View source for Munster Irish

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{{short description|Irish language dialect}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{IPA-ga notice}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Munster Irish
| nativename       = {{lang|ga|Gaelainn na Mumhan}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|ga|ˈɡeːlˠən̠ʲ n̪ˠə ˈmˠuːnˠ|}}
| states           = 
| region           = 
| ethnicity        = [[Irish people|Irish]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|9,737|1}}{{cn|date=January 2023}}
| date             = 2012
| ref              = 
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]
| fam3             = [[Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]]
| fam4             = [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]]
| fam5             = [[Irish language|Irish]]
| ancestor         = [[Primitive Irish]]
| ancestor2        = [[Old Irish]]
| ancestor3        = [[Middle Irish]]
| ancestor4        = [[Early Modern Irish]]
| dia1             = [[Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne|Corca Dhuibhne]]
| dia2             = [[Iveragh Peninsula|Uíbh Ráthach]]
| dia3             = [[Muskerry|Múscraí]]
| dia4             = [[Cape Clear Island|Oileán Chléire]]
| dia5             = [[Ring, County Waterford|Rinn Ó gCuanach]]
| dia6             = [[Old Parish|An tSean Phobal]]
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Irish alphabet]])<br />[[Irish Braille]]
| map              = File:Gaeltachtai le hainmneacha2.svg
| mapcaption       = The three dialects of [[Irish language|Irish]], with Munster in the south.
| notice           = IPA
| glotto           = muns1250
| glottorefname    = Munster-Leinster
| altname          = Munster Gaelic
}}

'''Munster Irish''' ({{Langx|ga|label=[[endonym]]|Gaelainn na Mumhan}}, {{Langx|ga|label=[[An Caighdean Oifigiuil|Standard Irish]]|Gaeilge na Mumhan}}) is the [[dialect]] of the [[Irish language]] spoken in the [[Provinces of Ireland|province]] of [[Munster]]. [[Gaeltacht]] regions in Munster are found in the [[Gaeltacht|Gaeltachtaí]] of the [[Dingle Peninsula]] in west [[County Kerry]], in the [[Iveragh Peninsula]] in south Kerry, in [[Cape Clear Island]] off the coast of west [[County Cork]], in [[Muskerry West]]; [[Cúil Aodha]], [[Ballingeary]], [[Ballyvourney]], [[Kilnamartyra]], and Renaree of central [[County Cork]]; and in [[Ring, County Waterford|an Rinn]] and [[Old Parish|an Sean Phobal]] in [[Gaeltacht na nDéise]] in west [[County Waterford]].

==History==
The north and west of Dingle Peninsula ({{langx|ga|Corca Dhuibhne}}) are today the only place in Munster where Irish has survived as the daily spoken language of most of the community although the language is spoken on a daily basis by a minority in other official Gaeltachtaí in Munster.

Historically, the Irish language was spoken throughout Munster and Munster Irish had some influence on those parts of [[Connacht]] and [[Leinster]] bordering it such as [[Kilkenny]], [[Wexford]] and south [[Galway]] and the [[Aran Islands]].

Munster Irish played an important role in the [[Gaelic revival]] of the early 20th century. The noted author [[Peadar Ua Laoghaire]] wrote in Munster dialect and stated that he wrote his novel ''[[oldwikisource:Séadna|Séadna]]'' to show younger people what he viewed as good Irish:
{{blockquote|{{lang|ga|Ag machtnamh dom air sin do thuigeas am' aigne ná raibh aon rud i n-aon chor againn, i bhfuirm leabhair, le cur i láimh aon leinbh chun na Gaeluinne do mhúineadh dhó.  As mo mhachtnamh do shocaruigheas ar leabhar fé leith do sgrí' d'ár n-aos óg, leabhar go mbéadh caint ann a bhéadh glan ós na lochtaibh a bhí i bhformhór cainte na bhfilí; leabhar go mbéadh an chaint ann oireamhnach do'n aos óg, leabhar go mbéadh caint ann a thaithnfadh leis an aos óg.  Siné an machtnamh a chuir fhéachaint orm "Séadna" do sgrí'.  Do thaithn an leabhar le gach aoinne, óg agus aosta.  Do léigheadh é dos na seandaoine agus do thaithn sé leó.  D'airigheadar, rud nár airigheadar riamh go dtí san, a gcaint féin ag teacht amach a' leabhar chúcha.  Do thaithn sé leis na daoinibh óga mar bhí cosmhalacht mhór idir Ghaeluinn an leabhair sin agus an Béarla a bhí 'n-a mbéalaibh féin.}}{{sfn|Ua Laoghaire|1915|page=215}}}}
[[Peig Sayers]] was illiterate, but her autobiography, ''Peig'', is also in Munster dialect and rapidly became a key text. Other influential Munster works are the autobiographies ''Fiche Blian ag Fás'' by [[Muiris Ó Súilleabháin]] and ''An tOileánach'' by [[Tomás Ó Criomhthain]].

==Lexicon==
Munster Irish differs from [[Ulster Irish|Ulster]] and [[Connacht Irish]] in a number of respects. Some words and phrases used in Munster Irish are not used in the other varieties, such as:
*{{lang|ga|in aon chor}} (Clear Island, Corca Dhuibhne, West Muskerry, Waterford) or {{lang|ga|ar aon chor}} (Clear Island, West Carbery, Waterford) "at any rate" (other dialects {{lang|ga|ar chor ar bith}} (Connacht) and {{lang|ga|ar scor ar bith}} (Ulster)
*{{lang|ga|fé, fí}} "under" (standard {{lang|ga|faoi}})
*{{lang|ga|Gaelainn}} "Irish language" (Cork and Kerry), {{lang|ga|Gaeilinn}} (Waterford) (standard {{lang|ga|Gaeilge}})
*{{lang|ga|ná}} "that...not" and {{lang|ga|nách}} "that is not" as the copular form (both {{lang|ga|nach}} in the standard)
*{{lang|ga|leis}} "also" (Connacht {{lang|ga|freisin}}, Ulster {{lang|ga|fosta}})
*{{lang|ga|anso}} or {{lang|ga|atso}} "here" and {{lang|ga|ansan}} or {{lang|ga|atsan}} "there" instead of standard {{lang|ga|anseo}} and {{lang|ga|ansin}}, respectively
* In both demonstrative pronouns and adjectives speakers of Munster Irish differentiate between {{lang|ga|seo}} "this" and {{lang|ga|sin}} "that" following a palatalised consonant or front vowel and {{lang|ga|so}} "this" and {{lang|ga|san}} "that" following a velarised consonant or back vowel in final position: {{lang|ga|an bóthar so}} "this road", {{lang|ga|an bhó san}} "that cow", {{lang|ga|an chairt sin}} "that cart", {{lang|ga|an claí seo}} "this fence"
* the use of {{lang|ga|thá}} instead of {{lang|ga|tá}} in the extreme west of Corca Dhuibhne and in Gaeltacht na nDéise.
* the preposition {{lang|ga|chuig}} "to, towards", common in [[Connacht Irish]] and [[Ulster Irish]] where it developed as a back formation from the 3rd person singular preposition ''chuige'' "towards him" is not used in Munster. The form ''chun'' (from Classical Irish ''do chum''), also found in the West and North, is used in preference.
* Munster Irish uses a fuller range of "looking" verbs, while these in Connacht and Ulster are restricted: {{lang|ga|féachaint}} "looking", "watching", {{lang|ga|breithniú}} "carefully observing", {{lang|ga|amharc}} "look, watch", ''glinniúint'' "gazing, staring", ''sealladh'' "looking" etc.
* the historic dative form {{lang|ga|tigh}} "house", as in Scots and Manx Gaelic, is now used as the nominative form (Standard {{lang|ga|teach}})
* Munster retains the historic form of the personal pronoun {{lang|ga|sinn}} "us" which has largely been replaced with {{lang|ga|muid}} (or {{lang|ga|muinn}} in parts of Ulster) in most situations in Connacht and Ulster.
* Corca Dhuibhne and [[Gaeltacht na nDéise]] use the independent form {{lang|ga|cím}} (earlier {{lang|ga|do-chím, ad-chím}}, classical also {{lang|ghc|do-chiú, ad-chiú}}) "I see" as well as the dependent form ''ficim / feicim ''  (classical {{lang|ghc|-faicim}}), while [[Muskerry]] and Clear Island use the forms ''chím'' (independent) and ''ficim''.
* The adverbial forms {{lang|ga|chuige}}, {{lang|ga|a chuige}} in Corca Dhuibhne and {{lang|ga|a chuigint}} "at all" in [[Gaeltacht na nDéise]] are sometimes used in addition to {{lang|ga|in aon chor}} or {{lang|ga|ar aon chor}}
* The adjective {{lang|ga|cuibheasach}} {{IPA|/kiːsəx/}} is used adverbially in phrases such as {{lang|ga|cuibheasach beag}} "rather small", "fairly small", {{lang|ga|cuibheasach mór}} "quite large". Connacht uses {{lang|ga|sách}} and Ulster {{lang|ga|íontach}}
* {{lang|ga|Faic}}, {{lang|ga|pioc}}, ''puinn'' and ''tada'' in West Munster, {{lang|ga|dada}} in [[Gaeltacht na nDéise]], {{lang|ga|ní dúrt pioc}} "I said nothing at all", {{lang|ga|níl faic dá bharr agam}} "I have gained nothing by it"
* The interjections {{lang|ga|ambaiste}}, {{lang|ga|ambaist}}, {{lang|ga|ambasa}}, {{lang|ga|ambaic}} "Indeed!", "My word!", "My God!" in West Munster and {{lang|ga|amaite}}, {{lang|ga|amaite fhéinig}} in [[Gaeltacht na nDéise]] (''ambaiste'' = ''dom bhaisteadh'' "by my baptism", ''am basa'' = ''dom basaibh'' "by my palms", ''ambaic'' = ''dom baic'' "by my heeding"; ''amaite'' = ''dom aite'' "my oddness")
* {{lang|ga|obann}} "sudden" instead of {{lang|ga|tobann}} in the other major dialects
* {{lang|ga|práta}} "potato", {{lang|ga|fata}} in Connacht and {{lang|ga|préata}} in Ulster
* {{lang|ga|oiriúnach}} "suitable", {{lang|ga|feiliúnach}} in Connacht and {{lang|ga|fóirsteanach}} in Ulster
* {{lang|ga|nóimint}}, {{lang|ga|nóimit}}, {{lang|ga|nóimeat}}, {{lang|ga|neomint}}, {{lang|ga|neomat}}, {{lang|ga|nóiméad}} in Connacht and {{lang|ga|bomaite}} in [[Donegal (town)|Donegal]]
* Munster differentiates between {{lang|ga|ach go háirithe}} "anyway", "anyhow" and {{lang|ga|go háirithe}} "particularly", "especially"
* {{lang|ga|gallúnach}} "soap", {{lang|ga|gallaoireach}} in Connacht and {{lang|ga|sópa}} in Ulster
* {{lang|ga|deifir}} is "difference" in Munster, and is a Latin loan: {{lang|ga|níl aon deifir eatarthu}} "there is no difference between them"; the Gaelic word ''deifir'' "hurry" is retained in the other dialects (c.f. [[Scottish Gaelic]] {{lang|gd|diofar}} "difference")
* {{lang|ga|deabhadh}} or {{lang|ga|deithneas}}  "hurry" whereas the other major dialects use {{lang|ga|deifir}}

==Phonology==
The [[phoneme|phonemic]] inventory of Munster Irish (based on the accent of West Muskerry in western [[County Cork|Cork]]) is as shown in the following chart (based on {{Harvnb|Ó Cuív|1944}}; see [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are [[velarization|velarized]] (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] ("slender"). The consonant {{IPA|/h/}} is neither broad or slender.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Consonant<br />phonemes
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="6" | [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="4" | [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palatoalveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!| [[Stop consonant|Stops]] 
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|pˠ}}<br />{{IPA|pʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|bˠ}}<br />{{IPA|bʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|t̪ˠ}}<br />&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|d̪ˠ}}<br />&nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|tʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|dʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|c}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|ɟ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|k}}<br />&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ɡ}}<br />&nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
!| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]/<br />[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] 
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ɸˠ}}<br />{{IPA|ɸʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|βˠ}}<br />{{IPA|βʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|sˠ}}<br />&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|ʃ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|ç}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|j}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|x}}<br />&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ɣ}}<br />&nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA|h}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
!| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|mˠ}}<br />{{IPA|mʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|n̪ˠ}}<br />&nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|nʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|ɲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ŋ}}<br />&nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
|-
!| [[Flap consonant|Tap]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|ɾˠ}}<br />{{IPA|ɾʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
!| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral<br />approximant]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA|l̪ˠ}}<br />&nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />{{IPA|lʲ}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
|}

The [[vowel]]s of Munster Irish are as shown on the following chart. These positions are only approximate, as vowels are strongly influenced by the palatalization and velarization of surrounding consonants.
[[File:Munster Irish vowel chart.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.9]]

In addition, Munster has the [[diphthong]]s {{IPA|/iə, ia, uə, əi, ai, au, ou/}}.

Some characteristics of Munster that distinguish it from the other dialects are:
* The [[fricative consonant|fricative]] {{IPA|[βˠ]}} is found in [[syllable#Onset|syllable-onset]] position. (Connacht and Ulster have {{IPA|[w]}} here.) For example, {{lang|ga|bhog}} "moved" is pronounced {{IPA|[βˠɔɡ]}} as opposed to {{IPA|[wɔɡ]}} elsewhere.
* The [[diphthong]]s {{IPA|/əi/}}, {{IPA|/ou/}}, and {{IPA|/ia/}} occur in Munster, but not in the other dialects.
* Word-internal [[consonant cluster|clusters]] of [[obstruent]] + [[sonorant]], {{IPA|[m]}} + {{IPA|[n/r]}}, and stop + fricative are broken up by an epenthetic {{IPA|[ə]}}, except that plosive + [[liquid consonant|liquid]] remains in the onset of a [[stress (linguistics)|stressed]] [[syllable]]. For example, {{lang|ga|eaglais}} "church" is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈɑɡəl̪ˠɪʃ]}}, but {{lang|ga|Aibreán}} "April" is {{IPA|[aˈbrɑːn̪ˠ]}} (as if spelled ''Abrán'').
* Orthographic short ''a'' is diphthongized (rather than lengthened) before word-final ''m'' and the [[Old Irish]] [[tenseness|tense]] sonorants spelled ''nn'', ''ll'' (e.g. {{lang|ga|ceann}} {{IPA|[kʲaun̪ˠ]}} "head").
* Word-final {{IPA|/j/}} is realized as {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, e.g. {{lang|ga|marcaigh}} "horsemen" {{IPA|[ˈmˠɑɾˠkəɟ]}}.
* Stress is attracted to noninitial [[syllable weight|heavy syllables]]: {{lang|ga|corcán}} {{IPA|[kəɾˠˈkɑːn̪ˠ]}} "pot", {{lang|ga|mealbhóg}} {{IPA|[mʲal̪ˠəˈβˠoːɡ]}} "satchel". Stress is also attracted to {{IPA|[ax, ɑx]}} in the second syllable when the vowel in the initial syllable is short: {{lang|ga|coileach}} {{IPA|[kəˈlʲax]}} "rooster", {{lang|ga|beannacht}} {{IPA|[bʲəˈn̪ˠɑxt̪ˠ]}} "blessing", {{lang|ga|bacacha}} {{IPA|[bˠəˈkɑxə]}} "lame" (pl.).
* In some varieties, long {{IPA|/ɑː/}} is rounded to {{IPA|[ɒː]}}. {{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Morphology==
[[Irish verbs]] are characterized by having a mixture of ''analytic'' forms (where information about [[grammatical person|person]] is provided by a [[pronoun]]) and ''synthetic'' forms (where information about number is provided in an ending on the verb) in their conjugation. Munster Irish has preserved nearly all of the synthetic forms, except for the second-person plural forms in the present and future:

{|class="wikitable"
! Munster || Standard || Gloss
|-
| colspan="3" | ''Present''
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|molaim}}''' || '''{{lang|ga|molaim}}''' || "I (sg.) praise"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|molair}}''' || {{lang|ga|molann tú}} || "you (sg.) praise"
|-
| {{lang|ga|molann sé}} || {{lang|ga|molann sé}} || "he praises"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|molaimíd}}, {{lang|ga|molam}}''' || '''{{lang|ga|molaimid}}''' || "we praise"
|-
| {{lang|ga|molann sibh}} (archaic: {{lang|ga|moltaoi}}) || {{lang|ga|molann sibh}} || "you (pl.) praise"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|molaid (siad)}}''' || {{lang|ga|molann siad}} || "they praise"
|-
| colspan="3" | ''Past''
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|mholas}}''' || {{lang|ga|mhol mé}} || "I praised"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|mholais}}''' || {{lang|ga|mhol tú}} || "you (sg.) praised"
|-
| {{lang|ga|mhol sé}} || {{lang|ga|mhol sé}} || "he praised"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|mholamair}}''' || '''{{lang|ga|mholamar}}''' || "we praised"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|mholabhair}}''' || {{lang|ga|mhol sibh}} || "you (pl.) praised"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|mholadar}}''' || {{lang|ga|mhol siad}} || "they praised"
|-
| colspan="3" | ''Future''
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|molfad}}''' || {{lang|ga|molfaidh mé}} || "I will praise"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|molfair}}''' || {{lang|ga|molfaidh tú}} || "you (sg.) will praise"
|-
| {{lang|ga|molfaidh sé}} || {{lang|ga|molfaidh sé}} || "he will praise"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|molfaimíd}}''' || '''{{lang|ga|molfaimid}}''' || "we will praise"
|-
| {{lang|ga|molfaidh sibh}} || {{lang|ga|molfaidh sibh}} || "you (pl.) will praise"
|-
| '''{{lang|ga|molfaid (siad)}}''' || {{lang|ga|molfaidh siad}} || "they will praise"
|}

Some irregular verbs have different forms in Munster than in the standard (see [[Dependent and independent verb forms]] for the independent/dependent distinction):

{|class="wikitable"
! Munster independent|| Munster dependent|| Standard independent|| Standard dependent|| Gloss
|-
| {{lang|ga|chím}} || {{lang|ga|ní fheicim}} || {{lang|ga|feicim}} || {{lang|ga|ní fheicim}} || "I see, I do not see"
|-
| {{lang|ga|(do) chonac}} || {{lang|ga|ní fheaca}} || {{lang|ga|chonaic mé}} || {{lang|ga|ní fhaca mé}} || "I saw, I did not see"
|-
| {{lang|ga|deinim}} || {{lang|ga|ní dheinim}} || {{lang|ga|déanaim}} || {{lang|ga|ní dhéanaim}} || "I do, I do not"
|-
| {{lang|ga|(do) dheineas}} || {{lang|ga|níor dheineas}} || {{lang|ga|rinne mé}} || {{lang|ga|ní dhearna mé}} || "I did, I did not"
|-
| {{lang|ga|(do) chuas}} || {{lang|ga|ní dheaghas/níor chuas}} || {{lang|ga|chuaigh mé}} || {{lang|ga|ní dheachaigh mé}} || "I went, I did not go"
|-
| {{lang|ga|gheibhim}} || {{lang|ga|ní bhfaighim}} || {{lang|ga|faighim}} || {{lang|ga|ní bhfaighim}} || "I get, I do not get"
|}

Past tense verbs can take the particle {{lang|ga|do}} in Munster Irish, even when they begin with consonants. In the standard language, the particle is used only before vowels. For example, Munster {{lang|ga|do bhris sé}} or {{lang|ga|bhris sé}} "he broke" (standard only {{lang|ga|bhris sé}}).

The [[Irish initial mutations|initial mutations]] of Munster Irish are generally the same as in the standard language and the other dialects. Some Munster speakers, however, use {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}} as the lenition equivalent of {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}} in at least some cases, as in {{lang|ga|a rí}} {{IPA|/ə ɾʲiː/}} "O king!" {{Harvcol|Sjoestedt|1931|p=46}}, {{lang|ga|do rug}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠə ɾʲʊɡ/}} "gave birth" {{Harvcol|Ó Cuív|1944|p=122}}, {{lang|ga|ní raghaid}} {{IPA|/nʲiː ɾʲəidʲ/}} "they will not go" {{Harvcol|Breatnach|1947|p=143}}.

==Syntax==
One significant [[syntax|syntactic]] difference between Munster and other dialects is that in Munster (excepting [[Gaeltacht na nDéise]]), {{lang|ga|go}} ("that") is used instead of {{lang|ga|a}} as the [[Irish syntax#Indirect relative|indirect relative]] particle:

*{{lang|ga|an fear go bhfuil a dheirfiúr san ospidéal}} "the man whose sister is in the hospital" (standard ''an fear a bhfuil...'')

Another difference is seen in the copula. {{lang|ga|Fear is ea mé}} is used in addition to {{lang|ga|Is fear mé}}.

==Notable speakers==
{{Expand section|date=June 2022}}
Some notable Irish singers who sing songs in the Munster Irish dialect include [[Nioclás Tóibín]], [[Elizabeth Cronin]], [[Labhrás Ó Cadhla]], [[Muireann Nic Amhlaoibh]], [[Seán de hÓra]], [[Diarmuid Ó Súilleabháin]], [[Seosaimhín Ní Bheaglaoich]] and [[Máire Ní Chéilleachair]].

Four of the most notable Irish writers ''as Gaeilge'' (in Irish) hail from the Munster Gaeltacht: [[Tomás O'Crohan|Tomás Ó Criomhthain]] whose most well-known book is the autobiographical ''An tOileáineach (The Islandman)''. ''Peig and Machnamh Seanamhná (An Old Woman's Reflections)'' by [[Peig Sayers]] was a fixture on the secondary school Irish syllabus for several decades. The other two authors are [[Muiris Ó Súilleabháin]] with ''Fiche Bliain ag Fás (Twenty Years A-Growing)'' and Eilís Ní Shuilleabháin's ''Letters from the Great Blasket''.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
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*{{cite book|last=De Bhial|first=Tomás|year=1984|title=An Cabhsa|language=Irish|location=Baile Átha Cliath|publisher=An Gúm}}
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*{{cite book|last=Mac Clúin|first=Seóirse|year=1922|title=Réilthíní Óir|language=Irish|publisher=Comhlucht Oideachais na h-Éirean|url=http://corpas.ria.ie/index.php?fsg_function=3&fsg_id=3077|volume=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Mac Clúin|first=Seóirse|author-mask=2|year=1922|title=Réilthíní Óir|language=Irish|publisher=Comhlucht Oideachais na h-Éirean|url=http://corpas.ria.ie/index.php?fsg_function=3&fsg_id=3078|volume=2}}

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*{{cite book|last=Nic Phaidin|first=Caoilfhionn|editor-last=de Bhaldraithe|editor-first=Tomás|year=1987|title=Cnuasach Focal Ó Uíbh Ráthach|language=Irish|series=Deascán Foclóireachta|volume=6|location=Dublin|publisher=Royal Irish Academy|isbn=978-0-90-171457-2}}
*{{cite conference|last1=Nikolaev|first1=Dmitry|last2=Kukhto|first2=Anton|date=September 2016|title=An update on the phonology of Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne|location=Cardiff University|conference=Celtic Linguistics Conference|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.11371.34088}}

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*{{cite book|last=Ó Buachalla|first=Breandán|year=2003|title=An Teanga Bheo: Gaeilge Chléire|location=Dublin|publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann|isbn=0-946452-98-9}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Diarmuid|year=2000|title=Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne|language=Irish|location=Dublin|publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann|series=Tuarascáil Taighde|volume=26|isbn=0-946452-97-0}}

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*{{cite book|last=Sjoestedt|first=Marie-Louise|year=1931|title=Phonétique d'un parler irlandais de Kerry|publisher=Librairie Ernest Leroux|location=Paris|language=fr}}

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*{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=Heinrich|year=1966|title=Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects|volume=II: The Dialects of Munster|location=Dublin|publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|isbn=0-901282-46-4}}
*{{cite thesis|type=PhD|last=Ward|first=Alan|year=1974|title=The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish|publisher=University of Dublin|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/20623019/The-Grammatical-Structure-of-Munster-Irish}}
{{refend|2}}

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*{{cite book|last=Ní Shúilleabháin|first=Eibhlín|editor-last1=Ní Longsigh|editor-first1=Máiréad|others=illustrated by Tomáisín Ó Cíobháin|year=2000|title=Cín Lae Eibhlín Ní Shúilleabháin|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry/Blasket Islands]

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*{{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|year=1991|title=Le Gealaigh|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1992|title=An Gealas i Lár na Léithe|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1992|title=An Grá faoi Cheilt|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1995|title=Desiderius a Dó|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1998|title=Ar Gach Maoilinn Tá Síocháin|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ó Criomhthain|first=Seán|year=1991|title=Lá Dár Saol|publisher=An Gúm|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ó Criomhthain|first1=Seán|author-mask1=2|last2=Ó Criomhthain|first2=Tomás|editor-last1=Ó Fiannachta|editor-first1=Pádraig|year=1997|title=Cleití Gé ón mBlascaod Mór|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó Criomhthain|first=Tomás|year=1997|title=Allagar na hInise|publisher=An Gúm|location=Dublin}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ó Cróinín|first=Seán|editor-last1=Ó Cróinín|editor-first1=Donncha|year=1985|title=Seanachas ó Chairbre 1|series=Scríbhinní Béaloidis|volume=13|publisher=Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann|location=University College Dublin|isbn=978-0-90-112090-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó hEoghusa|first=Tomás|year=2001|title=Solas san Fhuinneog|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ó Laoghaire|first=Peadar|author-mask=2|year=|title=An Cleasaí|publisher=Longmans, Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teoranta|location=Dublin}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|orig-date=1987|year=2017|title=A Thig Ná Tit orm|publisher=C.J. Fallon|location=Dublin|isbn=978-0-71-441212-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=1988|title=Corcán na dTrí gCos|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ó Siochfhradha|first=Pádraig|author-link=Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha|year=1913|title=Cath Fionntrágha|url=http://corpas.ria.ie/index.php?fsg_function=3&fsg_id=2767|language=Irish|location=Baile Átha Cliath|publisher=Connradh na Gaedhilge}}
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*{{cite book|last=Sayers|first=Peig|year=1992|title=Machnamh Seanmhná|publisher=An Gúm|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Sayers|first=Peig|author-mask=2|year=1936|title=Peig}}

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*{{cite book|last=Tyers|first=Pádraig|year=1982|title=Leoithne Aniar|publisher=Cló Dhuibhne|location=Baile an Fhirtéaraigh}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ua Laoghaire|first=Peadar|year=1915|title=Mo Sgéal Féin|url=https://archive.org/details/mosgalfin00uala}}
*{{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|year=1978|title=Ár Leithéidí Arís : Cnuasach de Shaothar Ilchineálach|publisher=Clódhanna Teoranta|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1968|title=Bríde Bhán|publisher=Sairséal agus Dill|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1969|title=De Réir Uimhreacha|publisher=Muintir an Dúna|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1960|title=Na hAird ó Thuaidh|publisher=Sáirséal agus Dill|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1983|title=Ó Thuaidh!|publisher=Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=2001|title=An Stát versus Dugdale|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
*{{cite book|last=Uí Fhoghlú|first=Áine|year=2019|title=Scéalta agus Seanchas: Potatoes, Children and Seaweed|publisher=Foilseacháin Scoil Scairte|isbn=9781916178809}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Verling|editor-first1=Máirtín|year=2007|title=Leabhar Mhaidhc Dháith : Scéalta agus Seanchas ón Rinn|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}} [[Gaeltacht na nDéise]], Co. Waterford]
{{refend|2}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|fr|Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry}}
*[http://corkirish.wordpress.com/ a blog and resources for the study of Cork Irish] {{in lang|ga}}
*[http://www.focla.ie/index.html Croidhe Cainnte Chiarraighe] {{in lang|ga}}
*[https://www.dias.ie/celt/celt-publications-2/glor-audio-archive/glor-cork/ Glór: Cork]
*[https://muiris.net/ Tigh Mhuiris: Documenting the Irish of Cléire]
{{Gaeltacht}}
{{Irish linguistics}}
{{Gaelic literature}}
{{Érainn}}
{{Eóganachta}}
{{Dalcassians}}

[[Category:Irish dialects]]
[[Category:Munster|Irish]]

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