sep record low C = 11.3
|Oct record high C = 41.2 |Oct record low C = 13.3
|Nov record high C = 40.5 |Nov record low C = 14.6
|Dec record high C = 43.2 |Dec record low C = 16.1

|Jan high C = 32.7 |Jan low C = 22.9 |Jan precipitation mm = 143.8  |Jan precipitation days = 11
|Feb high C = 33.6 |Feb low C = 23.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 100.1  |Feb precipitation days = 8
|Mar high C = 32.3 |Mar low C = 22.6 |Mar precipitation mm = 110.6  |Mar precipitation days = 9
|Apr high C = 30.8 |Apr low C = 21.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 101.3  |Apr precipitation days = 7
|May high C = 28.2 |May low C = 19.1 |May precipitation mm = 67.7   |May precipitation days = 7
|Jun high C = 27.6 |Jun low C =  18  |Jun precipitation mm = 48     |Jun precipitation days = 5
|Jul high C = 26.7 |Jul low C = 17.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 52.2   |Jul precipitation days = 6
|Aug high C = 27.7 |Aug low C = 17.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 36.7   |Aug precipitation days = 6
|Sep high C = 27.4 |Sep low C = 18.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 71.4   |Sep precipitation days = 8
|Oct high C = 28.7 |Oct low C = 19.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 76.7   |Oct precipitation days = 8
|Nov high C =  30  |Nov low C = 20.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 92.8   |Nov precipitation days = 9
|Dec high C = 31.2 |Dec low C =  22  |Dec precipitation mm = 138.9  |Dec precipitation days = 11

|source = INMET (normal climatológica de 1981-2010; recordes de temperatura: 01/01/1963 to 10/16/1994 and 04/05/1998 to 12/18/2019)
}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Brazilians|Cariocas|Demographics of Rio de Janeiro|Demographics of Brazil|Immigration to Brazil}}
{{Historical populations|1872|274972|1890|522651|1900|811443|1920|1157873|1940|1764141|1950|2377451|1960|3281908|1970|4251918|1980|5090700|1991|5336179|2000|5851914|2010|6320446|2022|6211223|align=right|footnote=<ref>{{Cite web |title=População nos Censos Demográficos, segundo os municípios das capitais - 1872/2010 |url=https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=6&uf=00 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=[[IBGE]] |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026110118/https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=6&uf=00 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|2010 IBGE Census]], there were 5,940,224 people residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro.<ref>[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=33 2010 IGBE Census] {{in lang|pt}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145821/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=33 |date=14 May 2012 }}</ref> Since 1960, when it was surpassed by [[São Paulo]], the city of Rio de Janeiro has been the second-most populous city in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A metrópole improvável: por que São Paulo virou a maior cidade do Brasil |url=https://exame.com/economia/a-metropole-improvavel-por-que-sao-paulo-virou-a-maior-cidade-do-brasil/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Exame |language=pt-br}}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===

The [[2022 Brazilian census|2022 census]] revealed the following numbers: [[White Brazilian]] (45.4% or 2,821,619); [[Pardo Brazilian|Mixed]] (38.7% or 2,403,895); [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] (15.6% or 968,428); [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]] (10,514 or 0.2%); [[Native Brazilian|Indigenous]] (6,531 or 0.1%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo 2022 - Panorama |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628195406/https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of Rio de Janeiro was 53.2% [[female]] and 46.8% [[male]].<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn 2010 IGBE Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145708/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn|date=14 May 2012}} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>

The [[Afro-Brazilian|black community]] was formed by residents whose ancestors had been brought as slaves, mostly from [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]], as well by people of Angolan, Mozambican and [[West African]] descent who moved to Rio from other parts of Brazil. Nearly half of the city's population is by phenotype mixed or black.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasil 500 anos |url=http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/negros/origem.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518220742/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/negros/origem.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> [[White Brazilian|White]] in Brazil is defined more by having a European-looking phenotype rather than ancestry, and two full [[sibling]]s can be of different "racial" categories<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parra |first1=FC |last2=Amado |first2=RC |last3=Lambertucci |first3=JR |last4=Rocha |first4=J |last5=Antunes |first5=CM |last6=Pena |first6=SD |date=January 2003 |title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P |doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 |pmc=140919 |pmid=12509516|doi-access=free}}</ref> in a [[Human skin color|skin color]] and [[phenotype]] continuum from ''pálido'' (''branco'') or fair-skinned, through ''branco [[wikt:moreno|moreno]]'' or swarthy Caucasian, ''mestiço claro'' or lighter skinned multiracial, ''pardo'' (mixed race) to ''negro'' or [[Black people|black]]. [[Pardo]], for example, in popular usage includes those who are ''[[caboclo]]s'' ([[mestizo]]s), ''mulatos'' ([[mulattoes]]), ''[[cafuzo]]s'' ([[zambo]]s), ''juçaras'' (archaic term for [[multiracial#Brazil|tri-racials]]) and westernized [[Indigenous peoples of Brazil|Amerindians]] (which are called ''caboclos'' as well), being more of a skin color rather than a racial group in particular.

===Immigration and migration===
{{Main|Immigration to Brazil}}
{{bar box
 |title = Race and ethnicity in Rio de Janeiro
|width = 287px
 |titlebar = #ddd
|left1 = Ethnicity
|right1 = Percentage
|float = left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[White Brazilians|White]]|blue|45.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Pardo]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]])|#009000|38.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]|#9955BB|15.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Asian Brazilian|Asian]]|black|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]]|yellow|0.1}}
}}

Different ethnic groups contributed to the formation of the population of Rio de Janeiro. Before European colonization, there were at least seven different [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous peoples]] speaking 20 languages in the region. A part of them joined the Portuguese and the other the French. Those who joined the [[French Brazilian|French]] were then exterminated by the Portuguese, while the other part was assimilated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tem índio no Rio |url=http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/Ludimila/indiosrj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813071626/http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/Ludimila/indiosrj.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Paginas.terra.com.br}}</ref>

Rio de Janeiro is home to the largest [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] population outside of [[Lisbon]] in Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese descent in the city of Rio de janeiro and Brazil |url=http://www.presidencia.pt/brasil2008/?idc=166&idi=13879 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143624/http://www.presidencia.pt/brasil2008/?idc=166&idi=13879 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Presidencia.pt}}</ref> After independence from Portugal, Rio de Janeiro became a destination for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Portugal, mainly in the early 20th century. The immigrants were mostly poor peasants who subsequently found prosperity in Rio as city workers and small traders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasil 500 anos |url=http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523211354/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |archive-date=23 May 2008 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=.ibge.gov.br}}</ref>

[[File:Afot3602.jpg|thumb|upright|Portuguese immigrant in Rio de Janeiro, considered the largest "[[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] city" outside Portugal<ref name="auto1">[http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html Venâncio, R.P., "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes", in ''Brasil 500 anos'', 2000, Rio de Janeiro, IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523211354/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |date=23 May 2008 }}, from the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]].</ref>]]
The Portuguese cultural influence is still seen in many parts of the city (and many other parts of the state of Rio de Janeiro), including architecture and [[Portuguese language|language]]. Most Brazilians with some cultural contact with Rio know how to easily differentiate between the local dialect, ''fluminense'', and other Brazilian dialects. People of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] ancestry predominate in most of the state. The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39.7% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro. Including all of the Rio de Janeiro, the proportion raised to 46.3% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil. The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high, accounting for 72% of the foreigners who lived in the capital. Portuguese born people accounted for 20.4% of the population of Rio, and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30.8%. In other words, native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51.2% of the inhabitants of Rio, or a total of 267,664 people in 1890.<ref>{{Google books |id=QPDe42CBSeMC |page=107 |title=Os lusíadas na aventura do Rio moderno }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Rio de Janeiro city (1890)
|-
! Group !! Population !! Percentage<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=ObM0dMga1cMC |page=11}} |title=Rio de Janeiro, uma cidade&nbsp;... |access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
|Portuguese immigrants ||106,461 ||20.4%
|-
|Brazilians with at least one Portuguese parent ||161,203 ||30.8%
|-
|Portuguese immigrants and their descendants ||267,664 ||51.2%
|}

As a result of the influx of immigrants to Brazil from the late 19th to the early 20th century, also found in Rio de Janeiro and [[Greater Rio de Janeiro|its metropolitan area]] are communities of [[Arab Brazilian|Levantine Arabs]] who are mostly [[Arab Christians|Christian]] or [[Irreligion in Brazil|Irreligious]], [[Spanish immigration to Brazil|Spaniards]], [[Italian Brazilian|Italians]], [[German Brazilian|Germans]], [[Japanese Brazilians|Japanese]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencia Brasil |date=11 March 2011 |title=Consulado do Japão no Rio disponibiliza telefone para prestar informações sobre o país {{pipe}} Agencia Brasil |url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/noticia/2011-03-11/consulado-do-japao-no-rio-disponibiliza-telefone-para-prestar-informacoes-sobre-pais |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509220521/http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/noticia/2011-03-11/consulado-do-japao-no-rio-disponibiliza-telefone-para-prestar-informacoes-sobre-pais |archive-date=9 May 2012 |access-date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! style="background:#f99;" colspan="5"|Genomic ancestry of non-related individuals in Rio de Janeiro<ref name="laboratoriogene.info">{{Cite journal |title=Self-reported skin color, genomic ancestry and the distribution of GST polymorphisms |author1=Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz |author2=Daniela D. Vargens |author3=Claudio J. Struchiner |author4=Luciana Bastos-Rodrigues |author5=Sergio D.J. Pena |date=2007 |journal=Pharmacogenetics and Genomics |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=765–771 |doi=10.1097/FPC.0b013e3281c10e52 |pmid=17700365 |s2cid=23257335 |url=http://laboratoriogene.info/Ciencia_Hoje/Pharmacogenetics2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103909/http://laboratoriogene.info/Ciencia_Hoje/Pharmacogenetics2007.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Race or skin color||Number of individuals||Amerindian||African||European
|-
|White||107||6.7%||6.9%||86.4%
|-
|''Pardo'' (Mixed race)||119||8.3%||23.6%||68.1%
|-
|Black||109||7.3%||50.9%||41.8%
|}

According to an autosomal DNA study from 2009, conducted on a school in the poor suburb of Rio de Janeiro, the "pardos" there were found to be on average about 80% European, and the "whites" (who thought of themselves as "very mixed") were found to carry very little Amerindian and/or African admixtures. The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "pardos" for example thought of themselves as {{frac|1|3}} European, {{frac|1|3}} African and {{frac|1|3}} Amerindian before the tests, and yet their ancestry on average reached 80% European.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Negros e pardos do Rio têm mais genes europeus do que imaginam, segundo estudo |url=http://www.meionews.com.br/index.php/noticias/21-estado-do-rio/4607-negros-e-pardos-do-rio-tem-mais-genes-europeus-do-que-imaginam-segundo-estudo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153557/http://www.meionews.com.br/index.php/noticias/21-estado-do-rio/4607-negros-e-pardos-do-rio-tem-mais-genes-europeus-do-que-imaginam-segundo-estudo.html |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Meionews.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf |url=http://www4.ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf |access-date=23 August 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Other studies showed similar results<ref name="laboratoriogene.info" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Durso |first1=DF |last2=Bydlowski |first2=SP |last3=Hutz |first3=MH |last4=Suarez-Kurtz |first4=G |last5=Magalhães |first5=TR |last6=Pena |first6=SD |year=2014 |title=Association of genetic variants with self-assessed color categories in Brazilians |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e83926 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...983926D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083926 |pmc=3885524 |pmid=24416183|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}
{{bar box
|float=left
 |title=Religion in Rio de Janeiro <small>(2010 Census)</small><ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=2010 Population Census – Rio de Janeiro |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] |year=2010 |language=pt |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/rio-de-janeiro/pesquisa/23/22107?detalhes=true |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083410/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/rio-de-janeiro/pesquisa/23/22107?detalhes=true |url-status=live }}</ref>
|width=285px
 |titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism]]|blue|51.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|lightblue|23.4}}
{{bar percent|Other Christian|skyblue|2.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|gray|13.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]|yellow|5.9}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|3.6}}
}}
Religion in Rio de Janeiro is diverse, with [[Catholic Christianity]] being the majority religion. According to data from the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE), in 2010 the population of Rio de Janeiro had 3,229,192 [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Roman Catholics]] (51.1%), 1,477,021 [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestants]] (23.4%), 372.851 [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritists]] (5.9%), 37,974 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.6%), 75,075 [[Buddhism in Brazil|Buddhists]] (0.2%), 52,213 [[Umbanda]] (0.8%), 21,800 [[Judaism|Jews]] (0.3%), 25,743 [[Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church]] (0.4%), 16,776 new eastern religious (0.2%), 28,843 [[Candomblé]] (0.4%), 3,853 [[Mormon]]s (<0.1%), 5,751 [[Eastern Orthodox]] Christians (<0.1%), 7,394 spiritualists (0.1%), 964 [[Islam in Brazil|Muslims]] (<0.1%), 5,662 esoteric (<0.1%) and 802 [[Hindu]]s (<0.1%). 858,704 had no religion (13.5%), and 113,530 followed other forms of Christianity (1.8%).<ref name="Religion"/>

[[File:Aerial_view_of_the_Statue_of_Christ_the_Redeemer.jpg|upright|thumb|''[[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|Christ the Redeemer]]'']]
Rio de Janeiro has had a rich and influential Catholic tradition. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro]] is the second largest archdiocese in Brazil after [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Paulo|São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |title=Brazil – Statistics by Diocese by Catholic Population |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scbr1.html |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044718/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scbr1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Rio de Janeiro Cathedral]] was inaugurated in 1979, in the central region of the city. Its installations have a collection of great historical and religious value: the Archdiocesan Museum of Sacred Art and the Archdiocesan Archive.<ref name="Religion2">{{Cite web |language=Portuguese |title=Catedral Metropolitana de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |url=https://catedral.com.br/historia/ |quote=A história da Catedral, desde a pedra fundamental, até os dias de hoje |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619001533/https://catedral.com.br/historia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a [[Contemporary architecture]], it has a conical shape, with 96 meters of internal diameter and capacity to receive up to 20 thousand faithful. The splendor of the building, with straight and sober lines, is due to the changing stained glass windows carved on the walls up to the dome. Its design and execution was coordinated by [[Monsignor]] Ivo Antônio Calliari (1918–2005).<ref name="Religion2"/> [[Saint Sebastian]] is recognized as the city's [[patron saint]], which is why it received the canonical name of "Saint Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro."<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |year=2012 |title=Fiéis participam de procissão em homenagem ao padroeiro do Rio |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319203734/https://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many [[Protestant]] creeds coexist in the city, [[Presbyterian]], [[Congregational Churches|Congregational]], [[Lutheran]] and [[Anglican]] Churches. In addition to evangelical churches such as the [[Baptist]], [[Methodist]], [[Seventh-day Adventist]] and [[Pentecostal]] churches, such as the [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]], [[Assembly of God]], [[Christian Congregation in Brazil]] and [[The Foursquare Church]].<ref name="Religion"/>

Afro-Brazilian religions such as [[Umbanda]] and [[Candomblé]] find support in various social segments, although professed by less than 2% of the population, many Cariocas simultaneously observe those practices with Roman Catholicism.<ref name="Religion"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro – People |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil/People |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026192305/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil/People |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Christianity ====
[[File:Catedral Presbiteriana, Rio de Janeiro.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Igreja Presbiteriana do Rio de Janeiro]]]]

The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro]], the Metropolitan See of its respective [[Ecclesiastical Province]], belongs to the Regional Episcopal Council Leste I of the [[National Conference of Bishops of Brazil]] (CNBB) (headquartered in Rio until 1977). Founded in 1676, it covers a territory of 1,721 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arquidiocese.org.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=8 |title=Paróquias do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Arquidiocese de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009071305/http://www.arquidiocese.org.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=8 |archive-date=2010-10-09}}</ref>

The ''[[Cathedral of St. Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro|Cathedral of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro]]'', or ''Metropolitan Cathedral'', was inaugurated in 1979 in the [[Central Region (Rio de Janeiro)|central region]] of the city. Its facilities house a collection of great historical and religious value: the Archdiocesan Museum of Sacred Art and the Archdiocesan Archive. The Banco da Providência and the Archdiocesan Caritas are also based there. In a contemporary architectural style, it has a conical shape, with an internal diameter of 96 meters and a capacity to hold up to 20,000 worshippers. The splendor of the building, with its straight and sober lines, is due to the changing [[stained glass windows]] carved into the walls up to the [[dome]]. Its design and execution were coordinated by [[Monsignor]] [[Ivo Antônio Calliari]] (1918–2005).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catedral.com.br/ |title=Catedral Metropolitana de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Catedral de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro}}</ref> [[Sebastian of Narbonne|Saint Sebastian]] is recognized as the [[patron saint]] of the city, which is why it received the canonical name "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |title=Fiéis participam de procissão em homenagem ao padroeiro do Rio |editor=G1 |date=January 20, 2012 }}</ref>

The city is home to various [[Protestantism|Protestant]] or reformed denominations, exemplified by the [[Presbyterian Church of Brazil|Presbyterian]], [[Congregational church|Congregational]], [[Lutheran]] and [[Anglican]] churches. There are also evangelical churches such as the [[Baptist]], [[Methodist]], [[Seventh-day Adventist]] churches, and those of [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] origin: [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]], [[Assemblies of God|Assembly of God]], [[Christian Congregation in Brazil]], [[Foursquare Church|Foursquare Gospel]], [[Tabernacle Evangelical Church of Jesus|House of Blessing]], [[God is Love Pentecostal Church]], [[Maranatha Christian Church|Christian Maranatha]], and New Life.<ref name=sidra1>{{cite web |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=7&i=P&c=2094 |title=Tabela 2094 - População residente por cor ou raça e religião |publisher=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática (SIDRA) |year=2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614232328/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=7&i=P&c=2094 |archive-date=2011-06-14}}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|List of Rio de Janeiro schools, colleges, universities and research centers}}
[[File:Centro_ciências_humanas.JPG|thumb|Center for [[Human science|Human Science]] of the [[Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro]]]]

The [[Portuguese language]] is the official and [[national language]], and thus the primary language taught in schools. [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] are also part of the official curriculum. There are also international schools, such as the [[American School of Rio de Janeiro]], Our Lady of Mercy School, SIS Swiss International School, the Corcovado German School, the Lycée Français and the British School of Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Schools in Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/rio-de-janeiro |access-date=22 September 2020 |website=International Schools Database |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123822/https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/rio-de-janeiro |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city has several universities and research institutes. The [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]] has certified approximately 99 upper-learning institutions in Rio.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=MEC – Ministério da Educação |title=e-MEC |url=http://emec.mec.gov.br/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511050432/http://emec.mec.gov.br/ |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The most prestigious university is the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]]. It is the fifth-best in Latin America; the second-best in Brazil, second only to the [[University of São Paulo]]; and the best in [[Latin America]], according to the [[QS World University Rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pati |first=Camila |date=2015-07-17 |title=As 18 melhores universidades do Brasil em 2015 |website=EXAME.com |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/carreira/noticias/as-18-melhores-universidades-do-brasil-em-2015#3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031424/http://exame.abril.com.br/carreira/noticias/as-18-melhores-universidades-do-brasil-em-2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=QS University Rankings: Latin America 2015 |website=topuniversities.com |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank%20region=%20country=%20faculty=%20stars=false%20search= |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122204927/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank%20region=%20country=%20faculty=%20stars=false%20search= |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some notable higher education institutions are [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]] (UFRJ); [[Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro|Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro]] (UNIRIO); [[Rio de Janeiro State University]] (UERJ); [[Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro|Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro]] (UFRRJ, often nicknamed ''Rural''); [[Fluminense Federal University]] (UFF); [[Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro]] (PUC-Rio); [[Fundação Getúlio Vargas|Getúlio Vargas Foundation]] (FGV); [[Instituto Militar de Engenharia|Military Institute of Engineering]] (IME); [[Instituto Superior de Tecnologia em Ciências da Computação do Rio de Janeiro|Superior Institute of Technology in Computer Science of Rio de Janeiro]] (IST-Rio); College of Publicity and Marketing (ESPM); [[Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas|The Brazilian Center for Research in Physics]] (CBPF); [[Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada|National Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics]] (IMPA); Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ) and [[Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca|Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca]] (CEFET/RJ). There are more than 137 upper-learning institutions in whole Rio de Janeiro state.<ref>{{Cite web |trans-title=Colleges recognized by MEC, Vestibular, Handouts, University, Profession, Professor |title=Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC, Vestibular, Apostilas, Universitário, Profissão, Professor |language=pt |url=http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Ser Universitário |archive-date=13 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055510/http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Patioiserj.jpg|thumb|Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ)]]

The [[Rio de Janeiro State University]] (public), [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]] (public), Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets (private) and [[Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro]] (private) are among the country's top institutions of higher education. Other institutes of higher learning include the Colégio Regina Coeli in Usina, notable for having its own {{RailGauge|3ft|lk=on}} [[Narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2017 |title=Trams of the World 2017 |url=http://blickpunktstrab.net/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/tramsderwelt2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216202427/http://blickpunktstrab.net/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/tramsderwelt2017.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Blickpunkt Straßenbahn}}</ref> [[funicular]] railway on its grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasilien |url=http://www.ferrolatino.ch/en/reports/brazil/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053548/http://www.ferrolatino.ch/en/reports/brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Primary schools are largely under municipal administration, while the state plays a more significant role in the extensive network of secondary schools. There are also a small number of schools under federal administration, as is the case of Pedro II School, Colégio de Aplicação da UFRJ and the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica of Rio de Janeiro (CEFET-RJ). In addition, Rio has an ample offering of private schools that provide education at all levels. Rio is home to many colleges and universities. The literacy rate for [[carioca]]s aged 10 and older is nearly 95 percent, well above the national average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in Rio |url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-229648/Rio-de-Janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717214855/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-229648/Rio-de-Janeiro |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Student.britannica.com}}</ref> In Rio, there were 1,033 primary schools with 25,594 teachers and 667,788 students in 1995. There are 370 secondary schools with 9,699 teachers and 227,892 students. There are 53 University-preparatory schools with 14,864 teachers and 154,447 students. The city has six major universities and 47 private schools of higher learning.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.altillo.com/pt/universidades/brasil/estado/riodejaneiro.asp |title=Education institutions in Rio de Janeiro |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122004358/http://www.altillo.com/pt/universidades/brasil/estado/riodejaneiro.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Social issues===
{{Main|Social issues in Brazil|Social apartheid in Brazil|Favela}}
[[File:1_rocinha_aerial_pano_2014.jpg|thumb|[[Rocinha]], the largest [[slum]] (''[[favela]]'') in Brazil]]

There are significant disparities between the rich and the poor in Rio de Janeiro, and different socioeconomic groups are largely segregated into different neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2004 |title=Iko Poran |url=http://www.ikoporan.org/1_1_contexto_rio_eng.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040105122004/http://www.ikoporan.org/1_1_contexto_rio_eng.asp |archive-date=5 January 2004 |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> Although the city clearly ranks among the world's major metropolises, large numbers live in slums known as [[favela]]s, where 95% of the population are poor, compared to 40% in the general population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2010 |title=FGV: desigualdade entre favela e asfalto cai no Rio |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI167577-15223,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009065937/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0%2C%2CEMI167577-15223%2C00.html |archive-date=9 October 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010 |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com}}</ref>

There have been a number of government initiatives to counter this problem, from the removal of the population from favelas to [[Public housing|housing projects]] such as [[Cidade de Deus (Rio de Janeiro)|Cidade de Deus]] to the more recent approach of improving conditions in the favelas and bringing them up to par with the rest of the city, as was the focus of the "Favela Bairro" program and deployment of [[Pacifying Police Unit]]s.

Rio has more people living in slums than any other city in Brazil, according to the 2010 Census.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2011 |title=Rio é a cidade com maior população em favelas do Brasil |language=pt-BR |work=O Globo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/rio-a-cidade-com-maior-populacao-em-favelas-do-brasil-3489272 |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804174103/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/rio-a-cidade-com-maior-populacao-em-favelas-do-brasil-3489272 |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 1,500,000 people live in its 763 favelas, 22% of Rio's total population. [[São Paulo]], the largest city in Brazil, has more favelas (1,020), but proportionally has fewer people living in favelas than Rio.

Rio also has a large proportion of state-sanctioned violence, with about 20% of all killings committed by state security.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kleinfeld |first1=Rachel |last2=Barham |first2=Elena |year=2018 |title=Complicit States and the Governing Strategy of Privilege Violence: When Weakness is Not the Problem |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=21 |pages=215–238 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-015628 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2019, police killed an average of five people each day in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with a total of 1,810 killed in the year. This was more police killings than any year since official records started in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=Rio violence: Police killings reach record high in 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51220364 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=BBC |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723094751/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51220364 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Politics ==

=== Municipal government ===
{{Multiple image
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| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| image1    = Centro administrativo sao sebastiao (1).JPG
| caption1  = São Sebastião Administrative Center, seat of City Hall
| image2    = PedroErnestoPalace1-CCBY.jpg
| caption2  = Palácio Pedro Ernesto, in [[Cinelândia]], seat of [[Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro|Municipal Council]]
}}

In Rio de Janeiro, the executive power is represented by the mayor and the cabinet of secretaries, in accordance with the model proposed by the Federal Constitution. The Organic Law of the Municipality and the current Master Plan, however, stipulate that the public administration must provide the population with effective tools for the exercise of participatory democracy. In this way, the city is divided into subprefectures, each of which is headed by a sub-mandatory appointed directly by the mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao_intelectual/arq/1232.pdf |title=O lugar da cidade do Rio de Janeiro na Federação brasileira:uma questão em três momentos |author=Marly Silva da Motta |date=2001 |publisher=[[CPDOC]]-FGV |accessdate=22 September 2012 |language=PT-br |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305031856/http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao_intelectual/arq/1232.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>

Legislative power is constituted by the municipal council, composed of 51 councilors<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/vereadores_atuais.php?m1=vereadores&m2=ver_atuais&m3=por_nome |title=Current Councilors - 8th Legislature |publisher=Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022144545/http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/vereadores_atuais.php?m1=vereadores&m2=ver_atuais&m3=por_nome |url-status=live }}</ref> elected for four-year terms (in compliance with the provisions of article 29 of the Constitution, which disciplines a minimum number of 42 and a maximum of 55 for municipalities with more than five million inhabitants).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/const/con1988/con1988_15.09.2015/art_29_.asp |title=Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil: Artigo 29 |publisher=Senado Federal |access-date=24 October 2008 |language=PT-br |archive-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828231749/http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/const/con1988/con1988_15.09.2015/art_29_.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> It is up to the House to prepare and vote on fundamental laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the participatory budget (Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias). Although the veto power is granted to the mayor, the process of voting on the laws that oppose him usually generates conflicts between the Executive and the Legislative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/funclegisla_opoderes.php?m1=acamrio&m2=func_legislativo&m3=opoderes |title=O Legislativo e os outros Poderes |accessdate=22 September 2012 |publisher=Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro |language=PT-br |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419103450/http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/funclegisla_opoderes.php?m1=acamrio&m2=func_legislativo&m3=opoderes |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are also municipal councils, which complement the legislative process and the work engendered in the secretariats. Compulsorily formed by representatives of various sectors of organized civil society, they are on different fronts — although their effective representation is sometimes questioned. The following are currently in operation: Municipal Council for the Protection of Cultural Heritage (CMPC), Defense of the Environment (CONDEMAM), Health (CMS), the Rights of Children and Adolescents (CMDCA), Education (CME), Social Assistance (CMAS) and Anti-Drugs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/spldocs/pl/2001/pl0004_2001_000549.pdf |title=Projeto de lei nº 4-A/2001 |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |date=2001 |access-date=22 September 2012 |language=PT-br |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202128/http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/spldocs/pl/2001/pl0004_2001_000549.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== State government ===
{{Multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| image1    = Palácio Guanabara em agosto de 2017.jpg
| caption1  = [[Guanabara Palace]], seat of the state government
| image2    = Palácio Tiradentes.jpg
| caption2  = [[Tiradentes Palace]], seat of the [[Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro|Legislative Assembly]]
}}

As the capital of the homonymous state, the city is the seat of the state government. The [[Guanabara Palace]] (formerly known as Paço Isabel) is located in the Laranjeiras neighborhood, in the south zone, and is the official seat of the Rio de Janeiro executive power. Not to be confused with Palácio Laranjeiras, situated in the same neighborhood, which is the official residence of the governor of Rio de Janeiro.<ref name=hist>[http://diariodorio.com/historia-do-palacio-guanabara/ História do Palácio Guanabara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114144547/https://diariodorio.com/historia-do-palacio-guanabara/ |date=14 January 2021 }}, by Felipe Lucena. ''Diário do Rio'', 4 October 2015.</ref>

The [[Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro]] (ALERJ) is the state legislative body<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/Alerj/Historia |title=História da Alerj (Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) e da inauguração do Palácio Tiradentes |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222605/https://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/Alerj/Historia |url-status=live }}</ref> and is headquartered at [[Tiradentes Palace]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palaciotiradentes.rj.gov.br/linhadotempo/ |title=História do Palácio Tiradentes (Linha do Tempo) - Fonte: site do Palácio Tiradentes |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222603/http://www.palaciotiradentes.rj.gov.br/linhadotempo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> where the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil]] previously functioned.<ref name="Acervo O Globo">{{cite web |url=http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/palacio-tiradentes-palco-da-posse-de-presidentes-de-washington-luis-jk-20472974 |title=Palácio Tiradentes é palco da posse de presidentes, de Washington Luís a JK |date=17 November 2017 |publisher=[[O Globo]] |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222609/https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/palacio-tiradentes-palco-da-posse-de-presidentes-de-washington-luis-jk-20472974 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Court of Justice of the State of Rio de Janeiro (TJRJ) is the highest body of the judiciary in the state. Its central court is located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, but, from 2013 to July 2018, some of the courts of this court were moved to Cidade Nova.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destakjornal.com.br/cidades/detalhe/tjrj-conclui-segunda-etapa-de-reforma-do-forum-central |title=TJRJ conclui segunda etapa de reforma do Fórum Central |date=20 July 2018 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |publisher=destakjornal |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230652/http://www.destakjornal.com.br/cidades/detalhe/tjrj-conclui-segunda-etapa-de-reforma-do-forum-central |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Federal government ===
The city of Rio de Janeiro was successively the capital of the Portuguese colony of the [[State of Brazil]] (1621–1815), after the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] (1815–1822), the [[Empire of Brazil]] (1822–1889) and from the Republic of the United States of Brazil (1889–1968) until 1960, when the seat of government was definitively transferred to the then newly built [[Brasília]].<ref name="nexo">{{Cite journal |title=Por que o Rio deveria virar um segundo Distrito Federal, segundo este pesquisador |journal=Nexo Jornal |url=https://www.nexojornal.com.br/entrevista/2017/05/04/Por-que-o-Rio-deveria-virar-um-segundo-Distrito-Federal-segundo-este-pesquisador |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211145152/https://www.nexojornal.com.br/entrevista/2017/05/04/Por-que-o-Rio-deveria-virar-um-segundo-Distrito-Federal-segundo-este-pesquisador |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite the change in the federal capital, 59% of civil servants in the Executive Branch of federal agencies and public companies remained in the city. Rio de Janeiro is also the only Brazilian state where the number of federal employees exceeds the number of state employees. About a third of all federal public bodies and companies remain in the former capital, with 50 public offices, including agencies, autarchies, foundations and public companies, such as the [[National Library of Brazil|National Library]], the [[National Nuclear Energy Commission]], [[Fiocruz]], [[BNDES]], [[Petrobras]], [[Eletrobras]], [[IBGE]], [[Casa da Moeda do Brasil|Casa da Moeda]], the [[Brazilian National Archives|National Archives]], among others.<ref name="nexo"/>

===Subdivisions===
[[File:Zoneamento da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Municipality of Rio de Janeiro and its division into zones and neighborhoods
{|width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent"
|-
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#00923f|West Zone}}
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#005197|North Zone}}
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#f8c300|South Zone}}
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#da251d|Central Zone}}
|}]]
The city is commonly divided into the historic center (Centro); the tourist-friendly wealthier South Zone (Zona Sul); the residential less wealthy North Zone (Zona Norte); peripheries in the West Zone (Zona Oeste), among them [[Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro|Santa Cruz]], [[Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro|Campo Grande]] and the wealthy newer [[Barra da Tijuca]] district. Rio de Janeiro is administratively divided into 33 ''distritos'' (districts) named ''Regiões Administrativas'' ("Administrative Regions") and 165 ''bairros'' (neighborhoods).<ref>{{cite web |title=Regiões de Planejamento (RP), Regiões Administrativas (RA) e Bairros do Município do Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.data.rio/documents/regi%C3%B5es-de-planejamento-rp-regi%C3%B5es-administrativas-ra-e-bairros-do-munic%C3%ADpio-do-rio-de-janeiro/explore |website=Data.Rio |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927233855/https://www.data.rio/documents/regi%C3%B5es-de-planejamento-rp-regi%C3%B5es-administrativas-ra-e-bairros-do-munic%C3%ADpio-do-rio-de-janeiro/explore |url-status=live }}</ref>

Subprefectures are officially grouped into four regions (or "zones"), taking into account geographic position and occupation history; however these do not have any administrative or political power over the municipality. The official political division of the municipality takes into account historical-cultural characteristics to divide the neighborhoods.<ref name=":0">[http://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/visualizar_pdf.php?reload=ok&edi_id=00001724&page=3&search=lapa Lei n.º 5.407 de 17 de maio de 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731083142/http://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/visualizar_pdf.php?reload=ok&edi_id=00001724&page=3&search=lapa|date=31 July 2013}}</ref> Most of its population is concentrated in the neighborhoods of Campo Grande, Santa Cruz, Bangu, Tijuca, Realengo, Jacarepaguá, Copacabana, Barra da Tijuca, Maré, Guaratiba and Taquara together, these eleven neighborhoods concentrate a population of 1.5 million inhabitants, according to the 2010 census.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/boasvindas/rjbv2/rio.htm |title=Dados sobre o Rio de Janeiro |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813044048/http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/boasvindas/rjbv2/rio.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Zona Central, Rio de Janeiro|''Centro'' or Downtown]] is the historic core of the city, as well as its [[financial center]]. Sites of interest include the [[Paço Imperial]], built during colonial times to serve as a residence for the Portuguese governors of Brazil; many historic churches, such as the [[Candelária Church]] (the former cathedral), São Jose, Santa Lucia, Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Santa Rita, São Francisco de Paula, and the monasteries of Santo Antônio and São Bento. The Centro also houses the modern concrete [[Rio de Janeiro Cathedral]]. Around the [[Cinelândia]] square, there are several landmarks of the ''[[Belle Époque]]'' of Rio, such as the [[Teatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro)|Municipal Theatre]] and the [[National library|National Library]] building. Among its several museums, the [[Museu Nacional de Belas Artes]] (National Museum of Fine Arts) and the [[National Historical Museum (Brazil)|Museu Histórico Nacional]] (National Historical Museum) are the most important. 
[[File:Forte_de_Copacabana_panorama.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Fort Copacabana]], with [[Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)|Copacabana]] (right) and [[Ipanema]] (left, background)]]
[[File:Praia da Barra e Montanhas do Parque Nacional da Tijuca.jpg|thumb|[[Barra da Tijuca]] with [[Pedra da Gávea]] in background]]

The [[South Zone (Rio de Janeiro)|South Zone]] ({{lang|pt|Zona Sul}}) is composed of several districts, among which are [[São Conrado]], [[Leblon]], [[Ipanema]], [[Arpoador]], [[Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)|Copacabana]], and [[Leme (Rio de Janeiro)|Leme]], which compose Rio's Atlantic beach coastline.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022024238/http://rio2014.info/praias-melhores-de-rio-de-janeiro-best-beaches-rio-de-janeiro/ Atlantic beach coastline of Rio de Janeiro]. Rio 2014.</ref> The neighborhood of Copacabana beach hosts one of the world's most spectacular New Year's Eve parties ("Reveillon"), as more than two million revelers crowd onto the sands to watch the [[fireworks|fireworks display]]. From 2001, the fireworks have been launched from boats, to improve the safety of the event.<ref>[http://www.vermelho.org.br/diario/2006/0104/zillah_0104.asp?nome=Zillah%20Branco&cod=5264 Rio Reveillon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145446/http://www.vermelho.org.br/diario/2006/0104/zillah_0104.asp?nome=Zillah%20Branco&cod=5264 |date=13 October 2007 }}</ref>

{{anchor|North Zone}}The North Zone ({{lang|pt|Zona Norte}}) begins at Grande Tijuca (the middle class residential and commercial ''bairro'' of [[Tijuca]]), just west of the city center, and sprawls for miles inland until [[Baixada Fluminense]] and the city's Northwest.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rioandlearn.com/north-zone-rio-de-janeiro/ |title=Facts about North Zone - Rio |date=25 January 2017 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428174753/https://rioandlearn.com/north-zone-rio-de-janeiro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This region is home to the Maracanã (located in Grande Tijuca), once the world's highest capacity [[Association football|football]] venue, able to hold nearly 199,854 people,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/final-da-copa-de-1950-registrou-maior-publico-no-maracana-199854-pessoas-10488080 |title=1950 World Cup Final registered the largest audience at Maracanã: 199,854 people |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428174753/https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/final-da-copa-de-1950-registrou-maior-publico-no-maracana-199854-pessoas-10488080 |url-status=live }}</ref> as it did for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|final]] of [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]]. This region is also home to most of the [[samba school]]s of Rio de Janeiro such as Mangueira, Salgueiro, Império Serrano, Unidos da Tijuca, Imperatriz Leopoldinense, among others. Some of the main neighborhoods of Rio's North Zone are Alto da Boa Vista which shares the [[Tijuca Forest|Tijuca Rainforest]] with the South and Southwest Zones; Tijuca, Vila Isabel, Méier, [[São Cristóvão (Rio de Janeiro neighborhood)|São Cristovão]], Madureira, Penha, Manguinhos, Fundão, Olaria among others. Many of Rio de Janeiro's [[slums]] (''[[favelas]]''), are located in the North Zone.<ref>"Reinventing Rio"[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Reinventing-Rio.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617113704/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Reinventing-Rio.html|date=17 June 2011}}, Alan Riding, September 2010, ''Smithsonian''</ref>

{{anchor|West Zone}}West Zone (''Zona Oeste'') of Rio de Janeiro is a vaguely defined area that covers some 50% of the city's entire area, including Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes neighborhoods. The West Side of Rio has many historic sites because of the old "Royal Road of Santa Cruz" that crossed the territory in the regions of Realengo, Bangu, and Campo Grande, finishing at the Royal Palace of Santa Cruz in the Santa Cruz region. The highest peak of the city of Rio de Janeiro is the Pedra Branca Peak (Pico da Pedra Branca) inside the [[Pedra Branca State Park]]. It has an altitude of 1024m. The Pedra Branca State Park (Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inea – Portal |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008594 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=www.inea.rj.gov.br |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083416/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008594 |url-status=live }}</ref> is the biggest urban state park in the world comprising 17 neighborhoods in the west side, being a "giant lung" in the city with trails,<ref>{{Cite web |title=[PDF] Trail Guide of Pedra Branca State |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/cs/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=13669&dDocName=PRODUCAO_PORTAL011861 |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121836/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/cs/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=13669&dDocName=PRODUCAO_PORTAL011861 |url-status=live }}</ref> waterfalls and historic constructions like an old aqueduct in the Colônia Juliano Moreira<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bispo do Rosário Museum, the contemporary museum of Colônia |url=http://museubispodorosario.com/ |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201145118/http://museubispodorosario.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in the neighborhood of [[Taquara, Rio de Janeiro|Taquara]] and a dam in [[Camorim]]. Santa Cruz and Campo Grande Region have exhibited economic growth, mainly in the [[Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro|Campo Grande neighborhood]]. Industrial enterprises are being built in lower and lower middle class residential [[Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro|Santa Cruz]], one of the largest and most populous of Rio de Janeiro's neighborhoods, most notably [[Ternium|Ternium Brasil]], a new steel mill with its own private docks on Sepetiba Bay, which is planned to be South America's largest steel works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIDERÚRGICA DO ATLÂNTICO VAI GERAR 18 MIL EMPREGOS NA ZONA OESTE |url=http://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/common/noticia_corpo.asp?num=11187 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104626/http://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/common/noticia_corpo.asp?num=11187 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> A tunnel called ''Túnel da Grota Funda'', opened in 2012, creating a [[public transit]] facility between Barra da Tijuca and Santa Cruz, lessening travel time to the region from other areas of Rio de Janeiro.<ref name="VejaRio2011">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2011 |title=Topo do blog Quais serão os novos ares cariocas? |url=http://vejario.abril.com.br/blog/as-ruas-do-rio/tags/tunel-da-grota-funda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709100044/http://vejario.abril.com.br/blog/as-ruas-do-rio/tags/tunel-da-grota-funda |archive-date=9 July 2014 |website=Veja Rio |language=pt}}</ref>

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil}}

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
Rio de Janeiro is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Arganil]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acordos de Geminação |url=https://www.cm-arganil.pt/municipio/acordos-de-geminacao/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-arganil.pt |date=23 October 2015 |publisher=Arganil |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122214/https://www.cm-arganil.pt/municipio/acordos-de-geminacao/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Atlanta]], United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://www.atlantariofoundation.org/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=atlantariofoundation.org |publisher=Atlanta Rio de Janeiro Sister Cities Foundation |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122304/https://www.atlantariofoundation.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|AZE}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan<ref name="riointernacional">{{Cite web |title=Rio + Internacional 2009–2012 / 2013–2016 |url=http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/documents/4804537/8c7ff4cf-d6ab-4507-9767-29739e31494c |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=rio.rj.gov.br |publisher=Rio de Janeiro |page=14 |language=pt |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504081708/http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/documents/4804537/8c7ff4cf-d6ab-4507-9767-29739e31494c |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain<ref name=riointernacional/>
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=ebeijing.gov.cn |publisher=Beijing |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202081742/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|LBN}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=Rio-Beirut project to link up sister cities' initiatives |url=https://anba.com.br/en/rio-beirut-project-to-link-up-sister-cities-initiatives/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=anba.com.br |publisher=Brazil-Arab News Agency (ANBA) |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124727/https://anba.com.br/en/rio-beirut-project-to-link-up-sister-cities-initiatives/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Braga]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geminações |url=https://www.cm-braga.pt/pt/0104/municipio/cooperacao-institucional/geminacoes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055911/http://www.cm-braga.pt/pt/0104/municipio/cooperacao-institucional/geminacoes |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-braga.pt |publisher=Braga |language=pt}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Brisbane]], Australia
*{{flagdeco|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Sister Cities |url=https://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=english.busan.go.kr |publisher=Busan Metropolitan City |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226042626/http://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|RSA}} [[Cape Town]], South Africa<ref name=riointernacional/>
*{{flagdeco|MAR}} [[Tangier]], Morocco<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2010 |title=Rio e Tangier are sister cities |url=https://anba.com.br/rio-e-tangier-sao-cidades-irmas/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=anba.com.br |publisher=Brazil-Arab News Agency (ANBA) }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|GER}} [[Cologne]], Germany<ref name=riointernacional/>
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Guimarães]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cidades |url=https://www.cm-guimaraes.pt/pages/455?folders_list_17_folder_id=29 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-guimaraes.pt |publisher=Guimarães |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125519/https://www.cm-guimaraes.pt/pages/455?folders_list_17_folder_id=29 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Guiyang]], China<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/guiyang/sistercities.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=Guiyang |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124727/http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/guiyang/sistercities.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey<ref name=riointernacional/>
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2018 |title=Перелік міст, з якими Києвом підписані документи про поріднення, дру��бу, співробітництво, партнерство |url=https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=kyivcity.gov.ua |publisher=Kyiv |language=uk |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128062444/https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kobe]], Japan<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kobe |url=https://global.kobe-investment.jp/english/info-kobe.php |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=global.kobe-investment.jp |publisher=Global Kobe Investment |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124730/https://global.kobe-investment.jp/english/info-kobe.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|PAK}} [[Lahore]], Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2016 |title=Lei nº 6.105/2016 |url=https://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=camara.rj.gov.br |publisher=Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806215908/https://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acordos de geminação |url=https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos-de-geminacao |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=lisboa.pt |publisher=Lisboa |language=pt |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073427/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos-de-geminacao |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|UK}} [[Liverpool]], United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liverpool China Sister City Partnerships |url=https://www.trueeducationpartnerships.com/council-partnerships/liverpool-china-sister-city-partnerships/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=trueeducationpartnerships.com |publisher=True Education Partnerships |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122437/https://www.trueeducationpartnerships.com/council-partnerships/liverpool-china-sister-city-partnerships/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|AGO}} [[Luanda]], Angola<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 September 2012 |date=15 September 1987 |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |title=Lei nº 1057/1987 |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/bff0b82192929c2303256bc30052cb1c/21a381d53572f58a032576ac0073886a?OpenDocument |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616011103/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/bff0b82192929c2303256bc30052cb1c/21a381d53572f58a032576ac0073886a?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|AGO}} [[M'banza Congo]], Angola<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 December 2022 |date=15 December 2022 |publisher=Diário Oficial do Rio de Janeiro |title=Lei nº 7707/2022 |url=https://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/portal/visualizacoes/html/5566/#e:5566 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216104405/https://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/portal/visualizacoes/html/5566/#e:5566 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Montpellier]], France<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jumelages |url=http://www.montpellier.fr/30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=montpellier.fr |publisher=Montpellier |language=fr |archive-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826015921/http://www.montpellier.fr/30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Nice]], France<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Déclaration de Nice signée par la Ville de Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.nice.fr/fr/actualites/la-declaration-de-nice-signee-par-la-ville-de-rio-de-janeiro?type=articles&parent=actualites |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=nice.fr |publisher=Nice |language=fr |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124730/https://www.nice.fr/fr/actualites/la-declaration-de-nice-signee-par-la-ville-de-rio-de-janeiro?type=articles&parent=actualites |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|KEN}} [[Nairobi]], Kenya
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Oklahoma City]], United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Cities |url=http://sistercitiesokc.org/about-us/our-cities |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=sistercitiesokc.org |publisher=Sister Cities OKC |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125603/http://sistercitiesokc.org/about-us/our-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Olhão]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Geminação entre cidades de Olhão e Rio de Janeiro vai avançar |url=https://regiao-sul.pt/2018/01/09/sociedade/geminacao-entre-cidades-de-olhao-e-rio-de-janeiro-vai-avancar/407095 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=regiao-sul.pt |publisher=DiariOnline Região Sul |language=pt |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124732/https://regiao-sul.pt/2018/01/09/sociedade/geminacao-entre-cidades-de-olhao-e-rio-de-janeiro-vai-avancar/407095 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Ramat Gan]], Israel<ref>{{Cite web |title=ערים תאומות |url=https://ramat-hasharon.muni.il/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=ramat-hasharon.muni.il |publisher=Ramat HaSharon |language=he |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122523/https://ramat-hasharon.muni.il/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Международные и межрегиональные связи |url=https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=gov.spb.ru |publisher=Federal city of Saint Petersburg |language=ru |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105013852/http://gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2013 |title=Samarkand and Gyeongju become sister cities |url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/24158 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=uzdaily.uz |publisher=UZ Daily |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124732/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/24158 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Santa Comba, Galicia|Santa Comba]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|title=Santa Comba y Río de Janeiro refrendan su relación de amistad|date=22 September 2013 |url=https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/santiago/2013/09/22/santa-comba-rio-janeiro-refrendan-relacion-amistad/0003_201309S22C12998.htm|publisher=La Voz de Galicia|language=es|access-date=2023-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115095316/https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/santiago/2013/09/22/santa-comba-rio-janeiro-refrendan-relacion-amistad/0003_201309S22C12998.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], Spain<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz de Tenerife |url=https://www.arandadeduero.es/hermanamientos.php?hermanamiento=2 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=arandadeduero.es |publisher=Aranda de Duero |language=es |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122525/https://www.arandadeduero.es/hermanamientos.php?hermanamiento=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Viana do Castelo]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relações internacionais / cooperação |url=http://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/pt/relacoes-internacionais-cooperacao |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-viana-castelo.pt |publisher=Viana do Castelo |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621124620/http://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/pt/relacoes-internacionais-cooperacao |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Viseu]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cidades Geminadas com Viseu |url=https://www.cm-viseu.pt/index.php/diretorio/cidades-geminadas |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-viseu.pt |publisher=Viseu |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621124624/https://www.cm-viseu.pt/index.php/diretorio/cidades-geminadas |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Warsaw |language=pl |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200516/https://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Partner cities ===
Rio de Janeiro has the following partner/friendship cities:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/e9589b9aabd9cac8032564fe0065abb4/4946a0f046208234032576ac00738861?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031426/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/e9589b9aabd9cac8032564fe0065abb4/4946a0f046208234032576ac00738861?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/c5e78996b82f9e0303257960005fdc93/9614c9f0b840ed9c032576ac007388f6?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031425/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/c5e78996b82f9e0303257960005fdc93/9614c9f0b840ed9c032576ac007388f6?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1e88325e3066b43d032576ac00738899?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204010558/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1e88325e3066b43d032576ac00738899?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[New York City|New York]], United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/421e67a6ef874a2b032576ac00738a0d?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204013641/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/421e67a6ef874a2b032576ac00738a0d?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Paris]], France<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |url=http://www.paris.fr/politiques/paris-a-l-international/paris-ville-monde/les-pactes-d-amitie-et-de-cooperation/rub_6587_stand_16468_port_14974 |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011700/http://www.paris.fr/politiques/paris-a-l-international/paris-ville-monde/les-pactes-d-amitie-et-de-cooperation/rub_6587_stand_16468_port_14974 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Philadelphia]], United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei 1383/89 – Lei nº 1383 de 10 de maio de 1989 |url=http://cm-rio-de-janeiro.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/279288/lei-1383-89?ref=home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429053452/http://cm-rio-de-janeiro.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/279288/lei-1383-89?ref=home |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=JusBrasil}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1c2bd7addb3abc13032576ac00738895?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106185402/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1c2bd7addb3abc13032576ac00738895?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Canada<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anabailao |url=http://www.anabailao.com/toronto_and_rio_de_janeiro_friendship_city_agreementOpenDocument |access-date=10 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ |access-date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Yerevan Municipal Government |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities ===
Rio de Janeiro is a part of the [[Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciudades miembro |url=https://ciudadesiberoamericanas.org/quienes-somos/ciudades-miembro/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=ciudadesiberoamericanas.org |publisher=Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas |language=es |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611033704/https://ciudadesiberoamericanas.org/quienes-somos/ciudades-miembro/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Rio de Janeiro|Economy of Brazil}}
[[File:Urca,_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil_-_panoramio_(14).jpg|thumb|[[Centro (Rio de Janeiro)|Downtown Rio]], in the financial district of the city]]
[[File:Pão de Açucar - Sugarloaf Mountain - Zuckerhut - Botafago.jpg|thumb|[[Botafogo]] with the [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf Mountain]]]]
[[File:Convento de Santo Antônio do Largo da Carioca 19.jpg|thumb|Largo da Carioca, in Downtown Rio]]
[[File:Barra_da_Tijuca_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Barra da Tijuca]]]]

Rio de Janeiro has the second-largest [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of any city in Brazil, surpassed only by [[São Paulo]]. According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], it was approximately US$201&nbsp;billion in 2008, equivalent to 5.1% of the national total. Taking into consideration the network of influence exerted by the urban [[metropolis]] (which covers 11.3% of the population), this share in GDP rises to 14.4%, according to a study released in October 2008 by the IBGE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of economy |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/29092003estatisticasecxxhtml.shtm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103124742/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/29092003estatisticasecxxhtml.shtm |archive-date=3 January 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Ibge.gov.br}}</ref>

Greater Rio de Janeiro, as perceived by the IBGE, has a GDP of US$187&nbsp;billion, constituting the second largest hub of national wealth. Per capita GDP is US$11,786.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Economist |date=30 August 2011 |title=Comparing Brazilian states with countries |work=Magazine |publisher=Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/content/compare-cabana |access-date=3 October 2012 |archive-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210115526/http://www.economist.com/content/compare-cabana |url-status=live }}</ref> It concentrates 68% of the state's economic strength and 7.9% of all goods and services produced in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cidade – Protected Planet |url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/478446 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205003206/http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/478446 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The services sector comprises the largest portion of GDP (65.5%), followed by commerce (23.4%), industrial activities (11.1%) and agriculture (0.1%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro %28city%29 |url=http://gold.dreab.com/p-Rio_de_Janeiro_%28city%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001752/http://gold.dreab.com/p-Rio_de_Janeiro_%28city%29 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Gold.dreab.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About BCG – Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.bcg.com/offices/rio-de-janeiro/default |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121918/https://www.bcg.com/offices/rio-de-janeiro/default |url-status=live }}</ref>

Benefiting from the federal capital position it had for a long period (1763–1960), the city became a dynamic administrative, financial, commercial and cultural center. Rio de Janeiro became an attractive place for companies to locate when it was the capital of Brazil, as important sectors of society and of the government were present in the city. The city was chosen as headquarters for [[Public property|state-owned]] companies such as [[Petrobras]], [[Eletrobras]], [[Caixa Econômica Federal]], [[Brazilian Development Bank|National Economic and Social Development Bank]] and [[Vale (mining company)|Vale]] (which was privatized in the 1990s). The [[Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange]] (BVRJ), which currently trades only government securities, was the first stock exchange founded in Brazil in 1845.

The off-shore oil exploration in the [[Campos Basin]] began in 1968 and became the main site for oil production of Brazil. This caused many oil and gas companies to be based in Rio de Janeiro, such as the Brazilian branches of [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[EBX Group|EBX]] and [[Esso]]. For many years Rio was the second largest industrial hub of Brazil,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBGE – Economy of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=17&i=P&c=793 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614223617/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=17&i=P&c=793 |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[oil refineries]], shipbuilding industries, steel, [[metallurgy]], petrochemicals, cement, [[pharmaceutic]]al, textile, processed foods and furniture industries.

Major international pharmaceutical companies have their Brazilian headquarters in Rio such as: [[Merck KGaA|Merck]], [[Roche Applied Science|Roche]], Arrow, Darrow, [[Baxter International|Baxter]], Mayne, and Mappel.

Recent decades have seen a sharp transformation in its economic profile, which is becoming more and more one of a major national hub of services and businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy Of Rio de Janeiro, need To Know Economy Of Rio de Janeiro, About Economy Of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.barra-brazilbeach.com/about_us/Economy_Of_Rio_de_Janeiro.html |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182352/http://www.barra-brazilbeach.com/about_us/Economy_Of_Rio_de_Janeiro.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is the headquarters of large telecom companies, such as [[Intelig Telecom|Intelig]], [[Oi (telecommunications)|Oi]] and [[Embratel]]. Major Brazilian entertainment and media organizations are based in Rio de Janeiro like [[Organizações Globo]] and also some of Brazil's major newspapers: ''[[Jornal do Brasil]]'', ''[[O Dia]]'', and ''Business Rio''.

Tourism and entertainment are other key aspects of the city's economic life. The city is the nation's top tourist attraction for both Brazilians and foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism in Rio |url=http://www.portalemfoco.com.br/artigos.php?pag=artigo&artigoid=150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153936/http://www.portalemfoco.com.br/artigos.php?pag=artigo&artigoid=150 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Portalemfoco.com.br}}</ref>

In Greater Rio, which has one of the highest per capita incomes in Brazil, retail trade is substantial. Many of the most important retail stores are located in the center, but others are scattered throughout the commercial areas of the other districts, where shopping centers, supermarkets, and other retail businesses handle a large volume of consumer trade.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Economy of Rio |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/504192/Rio-de-Janeiro/29045/Climate |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-date=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527130739/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/504192/Rio-de-Janeiro/29045/Climate |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rio de Janeiro is ({{As of|2014|lc=y}}) the second largest exporting municipality in Brazil. Annually, Rio exported a total of $7.49B (USD) worth of goods.<ref>DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/show.9/all/all/?order=export_val.desc "2014 Brazilian Trade by Municipality"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406102236/http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/show.9/all/all/?order=export_val.desc |date=6 April 2016 }}, ''[[DataViva]]'', Retrieved on 17 June 2015.</ref> The top three goods exported by the municipality were [[Petroleum|crude petroleum]] (40%), [[Semi-finished casting products|semi finished iron product]] (16%), and semi finished steel products (11%).<ref>DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.6/all/?order=export_val.desc "Exports by Product for Rio de Janeiro (2014)"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618102649/https://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.6/all/?order=export_val.desc |date=18 June 2015 }}, ''[[DataViva]]'', Retrieved 17 June 2015.</ref> Material categories of mineral products (42%) and metals (29%) make up 71% of all exports from Rio.<ref>DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.2/all/?order=export_val.desc "International Trade by Section for Rio de Janeiro (2014)"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618102028/https://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.2/all/?order=export_val.desc |date=18 June 2015 }}, ''[[DataViva]]'', Retrieved 17 June 2015.</ref>

Compared to other cities, Rio de Janeiro's economy is the second-largest in Brazil, behind [[São Paulo]], and the [[List of cities by GDP|30th largest in the world]] with a GDP of [[Brazilian Real|R$]] 201,9&nbsp;billion in 2010. The per capita income for the city was R$22,903 in 2007 (around {{USD|14,630}}).<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288 |title=per capita income |publisher=IBGE |year=2005 |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |location=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |language=pt |format=PDF |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-date=1 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701054146/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288 |url-status=live }}</ref> Largely because of the strength of Brazil's currency at the time, [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'s [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees#Mercer surveys|city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees]], reported that Rio de Janeiro ranked 12th among the most expensive cities in the world in 2011, up from the 29th position in 2010, just behind São Paulo (ranked 10th), and ahead of London, Paris, [[Milan]], and New York.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2011 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 – Top 50 cities: Cost of living ranking |url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#City_rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725215323/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2011 |title=SP é a 10ª cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros; RJ é a 12ª |language=pt |work=UOL Noticias |url=http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715220331/http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm |url-status=live }}</ref> Rio also had the most expensive hotel rates in Brazil, and the daily rate of its [[five star hotel]]s were the second most expensive in the world after only New York.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2011 |title=Rio de Janeiro lidera lista de hotéis mais caros do País |language=pt |work=UOL Noticias |url=http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/infomoney/2011/03/23/rio-de-janeiro-lidera-lista-de-hoteis-mais-caros-do-pais.jhtm |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-date=8 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008004554/http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/infomoney/2011/03/23/rio-de-janeiro-lidera-lista-de-hoteis-mais-caros-do-pais.jhtm |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Highlighted Sectors ===
[[Image:Edise.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Headquarters building of [[Petrobras]]]]
{{Update|section|date=August 2024}}

Rio de Janeiro is home to many of Brazil's largest business conglomerates. Among them are the three largest multinationals in the energy and mining sectors: [[Petrobras]], [[Vale S.A.]], and the [[EBX Group]]; the largest media and communications group in Latin America, [[Grupo Globo]]; and major telecommunications companies like [[CorpCo]] (owner of [[Oi (company)|Oi]] and [[Portugal Telecom]]), [[TIM Brasil|TIM]], [[Embratel]], [[Intelig]], and [[Embratel Star One|Star One]] (the largest satellite management company in Latin America).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sobre.uol.com.br/ultnot/novidade/noticias/ult299u137.jhtm |title=UOL, Star One e Gilat launch UOLSAT, a pioneering Internet service in Brazil |date=2001-09-14 |website=[[Universo Online|UOL]] |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119005413/http://sobre.uol.com.br/ultnot/novidade/noticias/ult299u137.jhtm |archive-date=2008-01-19}}</ref>

In the petrochemical sector, there are more than 700 companies, including Brazil's largest ([[Shell plc|Shell]], [[Esso]], [[Ipiranga (company)|Ipiranga]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], [[PRIO]], [[Repsol]]). Most maintain research centers throughout the state and together produce over four-fifths of the petroleum and fuels distributed at service stations nationwide.{{cn|date=August 2024}} The [[Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional]] (CSN),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiduciario.com.br/uploads/docs/Relatorio_Anual_2009/Trustee/CSN_2009.pdf |title=Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional - CSN, Annual Report 2009 |website=fiduciario.com.br |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223619/http://www.fiduciario.com.br/uploads/docs/Relatorio_Anual_2009/Trustee/CSN_2009.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> [[Ternium Brasil]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20100523/not_imp555299,0.php |title=CSA finally takes off |last=Gonçalves |first=Glauber |date=2010-05-23 |website=O Estado de S. Paulo |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030419/http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20100523/not_imp555299,0.php |archive-date=2010-05-26}}</ref> (the largest steel mill in Latin America<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metalica.com.br/thyssenkrupp-constroi-no-brasil-o-maior-complexo-siderurgico-da-america-latina |title=ThyssenKrupp builds the largest steel complex in Latin America in Brazil |website=Portal Metálica |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504115818/http://www.metalica.com.br/thyssenkrupp-constroi-no-brasil-o-maior-complexo-siderurgico-da-america-latina |archive-date=2010-05-04}})</ref>) and the Brazilian branch of [[BHP|BHP Billiton]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diariodocomercio.com.br/index.php?id=70&conteudoId=25461&edicaoId=209 |title=BHP Billiton may start direct action in the State |date=2008-04-25 |website=Diário do Comércio |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101093844/http://www.diariodocomercio.com.br/index.php?id=70&conteudoId=25461&edicaoId=209 |archive-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> play significant roles in the mining sector. The city also hosts the main national and international groups of the [[shipbuilding industry]] and the largest shipyards in the state and throughout Brazil, which produce about 90% of the ships and [[Offshore construction|offshore]] equipment in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.multinoticias.com.br/sinaval/notic_dia.php?cod=8223 |title=Secretary highlights the revival of the shipbuilding industry |date=2007-08-30 |website=Sindicato Nacional da Indústria da Construção e Reparação Naval e Offshore (Sinaval) |access-date=2008-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305063006/http://www.multinoticias.com.br/sinaval/notic_dia.php?cod=8223 |archive-date=2009-03-05}}</ref>

[[Americanas]], [[Coca-Cola Brasil]], [[Eletrobras]], [[Michelin]], [[Neoenergia]], [[Xerox|Xerox do Brasil]], GE Oil & Gas, [[Light S/A|Light]], [[Chemtech]], [[Transpetro]], [[BAT Brasil]], [[SulAmérica Seguros|Grupo SulAmérica]] and [[Vibra Energia]] are among the major companies headquartered in the city. The city has a significant number of pharmaceutical industries, including [[Schering-Plough]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMM82-7091,00.html |title=The 100 best companies to work for |website=Revista Época, Editora Globo |access-date=2012-09-22 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205030328/https://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMM82-7091,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[GlaxoSmithKline]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsk.com.br/quemsomos-nobrasil.asp |title=GlaxoSmithKline, who we are in Brazil |website=GlaxoSmithKline Brasil |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105102207/http://www.gsk.com.br/quemsomos-nobrasil.asp |archive-date=2012-11-05}}</ref> [[Hoffmann–La Roche|Roche]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istoe.com.br/colunas-e-blogs/coluna/91918_SOBRE+TRILHOS |title=Medication, Made in Brazil |last=Boechat |first=Ricardo |website=Isto É Independente |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718090616/http://www.istoe.com.br/colunas-e-blogs/coluna/91918_SOBRE+TRILHOS |archive-date=2014-07-18}}</ref> and [[Merck KGaA|Merck]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com.br/pt/company/merck_sa/merck_brasil_new.html |title=Merck Brasil |website=Merck KGaA |access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref>

[[Image:Projac, Globo.jpg|thumb|Replica of the [[Ganges River]] at the scenic city of [[Projac]], the second-largest television complex in [[Latin America]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrada/50559-globo-e-tv-do-mexico-miram-coproducao.shtml |title=Globo and TV from Mexico aim for co-production |website=Folha de S. Paulo - Ilustrada |access-date=2012-06-30}}</ref>]]

Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural vocation from its past. It currently hosts the main production centers of Brazilian television: the [[Estúdios Globo]] of [[TV Globo]], the [[Casablanca Estúdios]] of [[Record (TV network)|Record]], and the ''Polo de Cinema de Jacarepaguá'' — responsible for creating about 10,000 direct jobs and 30,000 indirect jobs. In 2006, 65% of Brazilian cinema production was done exclusively by studios in Rio, generating 91 million reais in federal funds through [[Rouanet Law|tax incentive laws]].{{cn|date=August 2024}} A significant part of the Brazilian editorial graphic industry is also present. In the phonographic industry, companies such as [[EMI]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=28 |title=EMI Music |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210070904/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=28 |archive-date=2005-12-10}}</ref> [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=17 |title=Universal Music |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823053138/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=17 |archive-date=2006-08-23}}</ref> [[Sony Music]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=60 |title=Sony Music Entertainment |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720235655/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=60 |archive-date=2009-07-20}}</ref> [[Warner Music Brasil|Warner Music]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=12 |title=Warner Music |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116162032/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=12 |archive-date=2006-01-16}}</ref> and [[Som Livre]] are present.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=20 |title=Som Livre |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210074626/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=20 |archive-date=2005-12-10}}</ref>

Many state-owned companies, public foundations, and federal autarchies have their headquarters in the city, including the [[National Bank for Economic and Social Development]] (BNDES),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Areas_de_Atuacao/Meio_Ambiente/edificio_verde.html |title=Ações ambientais desenvolvidas no edifício Sede |website=BNDES |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705053143/http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Areas_de_Atuacao/Meio_Ambiente/edificio_verde.html |archive-date=2009-07-05}}</ref> the [[Casa da Moeda do Brasil]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Memoria/administracao/reparticoes/colonia/casadamoeda.asp |title=Casas da Moeda |website=Memória, Receita Federal |access-date=2012-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103224449/http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Memoria/administracao/reparticoes/colonia/casadamoeda.asp |archive-date=2007-01-03}}</ref> the [[Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil]] (INB),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inb.gov.br/pt-br/A-INB/Quem-somos |title=INB Institucional |website=INB - Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil |access-date=2012-09-23}}</ref> the [[Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos]] (FINEP),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finep.gov.br/pagina.asp?pag=98 |title=FINEP-Rio |website=Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016124435/http://www.finep.gov.br/pagina.asp?pag=98 |archive-date=2012-10-16}}</ref> the [[Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística]] (IBGE),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/disseminacao/eventos/missao/regimento.pdf |title=o Regimento Interno da Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE, Portaria nº 215 de 12 de agosto de 2004 |author=Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319105928/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/disseminacao/eventos/missao/regimento.pdf |archive-date=2005-03-19}}</ref> the [[Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia|Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial]] (Inmetro),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inmetro.gov.br/inmetro/localizacao_riocomprido.asp |title=Edifício do Inmetro no Rio Comprido |website=Inmetro |access-date=2012-09-24}}</ref> the [[Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (Brasil)|Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial]] (INPI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/arquivos/2012/05/10/inaugurada-nova-sede-do-instituto-nacional-de-propriedade-industrial-no-rio |title=Inaugurada a nova sede do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (Inpi) |author=Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior |date=2012-05-10 |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515083933/http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/arquivos/2012/05/10/inaugurada-nova-sede-do-instituto-nacional-de-propriedade-industrial-no-rio |archive-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> the [[Comissão de Valores Mobiliários]] (CVM),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cvm.gov.br/port/acvm/local.asp |title=CVM, sede Rio de Janeiro |website=Comissão de Valores Mobiliários |access-date=2012-09-24 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606120818/http://www.cvm.gov.br/port/acvm/local.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear]] (CNEN).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnen.gov.br/acnen/relatorios/portaria_305_2010.pdf |title=Regimento Interno da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) |author=Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia |date=2010-04-27 |website=D.O.U. Nº 78 |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702173300/http://www.cnen.gov.br/acnen/relatorios/portaria_305_2010.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-02}}</ref>

===Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Brazil}}
[[File:Ipanema_Paradise.jpg|thumb|[[Ipanema beach]]]]
[[File:Museu do Amanhã - entrada (28044443423).jpg|thumb|[[Museum of Tomorrow]]]]
Rio de Janeiro is Brazil's primary tourist attraction and resort. It receives the most visitors per year of any city in South America with 2.82&nbsp;million international tourists a year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2010 |title=Rio de Janeiro is the main tourist destination in the South Hemisphere |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-de-janeiro-is-the-main-tourist-destination-in-the-south-hemisphere |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118174506/http://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-de-janeiro-is-the-main-tourist-destination-in-the-south-hemisphere |archive-date=18 November 2015 |access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref>

Attractions in the city include approximately 80&nbsp;kilometers of beaches, [[Corcovado]] and [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf]] mountains, and the [[Maracanã Stadium]]. While the city had in past had a thriving tourism sector, the industry entered a decline in the last quarter of the 20th century. Annual international airport arrivals dropped from 621,000 to 378,000 and average hotel occupancy dropped to 50% between 1985 and 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flickr roger4336 |title=Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.touristlink.com.br/Brasil/rio-de-janeiro/overview.html |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=TouristLink |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003812/http://www.touristlink.com.br/Brasil/rio-de-janeiro/overview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The fact that [[Brasília]] replaced Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian capital in 1960 and that [[São Paulo]] replaced Rio as the country's commercial, financial and main cultural center during the mid-20th century, has also been cited as a leading cause of the decline.<ref name="Worldwide destinations" />

Rio de Janeiro's government has since undertaken to modernize the city's economy, reduce its chronic social inequalities, and improve its commercial standing as part of an initiative for the regeneration of the tourism industry.<ref name="Worldwide destinations">{{Cite book |last1=Boniface |first1=Brian G. |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwidedestina0000boni/page/233 |title=Worldwide destinations casebook: the geography of travel and tourism |last2=Cooper |first2=Christopher P. |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=2005 |isbn=0-7506-6440-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldwidedestina0000boni/page/233 233–35] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Rio de Janeiro is an international hub of highly active and diverse [[nightlife]] with [[Bar (establishment)|bars]], dance bars and [[nightclub]]s staying open well past midnight.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110630-a-perfect-day-in-rio-de-janeiro |title=Usually, tourists like to do as locals do – milk the city's sun-soaked atmosphere for all it is worth. |date=5 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084044/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110630-a-perfect-day-in-rio-de-janeiro |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is an important global [[LGBT tourism|LGBT destination]], with 1 million LGBT tourists visiting each year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Do G1 RJ |date=24 November 2011 |title=G1 – Rio recebe quase 1 milhão de turistas homossexuais por ano, diz pesquisa – notícias em Rio de Janeiro |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/11/rio-recebe-quase-1-milhao-de-turistas-homossexuais-por-ano-diz-pesquisa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702111745/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/11/rio-recebe-quase-1-milhao-de-turistas-homossexuais-por-ano-diz-pesquisa.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=G1.globo.com}}</ref>

The Farme de Amoedo Street ''"Rua Farme de Amoedo"'' is located in Ipanema, a neighborhood in the South Zone of the city. The street and the nearby beach are popular in the LGBT community.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
====Airports ====
The city of Rio de Janeiro is served by the following airports for use:
[[File:Aeroporto_galeao_rj_ME.jpg|thumb|[[Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport]]]]
[[File:Aeroporto_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_RJ_Santos_Dumont_2.jpg|thumb|[[Santos Dumont Airport|Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont National Airport]]]]
*[[Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport|Galeão–Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport]]: used for all international and most of the domestic flights. The airport is connected to the express bus service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Airport of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=213 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423091928/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=213 |archive-date=23 April 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Infraero}}</ref>
*[[Santos Dumont Airport]]: used mainly by the services to [[São Paulo]], some short and medium-haul domestic flights, and general aviation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro Airport |url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=212 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521200151/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=212 |archive-date=21 May 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Infraero}}</ref> The passenger terminal has undergone extensive renovation and expansion, which increased its capacity to 9,9&nbsp;million users a year. The airport is connected to the city light rail system ([[Rio de Janeiro Light Rail]]), which connects several transport systems to downtown.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
*[[Jacarepaguá Airport|Jacarepaguá-Roberto Marinho Airport]]: used by general aviation and home to the Aeroclube do Brasil (Brasil [[Flying club]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The airport is located in the district of Baixada de Jacarepaguá.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacarepaguá Airport |url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706115512/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=214 |archive-date=6 July 2009 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Infraero}}</ref>

Military airports include:
*[[Galeão Air Force Base]]: A [[Brazilian Air Force]] airbase, sharing some facilities with Galeão&nbsp;- Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport;
*[[Santa Cruz Air Force Base]]: A Brazilian Air Force airbase. Formerly called [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport]], it was built by the [[Luftschiffbau Zeppelin]]. Today it is one of the most important Air Force Bases in Brazil;
*[[Afonsos Air Force Base]]: One of the historical Brazilian Air Force airbases. It is also the location of the University of the Air Force (Universidade da Força Aérea),<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIFA – Página inicial |url=http://www.unifa.aer.mil.br/ |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=www.unifa.aer.mil.br |archive-date=22 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722103023/https://www.unifa.aer.mil.br/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Museu Aeroespacial]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=MUSEU AEROESPACIAL |url=http://www.musal.aer.mil.br/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716090558/http://www.musal.aer.mil.br/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and where air shows take place.

==== Ports ====
[[File:Cruise_Ship_Costa_Serena_docked_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_(city)_-_Feb._2011.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Rio de Janeiro]]]]

The [[Port of Rio de Janeiro]] is Brazil's third busiest port in terms of cargo volume, and it is the center for cruise vessels. Located on the west coast of the [[Guanabara Bay]], it serves the States of Rio de Janeiro, [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], Minas Gerais, and [[Espírito Santo]]. The port is managed by Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro. The Port of Rio de Janeiro covers territory from the Mauá Pier in the east to the Wharf of the Cashew in the north. The Port of Rio de Janeiro contains almost {{cvt|7|e3m|e3ft|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} of continuous wharf and an {{cvt|883|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off|sp=us}} pier. The Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro administers directly the Wharf of the Gamboa general [[Container terminal|cargo terminal]]; the wheat terminal with two warehouses capable of moving 300 tons of grains; General Load Terminal 2 with warehouses covering over {{cvt|20|e3m2|e3ft2|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}; and the Wharves of Are Cristovao with terminals for wheat and liquid bulk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPS – Port of Rio de Janeiro contact information |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/BRA_Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_1327.php |access-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=Worldportsource.com |archive-date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629040531/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/BRA_Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_1327.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the Wharf of Gamboa, leaseholders operate terminals for sugar, paper, iron and steel products. Leaseholders at the Wharf of the Cashew operate terminals for [[roll-on/roll-off]] cargoes, containers, and liquid bulk. In 2004, the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over seven million tons of cargo on almost 1700 vessels. In 2004, the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over two million tons of containerized cargo in almost 171&nbsp;thousand TEUs. The port handled 852&nbsp;thousand tons of wheat, more than 1.8&nbsp;million tons of iron and steel, over a million tons of liquid bulk cargo, almost 830&nbsp;thousand tons of dry bulk, over five thousand tons of paper goods, and over 78&nbsp;thousand vehicles. In 2003, over 91&nbsp;thousand passengers moved through the Port of Rio Janeiro on 83 cruise vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/BRA_Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_1327.php |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Worldportsource.com |archive-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117073953/http://worldportsource.com/ports/BRA_Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_1327.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Public transportation====
[[File:Public transport map of Rio de Janeiro.png|upright=1.5|thumb|Public transport map of Rio de Janeiro]]

In Rio de Janeiro, buses are the main form of [[public transportation]]. There are nearly 440 municipal bus lines serving over four million passengers every day, in addition to intercity lines. Although cheap and frequent, Rio's transportation policy has been moving towards trains and subway in order to reduce surface congestion and increase carrier capacity. Rio's public transportation service has been a target of many critics and the motive of the [[2013_protests_in_Brazil|2013 protests and manifestations]] that started in São Paulo and spread through the entire country. According to the people, the raise in the bus and subway fares are invalid, seeing that the amount charged is too high for the low quality of the services.

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Rio de Janeiro, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 95 min. 32% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 19 min, while 35% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is {{cvt|12.3|km|mi|0|sp=us}}, while 37% travel for over {{cvt|12|km|mi|0|sp=us}} in a single direction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro Public Transportation Statistics |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Rio_de_Janeiro-322 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122153/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Rio_de_Janeiro-322 |url-status=live }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref>

=====Urban rail=====
{{Main|Rio de Janeiro Metro|SuperVia|Rio de Janeiro Light Rail|Santa Teresa Tram}}
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 350
| image1            = Estação_Corte_8_-_Trem_Serie_3000_(2).jpg
| caption1          = Urban train from SuperVia
| image2            = Metro_Rio_01_2013_Ipanema_Osorio_5376.JPG
| caption2          = Train of Rio de Janeiro Metro
| image3            = VLT_na_Praça_Mauá_02.jpg
| caption3          = Rio de Janeiro Light Rail
| image4            = Rio_de_Janeiro_tram_06_at_Largo_do_Guimarães.jpg
| caption4          = Santa Teresa Tram
| align             = right
}}

The Rio de Janeiro Metro has three [[Rapid transit|subway]] lines with {{cvt|58|km|mi|0|sp=us}} and 41 stations plus several [[commuter rail]] lines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2008 |title=O DIA Online&nbsp;– Linha 3 do metrô vai receber R$35 milhões da União |website=odia.terra.com.br |url=http://odia.terra.com.br/rio/htm/linha_3_do_metro_vai_receber_r_35_milhoes_da_uniao_152725.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226043911/http://odia.terra.com.br/rio/htm/linha_3_do_metro_vai_receber_r_35_milhoes_da_uniao_152725.asp |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=6 May 2009}}</ref> The [[Rapid transit|Metro]] is Rio's safest and cleanest form of public transport in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-07 |title=Metrô Rio inaugura novo Centro de Controle de Tráfego |website=globo.com |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0,,MUL1405729-5606,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194749/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0%2C%2CMUL1405729-5606%2C00.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=G1.globo.com}}</ref> The first line runs from [[Tom Jobim Station|General Osório]] in [[Ipanema]] to Uruguai Station in [[Tijuca]]; the second runs from [[Botafogo]] terminating at Pavuna in northern Rio; and the third line [[Tom Jobim Station|General Osório]] to [[Jardim Oceânico Station]], in [[Barra da Tijuca]] neighborhood. Integration with buses are possible in several forms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Rio |url=http://www.metrorio.com.br/ |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Metro Rio |archive-date=25 January 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990125101216/http://www.metrorio.com.br/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Rio Integrações |url=http://www.metrorio.com.br/integracoes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217095517/http://noticias.correioweb.com.br/materias.php?id=2715287&sub=Esporte |archive-date=17 December 2007 |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Metro Rio}}</ref>

The city also has a [[commuter rail]] system operated by SuperVia that connects the city of Rio with other locations in [[Greater Rio de Janeiro]] with surface trains. It has 8 lines and {{cvt|270|km|mi|0|sp=us}}, with 102 stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuperVia |url=http://www.supervia.com.br/site/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106162745/http://www.supervia.com.br/site/index.php |archive-date=6 January 2011 |access-date=16 October 2010 |publisher=SuperVia}}</ref> It carries around 750,000 [[passenger]]s<ref name="supervia.com.br">{{cite web |url=http://www.supervia.com.br/quemsomos.php |title=You are being redirected... |website=www.supervia.com.br |access-date=7 June 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701112925/http://supervia.com.br/quemsomos.php |url-status=live}}</ref> a day on a railroad network comprising 104 stations in 12 cities: Rio de Janeiro, [[Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro|Duque de Caxias]], [[Guapimirim]], [[Nova Iguaçu]], [[Nilópolis]], [[Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro|Mesquita]], [[Queimados]], [[São João de Meriti]], [[Belford Roxo]], [[Japeri]], [[Paracambi]] and [[Magé]].

The Rio de Janeiro Light Rail is a modern [[light rail]] system serving with {{cvt|28|km|mi|0|sp=us}}, 42 stations, distributed in 3 lines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-06 |title=Rio de Janeiro inaugurates new light rail section |url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/rio-de-janeiro-inaugurates-new-light-rail-section/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Urban Transport Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303040952/https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/rio-de-janeiro-inaugurates-new-light-rail-section/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The trams are the first in the world to use a combination of ground-level power supply (APS) and on-board supercapacitor energy storage (SRS), in order to eliminate overhead lines along the entire route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-06 |title=Rio de Janeiro inaugurates new light rail section |url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/rio-de-janeiro-inaugurates-new-light-rail-section/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Urban Transport Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303040952/https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/rio-de-janeiro-inaugurates-new-light-rail-section/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="taut-2016july">"Rio's trams will run for the Olympics: Brazil's wire-free modern tramway opens, part of a major revitalisation project for Rio de Janeiro" (July 2016). ''[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]'', p. 244. UK: LRTA Publishing.</ref> The network uses 32 [[Alstom Citadis]] 402 [[low-floor tram]]s carrying 420 passengers each. They are [[bi-directional vehicle|bi-directional]], [[Air conditioning|air-conditioned]], have seven sections, and eight doors per side.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://railway-news.com/first-alstom-citadis-tram-delivered-to-rio-de-janeiro/ |title=First Alstom Citadis Tram Delivered to Rio de Janeiro |date=2015-07-10 |work=Railway News |access-date=2017-11-04 |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029063602/https://railway-news.com/first-alstom-citadis-tram-delivered-to-rio-de-janeiro/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RGI-2016jun6">{{cite news |title=Rio de Janeiro tramway inaugurated |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/cs-america/single-view/view/rio-de-janeiro-tramway-inaugurated.html |accessdate=15 October 2016 |magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604095540/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/cs-america/single-view/view/rio-de-janeiro-tramway-inaugurated.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Santa Teresa Tram is the oldest operating electric [[tram]]way in Latin America,<ref name="morrison-TLA">Morrison, Allen (November 2010; later updates). [http://www.tramz.com/tw/la.html "The Tramways of Latin America in 2017".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108133837/http://tramz.com/tw/la.html |date=8 November 2010 }} Retrieved 8 July 2020.</ref> commenced electric operation in 1896, replacing [[horsecar|horse-drawn trams]] and extending the route.<ref name="morrison-brazil" /> At this time the gauge was altered to {{Track gauge|1100mm|lk=off}}, which remains the case today.<ref name="morrison-brazil" /> It was designated a national historic monument in 1985.<ref name="morrison-brazil">{{Cite book |last=Morrison |first=Allen |url=http://www.tramz.com/br/tto/01.html |title=The Tramways of Brazil: A 130-Year Survey |publisher=Bonde Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-9622348-1-8 |location=New York |pages=17, 90–113 |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303014148/http://www.tramz.com/br/tto/01.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|111}} After a [[derailment]] occurred on 27 August 2011,<ref>[http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/08/bombeiros-confirmam-cinco-mortos-em-acidente-com-bonde-no-rio.html G1: Bombeiros confirmam cinco mortos em acidente com bonde no Rio] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220190928/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/08/bombeiros-confirmam-cinco-mortos-em-acidente-com-bonde-no-rio.html |date=20 February 2012 }}. Retrieved 9 May 2012.</ref> which left six dead, tram service was suspended to improve the system. The elderly tramcars, which dated from the 1950s,<ref name="morrison-vehicles">{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |year=2014 |title=Santa Teresa Tramway: Vehicles, 1875–present |url=http://www.tramz.com/br/rj/cv/cv.html |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152656/http://www.tramz.com/br/rj/cv/cv.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were retired and replaced with newly built replicas that have the appearance of the old fleet but with new mechanical equipment and additional safety features;<ref name="taut-2013may">{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 2013 |title=Worldwide Review [regular news section] |page=195 |work=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]] |publisher=LRTA Publishing |location=UK |issn=1460-8324}}</ref> delivery began in 2014.<ref name="ODia29Sep2014">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2014 |title=Bondinho de Santa Teresa passa por testes |language=pt |trans-title=Testing of the Santa Teresa tramway is a saga without end |work=[[O Dia]] |location=Rio de Janeiro |url=http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2014-09-29/testes-do-bonde-de-santa-teresa-viram-novela-sem-final.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134815/http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2014-09-29/testes-do-bonde-de-santa-teresa-viram-novela-sem-final.html |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> The line's track was also rebuilt, and after some delays, about one-third of the line reopened in July 2015. More sections reopened later in stages, following repair of additional sections of track. The line was restored to its full pre-2011 length of {{cvt|6|km|mi|sigfig=1}} in January 2019.<ref name="taut-2020apr">{{Cite news |date=April 2020 |title=Santa Teresa Tramway developments |page=128 |work=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]] |publisher=Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. |issue=988 |location=UK |issn=1460-8324}}</ref>

=====Ferry=====
[[File:Barca_Pão_de_Açúcar_(2).jpg|thumb|Rio de Janeiro ferry]]

The most geographically close sister city to Rio that is on the other side of [[Guanabara Bay]] is [[Niterói]]. Many people who live in Niterói, as well its neighboring municipalities [[São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro|São Gonçalo]] and [[Maricá]], commute to Rio de Janeiro to study and work. There are several ferry services that operate between the Rio Centro ([[Praça XV Station|Praça XV]]) and Niterói (Centro and Charitas). There is a traditional boat as well as several "fast cat" [[hydrofoil]] boats. One of the city neighborhoods is [[Paquetá Island]], which can only be accessed by ferryboats or hydrofoil boats. The ferryboat to Paquetá leaves every hour, from early in the morning until around midnight. There is also a ferry to [[Cocotá]].

=====Buses=====
{{main|Bus transport in Rio de Janeiro}}
[[File:Rio 01 2013 TransOeste 5811.JPG|thumb|[[TransOeste]] Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)]]

City buses, which come in both non-air conditioned and air conditioned versions, cost about R$4,30 to ride.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Passagem de ônibus municipal no Rio passa para R$ 4,30 |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2022/12/30/passagem-de-onibus-municipal-no-rio-passa-para-r-430.ghtml |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=G1 |language=pt-br |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519120520/https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2022/12/30/passagem-de-onibus-municipal-no-rio-passa-para-r-430.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The system may be relatively safe by day but less so at night.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bus – Transportation in Rio |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g303506-s303/Rio-De-Janeiro:Brazil:Public.Transportation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821124132/http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g303506-s303/Rio-De-Janeiro:Brazil:Public.Transportation.html |archive-date=21 August 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Tripadvisor}}</ref> Integration of bus lines has been recently implemented, allowing users to take two non-air conditioned bus rides in two hours paying just one ticket. It is necessary to have a registered electronic card (the "''Bilhete Único Carioca (BUC)''") in order to benefit of this system.

Another type of local bus is called the "''Frescão''" (air-conditioned). These buses run several routes, the main being from Centro through Botafogo, Copacabana and Ipanema to Leblon (and vice versa), and from the International Airport to Barra, through the beach road. They are air conditioned – about {{cvt|22|°C|0}} – more upscale/comfortable and cost between R$13.35–R$19.95.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Secretaria de Transportes autoriza reajuste da tarifa de ônibus 'frescão' |url=https://prefeitura.rio/transportes/secretaria-de-transportes-autoriza-reajuste-da-tarifa-de-onibus-frescao/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro - prefeitura.rio |language=pt-BR |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519120522/https://prefeitura.rio/transportes/secretaria-de-transportes-autoriza-reajuste-da-tarifa-de-onibus-frescao/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it is only available during weekdays. The buses also run more frequently during the rush hours in the morning and evening. Going in the direction of Centro (city center), the bus can be flagged down on the beach road (buses with plaques showing "Castelo").

====Road transport====
[[File:Bridge_to_Niteroi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rio-Niterói Bridge]]]]
Driving in Rio de Janeiro, as in most large cities of Brazil, might not be the best choice because of the large car numbers. The city is served by a number of expressways, like Linha Vermelha, Linha Amarela, [[Avenida Brasil (Rio de Janeiro)|Avenida Brasil]], Avenida das Américas and Avenida Infante Dom Henrique ([[Aterro do Flamengo]]); in spite of this, traffic jams are very common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.rioholiday.com/Driving-in-Rio-de-Janeiro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524065912/http://www.rioholiday.com/Driving-in-Rio-de-Janeiro.htm |archive-date=24 May 2009 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Rioholiday.com}}</ref> Because of the organization of the [[2016 Olympics]] the city is installing four [[Bus rapid transit|BRT]] systems to link [[Barra da Tijuca]] with other major neighborhoods: [[TransOlimpica]] (between Barra and [[Deodoro (Rio de Janeiro)|Deodoro]]); TransBrasil (over the [[Avenida Brasil (Rio de Janeiro)|Avenida Brasil]] expressway); [[TransCarioca]] (between Barra and the Galeão International Airport); and [[TransOeste]] (between Barra and [[Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro|Santa Cruz]], over Avenida das Américas).

In Brazil, most interstate transportation is done by road. A large terminal for long-distance buses is in the Santo Cristo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro. There are also two port facilities for cargo and passenger ships (Rio de Janeiro and [[Sepetiba]] port). Rio has roads to all neighbor [[States of Brazil|States]]. Some roads (like [[Rodovia Presidente Dutra|Via Dutra]], to São Paulo, and a stretch of the BR-101 which covers the Rio-Niterói bridge) were chartered to private enterprises. The quality of the highways improved much, but was accompanied by a significant increase of the toll fees. From [[São Paulo]]: take the BR-116 (Presidente Dutra Federal Highway) or the [[Brazilian Highway System|BR-101]] (Rio-Santos Federal Highway). From [[Belo Horizonte]]: BR-040. From [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]: BR-101 or [[BR-324]]/BR-116/BR-393/BR-040.

====Bicycles====
[[File:BikeRio 11 2015 Praça Mauá 706.JPG|thumb|[[Bike Rio]] rental station in Mauá Square, Downtown Rio]]
The city has {{cvt|160|km|mi}} of cycle paths that, wherever they exist, are very much preferable to riding in the city's traffic. Most paths run alongside beaches and extend intermittently from the [[Marina da Glória]], Centro, through Flamengo, Copacabana and Ipanema, to Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes. {{cvt|6|km|mi|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} of cycle paths traverse the [[Tijuca Forest|Tijuca National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting around Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Worldtravelguide.net |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/city/104/getting_around/South-America/Rio-de-Janeiro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127043742/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/city/104/getting_around/South-America/Rio-de-Janeiro.html |archive-date=27 January 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref>

The [[Bike Rio]] began operations in October 2011. This [[bicycle sharing system]] is sponsored by the municipal government of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with [[Itaú Unibanco|Banco Itaú]]. The bike sharing system has 600 bicycles available at 60 rental stations in 14 neighborhoods throughout the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Louise Peres |date=28 October 2011 |title=Prefeitura lança Bike Rio, novo sistema de aluguel de bicicletas da cidade |language=pt |trans-title=City Hall launches Bike Rio, the city's new bike sharing system |work=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja Rio]] |url=http://vejario.abril.com.br/especial/aluguel-bicicleta-rio-645043.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402101912/http://vejario.abril.com.br/especial/aluguel-bicicleta-rio-645043.shtml |archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Louise Peres |date=28 October 2011 |title=Itaú patrocina programa de aluguel de bicicletas no Rio |language=pt |trans-title=Itau sponsors bike sharing program in Rio |work=[[Exame (magazine)|Exame]] |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/marketing/noticias/itau-patrocina-programa-de-aluguel-de-bicicletas-no-rio |url-status=dead |access-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402101927/http://exame.abril.com.br/marketing/noticias/itau-patrocina-programa-de-aluguel-de-bicicletas-no-rio |archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref>

===Water and sanitation===
{{further|Water supply and sanitation in Brazil}}

{{As of|2021}} only 65% of sewage was properly treated, leaving 35% to be improperly discharged.<ref name="privatizes-water-treatment"/> {{As of|2022}} there were at least 400 illicit sewage disposal points in the drainage network.<ref name=degradation>{{cite news |first1=Felipe |last1=Migliani |first2=Fernanda |last2=Calé |date=20 November 2022 |title=The Degradation of Rio de Janeiro's Urban Wetlands, Part 2: Pollution Produced Through a Historical Absence of Sanitation Services |url=https://rioonwatch.org/?p=72359 |work=[[RioOnWatch]] |location= |access-date= |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102021452/https://rioonwatch.org/?p=72359 |url-status=live }}</ref>

National policy changes in 2020–2021 for the universalization of sanitation kept the 2007 policy defining the municipality as the provider of sanitation service, delegating the organization, supervision, and provision of services to third parties.<ref>[http://legislacao.planalto.gov.br/legisla/legislacao.nsf/Viw_Identificacao/lei%2014.026-2020?OpenDocument Law No. 14,026 of 15 July 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825070044/http://legislacao.planalto.gov.br/legisla/legislacao.nsf/Viw_Identificacao/lei%2014.026-2020?OpenDocument |date=25 August 2022 }}. [http://legislacao.planalto.gov.br/legisla/legislacao.nsf/Viw_Identificacao/lei%2011.445-2007?OpenDocument Law No. 11,445 of 5 January 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703055308/http://legislacao.planalto.gov.br/legisla/legislacao.nsf/Viw_Identificacao/lei%2011.445-2007?OpenDocument |date=3 July 2022 }}.</ref><ref name="sanitation">{{cite journal |author1=Nilson do Rosário Costa |date=September 2023 |title=Basic Sanitation Policy in Brazil: ideas, institutions and challenges in the Twenty-first Century |url= |journal=Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=2595–2600 |doi=10.1590/1413-81232023289.20432022EN |pmid=37672449|doi-access=free }}</ref> The {{ill|National Water and Basic Sanitation Agency|pt|Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico}} (ANA) is responsible for the setting standards regulating basic public sanitation services.<ref name="sanitation"/> In 2021–2022, distribution and treatment of sewage of the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio State]] {{ill|Water and Sewage Company|pt|Companhia Estadual de Águas e Esgotos do Rio de Janeiro}} (CEDAE) was divided into four blocks and auctioned to Aegea (Águas do Rio) and Iguá; CEDAE remained in control of water collection and treatment of drinking water.<ref name="privatizes-water-treatment">{{cite news |title=Brazil government sells Rio water treatment for $4 billion |date=1 May 2021 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-government-privatizes-rios-water-treatment-for-4-billion/a-57395124 |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102002415/https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-government-privatizes-rios-water-treatment-for-4-billion/a-57395124 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Andrew |last1=Johnson |date= |title=The endless struggle to clean up Rio de Janeiro's highly polluted Guanabara Bay |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/08/the-endless-struggle-to-clean-up-rio-de-janeiros-highly-polluted-guanabara-bay/ |work=[[Mongabay]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102002415/https://news.mongabay.com/2023/08/the-endless-struggle-to-clean-up-rio-de-janeiros-highly-polluted-guanabara-bay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{ill|Rio State Environmental Institute|pt|Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (Rio de Janeiro)}} (INEA) has primary responsibility for water pollution monitoring and enforcement.<ref name=degradation/>

==Culture ==
[[File:MAM - Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro 02.jpg|thumb|[[Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro|Museum of Modern Art]]]]
[[File:Esculturas, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes 02.jpg|thumb|[[Museu Nacional de Belas Artes|National Museum of Fine Arts]]]]
[[File:Rio de Janeiro - Cristo Redentor 01.jpg | thumb|right |''Christ the Redeemer'']]
Rio de Janeiro is a main cultural hub in Brazil. Its architecture embraces churches and buildings dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries, blending with the world-renowned designs of the 20th century. Rio was home to the [[Portugal|Portuguese Imperial family]] and capital of the country for many years, and was influenced by [[Architecture of Portugal|Portuguese]], [[Architecture of England|English]], and [[French architecture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FBN Summit |url=http://www.fbnsummit.org/2013/brazil-and-the-city-of-rio/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308075623/http://www.fbnsummit.org/2013/brazil-and-the-city-of-rio/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural role from the past. In the late 19th century, there were sessions held of the first Brazilian film and since then, several production cycles have spread out, eventually placing Rio at the forefront of experimental and national cinema. The [[Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival]]<ref>festivaldorio.com.br</ref> has been held annually since 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001488/overview |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711073711/http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001488/overview |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rio currently brings together the main production centers of Brazilian television.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming Soon page |url=http://www.theoilcommunity.com/?cp=locTopic&op=categoryData&ly=loc&li=92&ti=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403092715/http://www.theoilcommunity.com/?cp=locTopic&op=categoryData&ly=loc&li=92&ti=19 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> Major international films set in Rio de Janeiro include ''[[Blame it on Rio]]''; the [[James Bond in film|James Bond film]] [[Moonraker (film)|''Moonraker'']]; the Oscar award-winning, critically acclaimed ''[[Central Station (film)|Central Station]]'' by [[Walter Salles]], who is also one of Brazil's best-known directors; and the Oscar award-winning historical drama, ''[[Black Orpheus]]'', which depicted the early days of Carnaval in Rio de Janeiro. Internationally distributed Brazilian-made movies illustrating a darker side of Rio de Janeiro include ''[[Elite Squad]]'' and [[City of God (2002 film)|''City of God'']].

Rio has many important cultural landmarks, such as the Biblioteca Nacional (National Library), one of the largest libraries in the world with collections totalling more than 9 million items; the [[Teatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro)|Theatro Municipal]]; the [[Museu Nacional de Belas Artes|National Museum of Fine Arts]]; the [[Carmen Miranda Museum]]; the [[Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden]]; the [[Parque Lage]]; the [[Quinta da Boa Vista]]; the [[Paço Imperial|Imperial Square]]; the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]]; the [[Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro|Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro]]; and the [[National Museum of Brazil|Natural History Museum]].

===Literature===
{{Main|Literature of Brazil}}
[[File:AcademiaBrasileira1.jpg|thumb|[[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]]]]
[[File:Biblioteca nacional rio janeiro.jpg|thumb|[[National Library of Brazil]]]]
[[File:リオの幻想図書館_Real_Gabinete_Portugues_de_Leitura_(8735773218).jpg|thumb|[[Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading]]]]

After Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, Rio de Janeiro quickly developed a [[Culture of Europe|European-style]] bourgeois cultural life, including numerous newspapers, in which most 19th-century novels were initially published in serial. [[Joaquim Manuel de Macedo]]'s ''[[A Moreninha (novel)|A Moreninha]]'' (1844) was perhaps the first successful novel in Brazil and inaugurates a recurrent 19th-century theme: a romantic relationship between idealistic young people in spite of cruelties of social fortune.

The first notable work of realism focusing on the urban [[lower middle class|lower-middle class]] is [[Manuel Antônio de Almeida]]'s ''[[Memórias de um sargento de milícias]]'' (1854), which presents a series of picaresque scenes, and evokes the transformation of a town into a city with suggestive nostalgia. Romantic and realist modes both flourished through the late 19th century and often overlapped within works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Piers Armstrong |title=Rio's novel history |url=http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521825334_CCOL0521825334A008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Cco.cambridge.org |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511181501/http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521825334_CCOL0521825334A008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Machado de Assis]] is from Rio de Janeiro, and is widely regarded as the greatest writer of [[Brazilian literature]]<ref>[[Antonio Candido|Candido; Antonio.]] (1970) ''Vários escritos.'' São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p.18.</ref> and considered the founder of [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] in Brazil, with the publication of ''[[The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas]]'' (1881).<ref>Faraco, Carlos Emílio e Moura, Francisco Mato. ''Português Projetos''. São Paulo: Editora Ática, 2009, p.227.</ref> He commented on and criticized the political and social events of the city and country such as the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the transition from [[Empire of Brazil|Empire]] to Republic with his numerous [[chronicle]]s published in newspapers of the time.<ref>Gledson, John. J. ''Machado de Assis, ficção e história''. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1986, p. 13.</ref> Many of his short stories and novels, like ''[[Quincas Borba]]'' (1891) and ''[[Dom Casmurro]]'' (1899), are placed in Rio. The headquarters of the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]] is based in Rio de Janeiro. It was satirized by the novelist [[Jorge Amado]] in ''[[Pen, Sword, Camisole]]''. Amado, himself, went on to be one of the 40 members of the academy.

The Biblioteca Nacional ([[National Library of Brazil]]) ranks as one of the largest libraries in the world. It is also the largest library in all of Latin America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Library of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.rio-de-janeiro.info/national-library.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830173312/http://www.rio-de-janeiro.info/national-library.htm |archive-date=30 August 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Rio-de-janeiro.info}}</ref> Located in [[Cinelândia]], the National Library was originally created by the King of Portugal, in 1810. As with many of Rio de Janeiro's cultural monuments, the library was originally off-limits to the general public. The most valuable collections in the library include: 4,300 items donated by Barbosa Machado including a precious collection of rare brochures detailing the [[History of Portugal]] and [[History of Brazil|Brazil]]; 2,365 items from the 17th and 18th centuries that were previously owned by Antônio de Araújo de Azevedo, the "Count of Barca", including the 125-volume set of prints "Le Grand Théâtre de l'Univers;" a collection of documents regarding the Jesuítica Province of Paraguay and the "Region of Prata;" and the Teresa Cristina Maria Collection, donated by [[Pedro II of Brazil|Emperor Pedro II]]. The collection contains 48,236 items. Individual items of special interest include a rare first edition of ''[[Os Lusíadas]]'' by [[Luís de Camões|Luis de Camões]], published in 1584; two copies of the Mogúncia Bible; and a first edition of Handel's Messiah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Official website – National Library of Rio |url=http://www.bn.br/portal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328091608/http://www.bn.br/portal/ |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Bn.br}}</ref>

The Real Gabinete Português de Leitura (Portuguese Royal Reading Library) is located at Rua Luís de Camões, in the Centro (Downtown). The institution was founded in 1837 by a group of forty-three [[Portuguese people|Portuguese immigrants]], [[political refugee]]s, to promote culture among the Portuguese community in the then capital of the Empire. The history of the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]] is linked to the Real Gabinete, since some of the early meetings of the academy were held there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2011 |title=Um pedaço de Portugal no Rio de Janeiro – Opinião e Notícia |url=http://opiniaoenoticia.com.br/cultura/um-pedaco-de-portugal-no-rio-de-janeiro/ |website=opiniaoenoticia.com.br |access-date=25 March 2016 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424062952/http://opiniaoenoticia.com.br/cultura/um-pedaco-de-portugal-no-rio-de-janeiro/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Music===
[[File:Tom Jobim, 1972.tif|thumb|[[Tom Jobim]] in 1972. Considered one of the great exponents of Brazilian music, Jobim internationalized [[bossa nova]] and, with the help of important American artists.]]
[[Image:TIM_MAIA_SONIA_D'ALMEIDA_1987.jpg|thumb|[[Tim Maia]], the greatest representative of [[soul music]] in the country's history, from Rio de Janeiro]]
The official song of Rio de Janeiro is "[[Cidade Maravilhosa]]", which means "marvelous city". The song is considered the civic anthem of Rio, and is always the favorite song during Rio's [[Brazilian Carnival|Carnival]] in February. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, are considered the center of the [[urban contemporary|urban music]] movement in Brazil.<ref>Behague, Gerard. "Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in [[Música popular brasileira|Brazilian Popular Music]] (1985–1995)." [[Latin American music|Latin American Music]] Review 27, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2006): 79–90</ref>

"Rio was popularized by the hit song "[[The Girl from Ipanema]]", composed by [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]] and [[Vinicius de Moraes]] and recorded by [[Astrud Gilberto]] and [[João Gilberto]], [[Frank Sinatra]], and [[Ella Fitzgerald]]. It is also the main key song of the [[bossa nova]], a [[music genre]] born in Rio. A genre unique to Rio and Brazil as a whole is [[Funk carioca|Funk Carioca]]. While [[samba]] music continues to act as the national unifying agent in Rio, Funk Carioca found a strong community following in Brazil. With its genesis in the 1970s as the modern black pop music from the United States, it evolved in the 1990s to describe a variety of [[electronic music]] associated with the current US [[African-American music|black music]] scene, including [[hip hop]], modern soul, and [[house music]]."<ref>Sansone, Livio. "The Localization of Global Funk in Bahia and Rio." In Brazilian Popular Music & Globalization, 135–60. London: Routledge, 2002.</ref>

Brazil's return to democracy in 1985 allowed for a new music expression which promoted creativity and experimentation in expressive culture, in a wave of Rock'n'roll that swept the 80s. [[Lobão (musician)|Lobão]] emerged as the most legendary rocker in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2004 |title=Rio de Janeiro Carnival |url=https://www.carnivaland.net/rio-de-janeiro-carnival/ |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=carnivaland.net |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530184445/https://www.carnivaland.net/rio-de-janeiro-carnival/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Commercial and cultural imports from Europe and North America have often influenced Brazil's own cultural output. For example, the hip hop that has stemmed from New York is localized into forms of musical production such as Funk Carioca and [[Brazilian hip hop]]. Bands from Rio de Janeiro also had influence in the mid-to-late development of the [[Punk in Brazil]], and that of [[Brazilian thrash metal]]. Democratic renewal also allowed for the recognition and acceptance of this diversification of Brazilian culture.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite journal |last=Behague |first=Gerard |year=2006 |title=Globalization/Modernization: Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music (1985–1995) |journal=Latin American Music Review |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=79–90 |doi=10.1353/lat.2006.0021 |s2cid=191430137}}</ref>

Some of the best artists in the history of Brazilian popular music hail from Rio de Janeiro, including aforementioned Lobão, [[Tim Maia]], [[Agepê]], [[Emílio Santiago]], [[Evandro Mesquita]], [[Byafra]], [[Erasmo Carlos]], [[Elymar Santos]], [[Kátia Garcia Oliveira|Kátia Cega]], [[Ivan Lins]], [[Marcos Valle]], [[Jorge Ben|Jorge Ben Jor]] e [[Wilson Simonal]].

{{Further|topic=the pop band|R2D3}}

===Theater===
[[File:Teatro Municipal - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|right|[[Teatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro)|Municipal Theatre of Rio de Janeiro]]]]
[[File:Cidade das Artes by Diego Baravelli-08188.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Cidade das Artes|City of Arts]]]]

Rio de Janeiro's [[Theatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro)|Theatro Municipal]] is one of the most attractive buildings in the central area of the city. Home of one of the largest stages in Latin America and one of Brazil's best-known venues for opera, ballet, and classical music, the building was inspired by the [[Palais Garnier]], home of the [[Paris Opera]]. Construction of the Theatro Municipal began in 1905 following designs of the architect Francisco Pereira Passos. The statues on the top, of two women representing Poetry and Music, are by [[Rodolfo Bernardelli]], and the interior is rich with furnishings and fine paintings. Inaugurated in 1909, the Teatro Municipal has close to 1,700 seats. Its interior includes turn of the century stained glass from France, ceilings of rose-colored marble and a 1,000&nbsp;pound crystal bead chandelier surrounded by a painting of the "[[Dance of the Hours]]". The exterior walls of the building are dotted with inscriptions bearing the names of famous Brazilians as well as many other international celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teatro Municipal do Rio |url=http://www.rio-de-janeiro.info/teatro-municipal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406222751/http://www.rio-de-janeiro.info/teatro-municipal.htm |archive-date=6 April 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Rio-de-janeiro.info}}</ref>

[[Cidade da Música|Cidade das Artes]] (City of Arts) is a cultural complex in Barra da Tijuca in the Southwest Zone of Rio de Janeiro, which was originally planned to open in 2004. Formally known as "Cidade da Música" (City of Music), it was finally inaugurated at the beginning of 2013.
The project will host the Brazilian Symphony Orchestra becoming a main center for music as will be the largest modern concert hall in South America, with 1,780 seats. The complex spans approximately {{cvt|90|e3m2|e6ft2|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} and also features a chamber music hall, three theaters, and 12 rehearsal rooms. From the terrace there is a panoramic view of the zone. The building was designed by the French architect [[Christian de Portzamparc]] and construction was funded by the city of Rio de Janeiro.

A series of covered theaters collectively known as [[Lona Cultural]], administered by the city's Municipal Secretary of Culture, serve throughout the city as venues for cultural activities such as concerts, plays, workshops, art and craft fairs, and courses.

===Events===
[[File:Rio_New_Year_Fireworks.jpg|thumb|[[New Year's Eve]] fireworks at Copacabana Beach]]
Every 31 December, 2.5&nbsp;million people gather at [[Copacabana Beach]] to celebrate New Year's in Rio de Janeiro. The crowd, mostly dressed in white, celebrates all night at the hundreds of different shows and events along the beach. It is the second-largest celebration only next to the [[Rio Carnival|Carnival]]. People celebrate the New Year by sharing chilled champagne. It is considered good luck to shake the champagne bottle and spray around at midnight. Chilled champagne adds to the spirit of the festivities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Year – Rio |url=http://www.copacabana.info/new-years-eve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014744/http://www.copacabana.info/new-years-eve.html |archive-date=29 December 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Copacabana.info}}</ref>

[[Rio Carnival]] is an annual celebration in the Roman Catholic tradition that allows merry-making and red meat consumption before the more sober 40&nbsp;days of Lent penance which culminates with Holy or Passion Week and Easter. The tradition of Carnaval parades was probably influenced by the French or German courts and the custom was brought by the Portuguese or Brazilian Imperial families who had French and Austrian German ancestors. Up until the time of the [[marchinha]]s, the revelry was more of a high class and Caucasian-led event. The influence of the African-Brazilian drums and music became more noticeable from the first half of the 20th century. Rio de Janeiro has many Carnaval choices, including the [[samba school]] (''Escolas de Samba)''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Castro Brunetto |first=Carlos Javier |title=Between categories, beyond boundaries: Arte, ciudad e identidad |publisher=Libargo |year=2013 |isbn=978-84-938812-9-0 |location=Granada |pages=112–130 |chapter=Arte popular y estética contemporánea en las escuelas de samba de Río de Janeiro}}</ref> parades in the [[Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí|sambadrome]] exhibition center and the popular ''[[Carnival block|blocos de carnaval]]'', street revelry, which parade in almost every corner of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cordão do Bola Preta in Rio |url=http://carnaval.uol.com.br/noticias/riodejaneiro/2008/02/02/ult5681u63.jhtm |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Carnaval.uol.com.br |archive-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154915/http://carnaval.uol.com.br/noticias/riodejaneiro/2008/02/02/ult5681u63.jhtm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1840, the first Carnival was celebrated with a masked ball. As years passed, adorned floats and costumed revelers became a tradition among the celebrants. Carnival is known as a historic root of [[Music of Brazil|Brazilian music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazilian Music: Roots 3 |url=http://www.maria-brazil.org/mpb3.htm |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Maria-brazil.org}}{{dead link|date=February 2016}}</ref>

[[Rock in Rio]] is a music festival conceived by entrepreneur Roberto Medina for the first time in 1985, and since its creation, recognized as the largest music festival in the Latin world and the largest in the world, with 1.5 million people attending the first event, 700,000 attending the second and fourth, about 1.2 million attending the third, and about 350,000 people attending each of the 3 [[Lisbon]] events. It was originally organized in Rio de Janeiro, from where the name comes from, has become a world level event and, in 2004, had its first edition abroad in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], before [[Madrid]], [[Spain]] and [[Las Vegas]], [[United States]]. The festival is considered the eighth best in the world by the specialized site Fling Festival.<ref name="festivalfling">{{Cite web |title=The Top 10 Music Festivals in the World |url=http://festivalfling.com/best-music-festivals-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316135056/http://festivalfling.com/best-music-festivals-2012/ |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=23 April 2017 |publisher=Festival Fling}}</ref>

{{Wide image|Panorama_do_sambódromo_da_Marquês_de_Sapucaí.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Samba Parade at the ''Sambódromo'' (Sambadrome) during the Rio Carnival}}

===Sports===
{{See also|Sport in Brazil}}
{{Further|Football in Rio de Janeiro}}
[[File:Maracana_2022.jpg|thumb|[[Maracanã Stadium]]]]
[[File:Rio2016_Gerais_030_8069_-c-2016_GabrielHeusi_HeusiAction.jpg|thumb|[[Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos|Nilton Santos Olympic Stadium]]]]

As in the rest of Brazil, [[association football]] is the most popular sport. The city's major teams are [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]], [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]], [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]] and [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]]. [[Madureira Esporte Clube|Madureira]], [[Bangu Atlético Clube|Bangu]], [[Associação Atlética Portuguesa (RJ)|Portuguesa]], [[America Football Club (RJ)|America]] and [[Bonsucesso Futebol Clube|Bonsucesso]] are small clubs. Players born in the city include [[Zico (footballer)|Zico]], [[Romário]] and [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2002 |title=Ronaldo's return to glory |agency=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/special_events/sports_personality_2002/2556663.stm |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313233448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/special_events/sports_personality_2002/2556663.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Rio de Janeiro was one of the host cities of the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]] and [[2014 FIFA World Cup]]s, for which on both occasions Brazil was the host nation. In 1950, the Maracanã Stadium hosted 8 matches, including all but one of the host team's matches. The Maracanã was also the location of the tournament-deciding match between [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] and [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], where Brazil only needed a draw to win the final group stage and the whole tournament. Brazil ended up losing 2–1 in front of a home crowd of more than 199,000. In 2014, the Maracanã hosted seven matches, including [[2014 FIFA World Cup Final|the final]], where [[Germany national football team|Germany]] beat [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] 1–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2014 |title=Germany 1–0 Argentina |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28181689 |access-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720142134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28181689 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Parque_Olímpico_Rio_2016_(2).jpg|thumb|[[Barra Olympic Park]], built for [[2016 Summer Olympics]]]]

On 2 October 2009, the [[International Olympic Committee]] selected Rio de Janeiro to host the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Michaelis |first=Vicki |date=2 October 2009 |title=Rio de Janeiro to host 2016 Olympic Games |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-10-02-rio-2016-olympics_N.htm |access-date=2 October 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003125408/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-10-02-rio-2016-olympics_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Rio made their first bid for the [[1936 Summer Olympics]], but lost to Berlin. They later made bids for the [[Bids for the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]] and [[Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]] Games, but failed to become a candidate city both times. Those games were awarded to [[Athens]] and [[London]] respectively.<ref name="GB 2">{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/english/bids/rio2016.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509074745/http://www.gamesbids.com/english/bids/rio2016.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=3 July 2008 |website=Bid city profile and Fact sheet |publisher=GamesBids.com}}</ref> Rio is the first Brazilian and South American city to host the Summer Olympics. Rio de Janeiro also became the first city in the [[Southern Hemisphere|southern hemisphere]] outside of Australia to host the games – [[Melbourne]] in [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]] and [[Sydney]] in [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]]. In July 2007, Rio successfully organized and hosted the [[2007 Pan American Games|XV Pan American Games]]. Rio de Janeiro also hosted the [[2011 Military World Games]] from 15 to 24 July 2011. The 2011 [[Military World Games]] were the largest military sports event ever held in Brazil, with approximately 4,900 athletes from 108 countries competing in 20 sports.<ref>[http://www.rio2011.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=242&Itemid=100&lang=en Rio 2011 Military Games Presentation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825062432/https://www.rio2011.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=242&Itemid=100&lang=en |date=25 August 2011}} Rio 2011 Official Website. Retrieved 16 July 2011.</ref> Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics. The Olympic Games were held from 5 to 21 August 2016. The Paralympics were held from 7 to 18 September 2016.

The city has a history as host of major international sports events. The [[Ginásio do Maracanãzinho]] was the host arena for the official [[FIBA Basketball World Championship]] for its [[1954 FIBA World Championship|1954]] and [[1963 FIBA World Championship|1963]] editions. Later, the [[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet|Jacarepaguá]] circuit in Rio de Janeiro was the site for the [[Formula One]] [[Brazilian Grand Prix]] from 1978 to 1989. Rio de Janeiro also hosted the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] [[Brazilian Grand Prix]] from 1995 to 2004 and the [[Champ Car]] event from 1996 to 1999. [[Association of Surfing Professionals|WCT/WQS]] [[surfing]] championships were contested on the beaches from 1985 to 2001. The [[Rio Champions Cup]] Tennis tournament is held in the spring. As part of its preparations to host the [[2007 Pan American Games]], Rio built a new stadium, [[Estádio Olímpico João Havelange]], to hold 45,000 people. It was named after Brazilian ex-[[FIFA]] president [[João Havelange]]. The stadium is owned by the city of Rio de Janeiro, but it was rented to [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas]] for 20&nbsp;years.<ref name="rent">{{Cite web |title=Botafogo vai administrar estádio olímpico do Engenhão |url=http://noticias.correioweb.com.br/materias.php?id=2715287&sub=Esporte |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217095517/http://noticias.correioweb.com.br/materias.php?id=2715287&sub=Esporte |archive-date=17 December 2007 |access-date=28 August 2007 |publisher=Correio Web}}</ref> Rio de Janeiro has also a multi-purpose arena, the [[HSBC Arena (Rio de Janeiro)|HSBC Arena]].

The Brazilian [[martial art]] [[capoeira]] is very popular. Other popular sports are [[basketball]], [[Beach soccer|beach football]], [[beach volleyball]], Beach American Football, [[footvolley]], [[surfing]], [[kite surfing]], [[hang gliding]], [[motor racing]], [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]], [[Luta Livre]], [[Sailing (sport)|sailing]], and competitive [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]]. Another sport that is highly popular in beaches of Rio is called {{lang|pt-BR|[[frescobol]]}} ({{IPA|pt|fɾeʃkoˈbɔw|pron}}), a type of beach tennis. Rio de Janeiro is also a popular location for [[Rock climbing]], with hundreds of routes all over the city, ranging from easy boulders to technical climbs. [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf Mountain]] is an example, with routes from the easy third grade (American 5.4, French 3) to the extremely difficult ninth grade (5.13/8b), up to {{cvt|280|m|ft|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}.

==See also==
{{Portal|Brazil|South America}}
*[[List of people from Rio de Janeiro]]
*[[Outline of Rio de Janeiro]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons and category|Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro (city)}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/ Rio de Janeiro City Hall website] {{in lang|pt}}
*[https://rgssa.blogspot.com/2014/07/back-to-rio.html back to Rio!]. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia historical piece containing images of Rio, 1914.
*[http://brazil.qc.cuny.edu/gallery/rio/ Rio de Janeiro Photo Gallery – Year of Brazil]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428020058/http://brazil.qc.cuny.edu/gallery/rio/ |date=28 April 2014 }}, Queens College, CUNY.
*[https://clinicareabilitacaoresende.com.br/ Rio de Janeiro clínica medica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919070041/https://clinicareabilitacaoresende.com.br/ |date=19 September 2021 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051221051314/http://eayearbooks.com/rio_images.htm Images of Rio]. Hundreds of images from the 1920s to the present.
*[http://www.aboutbrasil.com/modules/brazil-brasil/rio-de-janeiro_sao-paulo_fortaleza.php?hoofd=3&sub=10&art=94 Rio de Janeiro – The Marvellous City]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213143239/http://www.aboutbrasil.com/modules/brazil-brasil/rio-de-janeiro_sao-paulo_fortaleza.php?hoofd=3&sub=10&art=94 |date=13 February 2013 }}, AboutBrasil.
*{{OSM relation|57963|Rio de Janeiro}}
*[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/_gVRoC5gi9ZV8A Explore Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea] in the UNESCO collection on [[Google Arts and Culture]]
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Capitals of Brazil|Capital of Brazil]]
| years = 1763–1960
| before = [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]
| after = [[Brasília]]
}}
{{S-end}}{{Rio de Janeiro}}
{{Rio de Janeiro city neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of Rio de Janeiro}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Rio de Janeiro city neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of Rio de Janeiro}}
{{Capitals of Brazilian states}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Pan American Games host cities}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Megacities}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Brazil}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rio de Janeiro (city)| ]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Brazil]]
[[Category:Guanabara Bay]]
[[Category:Municipalities in Rio de Janeiro (state)]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Rio de Janeiro (state)]]
[[Category:Port cities in Brazil]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1565]]
[[Category:1565 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:1565 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Brazil]]
[[Category:State capitals in Brazil]]

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