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{{Short description|Super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting Kepler-419}}
{{Infobox planet
| name                     = Kepler-419c
| image                    =
| caption                  = An artist's impression of the super-Jupiter exoplanet Kepler-419c, with a system of natural satellites orbiting it
<!-- DISCOVERY           -->
| discoverer               = ''[[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler]]'' spacecraft
| discovered               = 12 June 2014<ref name="Dawson" />
| discovery_method         = [[Transit method|Transit timing variations]]<ref name="Dawson" />
<!-- DESIGNATIONS        -->
<!-- ORBITAL             --> 
| apsis                    = astron
| semimajor                = 1.68 (± 0.03)<ref name="Dawson" /> [[astronomical unit|AU]]
| eccentricity             = 0.184 (± 0.002)<ref name="Dawson" />
| period                   = 675.47 (± 0.11)<ref name="Dawson" /> [[day|d]]
| inclination              = {{val|88|3|2}}<ref name="Dawson"/>
| star                     = [[Kepler-419]] (KOI-1474)
<!-- PHYS CHARS          --> 
| mean_radius              = 1.13 {{Jupiter radius|link=y}}<ref name=radius>[https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/eyes-on-exoplanets/#/planet/Kepler-419_c/ NASA.gov]</ref>
| mass                     = 7.3 ± 0.4<ref name="Dawson">{{Cite journal|arxiv=1405.5229 |title= Large eccentricity, low mutual inclination: The three-dimensional architecture of a hierarchical system of giant planets|journal= The Astrophysical Journal|volume= 791|issue= 2|pages= 89|last1=  Dawson|first1= Rebekah I.|author2= John Asher Johnson|last3=  Fabrycky|first3= Daniel C.|last4= Foreman-Mackey|first4= Daniel|last5=  Murray-Clay|first5= Ruth A.|last6=  Buchhave|first6= Lars A.|last7=  Cargile|first7= Phillip A.|last8=  Clubb|first8= Kelsey I.|last9=  Fulton|first9= Benjamin J.|last10= Hebb|first10= Leslie|last11=  Howard|first11= Andrew W.|last12= Huber|first12= Daniel|last13= Shporer|first13= Avi|last14=  Valenti|first14= Jeff A.|year= 2014|doi= 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/89|bibcode = 2014ApJ...791...89D |s2cid= 29630098}}</ref> {{Jupiter mass|link=y}}
| single_temperature       = {{convert|250|K|C F}}
<!-- ATMOSPHERE          --> 
<!-- NOTES               --> 
}}
'''Kepler-419c''' (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation ''KOI-1474.02'') is a [[super-Jupiter]] [[exoplanet]] orbiting within the [[habitable zone]] of the star [[Kepler-419]], the outermost of two such planets discovered by [[NASA]]'s [[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler spacecraft]]. It is located about 3,400 [[light-year]]s (1040 [[parsec]]s )from [[Earth]] in the constellation [[Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]].<ref name="Dawson"/> The exoplanet was found by using the [[transit timing variation|transit timing variation method]], in which the variations of transit data from an exoplanet are studied to reveal a more distant companion.

==Physical characteristics==

===Mass, radius and temperature===
Kepler-419c is a [[super-Jupiter]], an exoplanet that has a radius and mass greater than that of the planet [[Jupiter]]. It has a temperature of {{convert|250|K|C F}}, somewhat cooler than the [[equilibrium temperature]] of the Earth.<ref name="PHL">[http://www.hpcf.upr.edu/~abel/phl/hec_plots/hec_orbit/hec_orbit_Kepler-419_c.png Kepler 419c] hpcf.upr.edu</ref> It has a mass of 7.2 {{Jupiter mass}}, and a likely radius of around 1.13 {{Jupiter radius}}, based on its high mass.<ref name=radius/>

===Host star===
{{main|Kepler-419}}
The planet orbits an ([[Stellar classification#Class F|F-type]]) [[star]] named [[Kepler-419]]. The star has a mass of 1.39 {{Solar mass}} and a radius of 1.75 {{Solar radius}}. It has a surface temperature of 6430 [[Kelvin|K]] and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/18237/how-old-is-the-sun/ |title=How Old is the Sun? |author=Fraser Cain |date=16 September 2008 |publisher=Universe Today |access-date=19 February 2011}}</ref> and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/18092/temperature-of-the-sun/ |title=Temperature of the Sun |author=Fraser Cain |date=September 15, 2008 |publisher=Universe Today |access-date=19 February 2011}}</ref>

The star's [[apparent magnitude]], or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 12. It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.

===Orbit===

Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 {{solar luminosity}}) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 [[astronomical unit|AU]] (compared to the orbital distance of [[Mars]], which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of [[stellar flux|sunlight]] that Earth does.<ref name="PHL"/>

==Habitability==
[[File:The Blue Moon.png|thumb|left|250px|Artist's impression of a hypothetical [[extrasolar moon|moon]] around a Saturn-like [[exoplanet]] that could be habitable.]]
{{See also|Habitability of natural satellites}}
Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar [[habitable zone]] of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 {{Jupiter mass}}, is too massive to be rocky, and because of this the planet itself may not be habitable. However, Kepler-419c is listed as one of the candidates that may harbor potentially habitable moons, where, with the right atmospheric pressure and temperature, liquid water might exist on the surface of the moon.

Hypothetically, for a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's [[orbital period]] ''P''<sub>s</sub> around its primary and that of the primary around its star ''P''<sub>p</sub> must be &lt; 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days.<ref name=Kipping_2009a>{{cite journal| last=Kipping| first=David| title=Transit timing effects due to an exomoon| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| year=2009| volume=392| issue=1| pages=181–189| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13999.x| doi-access=free| bibcode = 2009MNRAS.392..181K |arxiv = 0810.2243| s2cid=14754293}}</ref><ref name="Heller2012">{{cite journal| last1=Heller| first1=R.| title=Exomoon habitability constrained by energy flux and orbital stability| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics| volume=545| year=2012| pages=L8| issn=0004-6361| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220003| arxiv = 1209.0050 |bibcode = 2012A&A...545L...8H | s2cid=118458061}}</ref> Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or [[brown dwarf]] that orbits 1 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] from a Sun-like star.<ref name="skyandtelescope">{{cite web| url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/seti/3304591.html?showAll=y&c=y| publisher= SkyandTelescope.com| title=Habitable Moons:What does it take for a moon — or any world — to support life?| author=Andrew J. LePage| access-date=2011-07-11}}</ref> In the case of Kepler-419c, this would be practically the same to have a stable orbit, albeit a bit longer, around 65 days.

==Discovery==
In 2009, [[NASA]]'s [[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler]] spacecraft was completing observing stars on its [[photometer]], the instrument it uses to detect [[transit method|transit]] events, in which a planet crosses in front of and dims its host star for a brief and roughly regular period of time. In this last test, Kepler observed {{val|50,000}} stars in the [[Kepler Input Catalog]], including Kepler-419, the preliminary light curves were sent to the Kepler science team for analysis, who chose obvious planetary companions from the bunch for follow-up at observatories. Observations for the potential exoplanet candidates took place between 13 May 2009 and 17 March 2012. After observing the respective transits, the first planet, [[Kepler-419b]], was announced.

Further investigations were made into the transit data of Kepler-419b, which was shown to be varying slightly, caused by a more distant orbiting planet. Data revealed that the responsible companion was about 7.3 times more massive than Jupiter and orbiting at a distance of 1.68 AU. The discovery was then announced on June 12, 2014.<ref name="Dawson" />

==See also==
*[[Kepler-47c]]
*[[HD 69830 d]]
*[[Kepler-90h]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131105082102/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html NASA – Kepler Mission].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527104316/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/ NASA – Kepler Discoveries – Summary Table].
* [http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=Kepler-419+c&type=CONFIRMED_PLANET NASA – Kepler-419c] at [[NASA Exoplanet Archive|The NASA Exoplanet Archive]].
* [http://exoplanets.org/detail/Kepler-419_c NASA – Kepler-419c] at [[Exoplanet Data Explorer|The Exoplanet Data Explorer]].
* [https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler_419_c--2302/ NASA – Kepler-419c] at [[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia|The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]].

{{Exoplanets}}
{{Astrobiology}}
{{Extraterrestrial life}} 
{{2014 in space}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Biology}}
{{Sky|19|41|40.3|+|51|11|05.15}}

[[Category:Exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope]]
[[Category:Giant planets]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2014]]
[[Category:Transiting exoplanets]]
[[Category:Giant planets in the habitable zone]]
[[Category:Cygnus (constellation)]]

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