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{{Short description|Failed Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name              = {{nihongo4||ひとみ|Hitomi}}
| names_list        = ASTRO-H<br/>New X-ray Telescope (NeXT)
| image             = Astro-H schema (en).png
| image_caption     = Artist depiction of ''Hitomi'' satellite
| image_size        = 300px

| mission_type      = [[X-ray astronomy]]
| operator          = [[JAXA]]
| COSPAR_ID         = 2016-012A
| SATCAT            = 41337
| mission_duration  = 3 years (planned)<br/>≈{{time interval|17 February 2016 08:45|26 March 2016 01:42|show=dh}} (achieved)

| spacecraft_type   = 
| spacecraft_bus    = 
| manufacturer      = 
| launch_mass       = {{cvt|2700|kg}} <ref name="astroh-presskit"/>
| dimensions        = Length: {{cvt|14|m}}
| power             = 3500 [[watt]]s

| launch_date       = 17 February 2016, 08:45 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="sfnow20160217"/>
| launch_rocket     = [[H-IIA]] 202, No. 30
| launch_site       = [[Tanegashima Space Center]]
| launch_contractor =

| disposal_type      = Destroyed on orbit
| destroyed          = 26 March 2016, ≈01:42 UTC <ref name="spnews20160329"/>
| decay_date         =

| orbit_reference    = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name="heavens-above"/>
| orbit_regime       = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis    = {{cvt|559.85|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{cvt|581.10|km}}
| orbit_inclination  = 31.01°
| orbit_period       = 96.0 minutes
| apsis              = gee

| instruments_list   = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments
  | acronym1 = SXS | name1 = Soft X-ray Spectrometer
  | acronym2 = HXI | name2 = Hard X-ray Imager
  | acronym3 = SXI | name3 = Soft X-ray Imager
  | acronym4 = SGD | name4 = Soft Gamma-ray Detector
}}

| programme         = [[X-ray astronomy satellite]] in Japan
| previous_mission  = [[Suzaku (satellite)|Suzaku]] (ASTRO-EII)
| next_mission      = [[X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission]] (XRISM) 
}}

{{nihongo||ひとみ|'''Hitomi'''|lead=yes}}, also known as '''ASTRO-H''' and '''New X-ray Telescope''' ('''NeXT'''), was an [[X-ray astronomy]] satellite commissioned by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ([[JAXA]]) for studying extremely energetic processes in the [[Universe]]. The space observatory was designed to extend the research conducted by the [[Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics]] (ASCA) by investigating the hard X-ray band above 10 [[Electronvolt|keV]]. The satellite was originally called New X-ray Telescope;<ref name="AstroH_NASA"/> at the time of launch it was called ASTRO-H.<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/> After it was placed in orbit and its [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]] deployed, it was renamed ''Hitomi''.<ref name="Cambridge"/> The spacecraft was launched on 17 February 2016 and contact was lost on 26 March 2016, due to multiple incidents with the [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] system leading to an uncontrolled spin rate and breakup of structurally weak elements.<ref name="clark-20160418">{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/04/18/spinning-japanese-astronomy-satellite-may-be-beyond-saving/|title=Attitude control failures led to break-up of Japanese astronomy satellite |publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=18 April 2016|access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>

== Name ==
The new name refers to the [[Pupil|pupil of an eye]], and to a legend of a painting of four dragons.<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/> The word Hitomi generally means "[[eye]]", and specifically the [[pupil]], or entrance window of the eye – the aperture. There is also an ancient legend that inspires the name Hitomi. "One day, many years ago, a painter was drawing four white dragons on a street. He finished drawing the dragons, but without "Hitomi". People who looked at the painting said "why don't you paint Hitomi, it is not complete. The painter hesitated, but people pressured him. The painter then drew Hitomi on two of the four dragons. Immediately, these dragons came to life and flew up into the sky. The two dragons without Hitomi remained still". The inspiration of this story is that Hitomi is regarded as the "One last, but most important part", and so we wish ASTRO-H to be the essential mission to solve mysteries of the universe in X-rays. Hitomi refers to the aperture of the eye, the part where incoming light is absorbed. From this, Hitomi reminds us of a black hole. We will observe Hitomi in the Universe using the Hitomi satellite.<ref name="JAXA1">{{cite web|url=https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2016/02/20160217_hitomi.html|title=X-ray Astronomy Satellite (ASTRO-H) Solar Array Paddles Deployment and Name Decided|publisher=JAXA|date=16 February 2016|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
''Hitomi''{{'s}} objectives were to explore the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe, as well as the distribution of dark matter within galaxy clusters <ref name="Overview"/> and how the galaxy clusters evolve over time;<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/> how matter behaves in strong gravitational fields <ref name="Overview"/> (such as matter inspiraling into black holes),<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/> to explore the physical conditions in regions where cosmic rays are accelerated,<ref name="Overview"/> as well as observing supernovae.<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/> In order to achieve this, it was designed to be capable of:<ref name="Overview"/>
* Imaging and [[Astronomical spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] measurements with a hard [[X-ray telescope]];<ref name="Overview"/>
* Spectroscopic observations with an extremely high energy resolution using the micro-calorimeter;<ref name="Overview"/>
* Sensitive wideband observations over the energy range 0.3–600 keV.<ref name="Overview"/>

It was the sixth of a series of JAXA X-ray satellites,<ref name="Overview"/> which started in 1979,<ref name="Cambridge"/> and it was designed to observe sources that are an order of magnitude fainter than its predecessor, [[Suzaku (satellite)|Suzaku]].<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/> Its planned mission length was three years.<ref name="Cambridge"/> At the time of launch, two other large X-ray satellites were carrying out observations in orbit: the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] and [[XMM-Newton]], both of which were launched in 1999.<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/>

== Instruments ==
The probe carried four instruments and six detectors to observe photons with energies ranging from soft [[X-ray]]s to [[gamma ray]]s, with a high energy resolution.<ref name="Overview"/><ref name="Cambridge"/> ''Hitomi'' was built by an international collaboration led by JAXA with over 70 contributing institutions in Japan, the United States, Canada, and Europe,<ref name="Overview" /> and over 160 scientists.<ref name="ASTRO-H_presentation"/> With a mass of {{cvt|2700|kg}},<ref name="Overview"/><ref name="Cambridge"/> At launch, ''Hitomi'' was the heaviest Japanese X-ray mission.<ref name="astroh-presskit"/> The satellite is about {{cvt|14|m}} in length.<ref name="Cambridge"/>

Two soft X-ray telescopes (SXT-S, SXT-I), with focal lengths of {{cvt|5.6|m}}, focus light onto a soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS), provided by [[NASA]], with an energy range of 0.4–12 keV for high-resolution [[X-ray spectroscopy]],<ref name="Overview"/> and a soft X-ray imager (SXI), with an energy range of 0.3–12 keV.<ref name="Overview"/>

Two hard X-ray telescopes (HXT), with a focus length of {{cvt|12|m}},<ref name="Overview"/><ref name="Hard x-rays"/> focus light onto two hard X-ray imagers (HXI),<ref name="Overview"/> with energy range 5-80 keV,<ref name='Hard x-rays'/> which are mounted on a plate placed at the end of the {{cvt|6|m}} extendable optical bench (EOB) that is deployed once the satellite is in orbit.<ref name="Overview"/> The [[Canadian Space Agency]] (CSA) provided the Canadian ASTRO-H Metrology System (CAMS),<ref name="smu-cams"/><ref name="csa-partner"/> which is a laser alignment system that will be used to measure the distortions in the extendible optical bench.

Two soft Gamma-ray detectors (SGD), each containing three units, were mounted on two sides of the satellite, using non-focusing detectors to observe soft gamma-ray emission with energies from 60 to 600 KeV.<ref name="astroh-presskit" /><ref name="Overview"/>

The [[Netherlands Institute for Space Research]] (SRON) in collaboration with the [[University of Geneva]] provided the filter-wheel and calibration source for the [[spectrometer]].<ref name="sron"/><ref name="unige"/>

<gallery mode=packed heights=180>
File:xray_telescope_lens.svg|upright=1.0|right|Focusing X-rays with a Wolter Type-1 optical system
File:ASTRO-H soft X-ray mirror.jpg|Soft X-ray mirror assembled by NASA
File:ASTRO-H spectrometer soft X-Ray microcal sxs.jpg|Microcalorimeter array of the Soft X-ray Spectrometer. The five-millimeter square forms a 36-pixel array. Each pixel is 0.824 millimeter on a side. The detector’s field of view is approximately three arcminutes.
</gallery>

== Launch ==
The launch of the satellite was planned for 2013 as of 2008,<ref name="NASA_23Jun08"/> later revised to 2015 as of 2013.<ref name="ASTRO-H_presentation"/> As of early February 2016, it was planned for 12 February, but was delayed due to poor weather forecasts.<ref name="spaceflightnow_11Feb16"/>

''Hitomi'' launched on 17 February 2016 at 08:45 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/><ref name="Cambridge"/> into a [[low Earth orbit]] of approximately {{cvt|575|km}}.<ref name="Overview"/> The circular orbit had an [[orbital period]] of around 96 minutes, and an [[orbital inclination]] of 31.01°.<ref name="Overview"/> It was launched from the [[Tanegashima Space Center]] on board an [[H-IIA]] launch vehicle.<ref name="Overview"/><ref name="Space_17Feb16"/> 14 minutes after launch, the satellite separated from the launch vehicle. The solar arrays later deployed according to plan, and it began its on-orbit checkout.<ref name="Space_17Feb16"/>

== Operations ==
Measurements by Hitomi have allowed scientists to track the motion of X-ray-emitting gas at the heart of the Perseus cluster of galaxies for the first time. Using the Soft X-ray Spectrometer, astronomers have mapped the motion of X-ray-emitting gas in a cluster of galaxies and shown it moves at cosmically modest speeds. The total range of gas velocities directed toward or away from Earth within the area observed by ''Hitomi'' was found to be about 365,000 miles an hour (590,000 kilometers per hour). The observed velocity range indicates that turbulence is responsible for only about 4 percent of the total gas pressure.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Scientific Visualization Studio {{!}} Hitomi Measures X-ray Winds of the Perseus Galaxy Cluster |url=https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12297 |website=SVS |access-date=9 September 2023 |language=english |date=6 July 2016}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=180>
File:PerA Chandra+SXS.jpg|Map of the motion of hot X-ray-emitting gas in the Perseus galaxy cluster. The square overlay, which spans about 195,000 light-years at the cluster's distance, shows the area observed by ''Hitomi''.
File:Per A spectra comparison.png|The X-ray spectrum observed by ''Hitomi''{{'}}s Soft X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (SXS) reveals details of the million-degree gas filling the Perseus galaxy cluster.
</gallery>

== Loss of spacecraft ==
On 27 March 2016, [[JAXA]] reported that communication with ''Hitomi'' had "failed from the start of its operation" on 26 March 2016 at 07:40 UTC.<ref name="JAXA"/> On the same day, the U.S. [[Joint Space Operations Center]] (JSpOC) announced on [[Twitter]] that it had observed a breakup of the satellite into 5 pieces at 08:20 UTC on 26 March 2016,<ref name="jsoc_twitter"/> and its orbit also suddenly changed on the same day.<ref name="NatGeo_27Mar16"/> Later analysis by the JSpOC found that the fragmentation likely took place around 01:42 UTC, but that there was no evidence the spacecraft had been struck by debris.<ref name="spnews20160329"/> Between 26 and 28 March 2016, JAXA reported receiving three brief signals from ''Hitomi''; while the signals were offset by 200&nbsp;kHz from what was expected from ''Hitomi'', their direction of origin and time of reception suggested they were legitimate.<ref name="jaxa-supp20160428">{{cite web|url=http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2016/04/files/20160428_hitomi.pdf|title=Supplemental Handout on the Operation Plan of the X-ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO-H (Hitomi)|publisher=JAXA|date=28 April 2016|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> Later analysis, however, determined that the signals were not from ''Hitomi'' but from an unknown radio source not registered with the [[International Telecommunication Union]].<ref name="jaxa-supp20160428"/><ref name="ap20160429">{{cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/9e60d7cf40db4751926a9247f663e55a/japan-abandons-costly-x-ray-satellite-lost-space|title=Japan abandons costly X-ray satellite lost in space|agency=Associated Press|date=29 April 2016|access-date=29 April 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913192159/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/9e60d7cf40db4751926a9247f663e55a/japan-abandons-costly-x-ray-satellite-lost-space|url-status=dead}}</ref>

JAXA stated they were working to recover communication and control over the spacecraft,<ref name="JAXA"/> but that "the recovery will require months, not days".<ref name="spnews20160330"/> Initially suggested possibilities for the communication loss is that a helium gas leak, battery explosion, or stuck-open thruster caused the satellite to start rotating, rather than a catastrophic failure.<ref name="NatGeo_27Mar16"/><ref name="abc_27Mar16"/><ref name="gizmodo20160330"/> JAXA announced on 1 April 2016 that ''Hitomi'' had lost attitude control at around 19:10 UTC on 25 March 2016. After analysing engineering data from just before the communication loss, however, no problems were noted with either the helium tank or batteries.<ref name="jptimes20160402"/>

The same day, JSpOC released orbital data for ten detected pieces of debris, five more than originally reported, including one piece that was large enough to initially be confused with the main body of the spacecraft.<ref name="jspoc20160401"/><ref name="sf101-20160402"/> Amateur trackers observed what was believed to be ''Hitomi'' tumbling in orbit, with reports of the main spacecraft body (Object A) rotating once every 1.3 or 2.6 seconds, and the next largest piece (Object L) rotating every 10 seconds.<ref name="sf101-20160402"/>

JAXA ceased efforts to recover the satellite on 28 April 2016, switching focus to anomaly investigation.<ref name="ap20160429"/><ref name="jaxa20160428">{{cite web |url=http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2016/04/20160428_hitomi.html|title=Operation Plan of X-ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO-H (Hitomi)|publisher=NASA|date=28 April 2016|access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> It was determined that the chain of events that led to the spacecraft's loss began with its [[inertial reference unit]] (IRU) reporting a rotation of 21.7° per hour at 19:10 UTC on 25 March 2016, though the vehicle was actually stable. The [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] system attempted to use ''Hitomi''{{'s}} [[reaction wheel]]s to counteract the non-existent spin, which caused the spacecraft to rotate in the opposite direction. Because the IRU continued to report faulty data, the reaction wheels began to accumulate excessive momentum, tripping the spacecraft's computer into taking the vehicle into "safe hold" mode. Attitude control then tried to use its thrusters to stabilise the spacecraft; the [[Sun sensor]] was unable to lock on to the Sun's position, and continued thruster firings caused ''Hitomi'' to rotate even faster due to an incorrect software setting. Because of this excessive rotation rate, early on 26 March 2016 several parts of the spacecraft broke away, likely including both solar arrays and the extended optical bench.<ref name="clark-20160418"/><ref name="jaxa-supp20160428"/>

== Replacement ==
Reports of a ''Hitomi'' replacement mission first surfaced on 21 June 2016.<ref name="kyodo20160622"/> According to an article from [[Kyodo News]], JAXA was considering a launch of "Hitomi 2" in the early 2020s aboard Japan's new [[H3 (rocket)|H3 launch vehicle]].<ref name="kyodo20160622"/> The spacecraft would be a near-copy of ''Hitomi''.<ref name="kyodo20160622"/> However, a 27 June 2016 article from ''[[The Nikkei]]'' stated that some within the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] believed it was too early to grant funding for a ''Hitomi'' replacement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLZO04090770W6A620C1TJM000/|title=ＪＡＸＡ、「ひとみ」代替機の検討浮上 文科省は慎重|newspaper=The Nikkei|language=ja|date=27 June 2016|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> The article also noted that [[NASA]] had expressed support for a replacement mission led by Japan.

On 14 July 2016, JAXA published a press release regarding the ongoing study of a successor.<ref name="JAXA20160714"/> According to the press release, the spacecraft would be a remanufacture but with countermeasures reflecting ''Hitomi''{{'s}} loss, and would be launched in 2020 on a [[H-IIA]] launch vehicle. The scientific mission of the "ASTRO-H Successor" would be based around the [[#Instruments|SXS]] instrument.<ref name="JAXA20160714"/> The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, [[Hiroshi Hase]], stated during a press conference on 15 July 2016 that funding for ''Hitomi''{{'s}} successor will be allocated in the fiscal year 2017 budget request,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDG15H3M_V10C16A7CR0000/|title=衛星「ひとみ」後継機、17年度に開発着手を 文科相 |newspaper=The Nikkei|language=ja|date=15 July 2016|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> and that he intends to accept the successor mission on the condition that the investigation of ''Hitomi''{{'s}} destruction is completed and measures to prevent recurrence are done accordingly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2016071500405&g=soc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716123228/http://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2016071500405&g=soc|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2016|title=「ひとみ」後継機を容認＝概算要求盛り込む－馳文科相|agency=Jiji Press|language=ja|date=15 July 2016|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> The [[X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission]] (XRISM) was approved by [[JAXA]] and [[NASA]] in April 2017, and successfully launched in September 2023.<ref name="NASA-20220719">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/xrism-slim/ |title=Japanese H-IIA launches X-ray telescope and lunar lander |work=NASASpaceflight |date=6 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Astronomy|Spaceflight}}
* [[List of X-ray space telescopes]]
* [[X-ray astronomy]]
* [[List of software bugs#Space|List of software bugs]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="astroh-presskit">{{cite web|url=http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/astro_h/files/astroh_presskit.pdf|title=Insight into the Hot Universe: X-ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO-H|publisher=JAXA |date=November 2015|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="sfnow20160217">{{cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/02/japanese-h-11a-astro-h-mission/|title=Japanese H-IIA rocket launches ASTRO-H mission|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |first=William|last=Graham|date=17 February 2016|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="heavens-above">{{cite web|url=http://heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=41337|title=ASTRO H – Orbit|publisher=Heavens Above|date=27 March 2016|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="AstroH_NASA">{{cite web|url=http://science1.nasa.gov/missions/astro-h/|title=Hitomi (ASTRO-H)|publisher=NASA|access-date=27 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729043050/http://science1.nasa.gov/missions/astro-h/|archive-date=29 July 2016}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="Space_17Feb16">{{cite news|url=http://www.space.com/31968-japan-x-ray-observatory-launch-hitomi.html|title=Japan Launches X-Ray Observatory to Study Black Holes, Star Explosions|publisher=SPACE.com |first=Mike|last=Wall|date=17 February 2016|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite web|url=http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/content/successful.launch.hitomi|title=Successful launch of Hitomi|publisher=University of Cambridge|date=17 February 2016|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195204/https://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/content/successful.launch.hitomi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Overview">{{cite web|url=http://astro-h.isas.jaxa.jp/en/the-astro-h-mission/astro-h-overview/|title=Astro-H – Overview|publisher=JAXA|date=2015|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223130316/http://astro-h.isas.jaxa.jp/en/the-astro-h-mission/astro-h-overview/|archive-date=23 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ASTRO-H_presentation">{{cite web|url=http://astro-h.isas.jaxa.jp/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ASTRO-H_HEAD2_reduced.pdf|title=The ASTRO-H X-ray observatory|publisher=JAXA|date=March 2013|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="NASA_23Jun08">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/jun/HQ_C08040_SMEX_selections.html|title=NASA Selects Explorer Mission of Opportunity Investigations|publisher=NASA|date=20 June 2008 |access-date=23 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626233227/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/jun/HQ_C08040_SMEX_selections.html|archive-date=26 June 2008|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="Hard x-rays">{{cite web|url=http://astro-h.isas.jaxa.jp/en/the-astro-h-mission/astro-h-overview/hard-x-ray-imaging-system/|title=ASTRO-H – Hard X-ray Imaging System|publisher=JAXA|date=2015|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628105216/http://astro-h.isas.jaxa.jp/en/the-astro-h-mission/astro-h-overview/hard-x-ray-imaging-system/|archive-date=28 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="smu-cams">{{cite web|url=http://ap.smu.ca/astroh/CAMS/Canadian_Astro-H_Metrology_System.html|title=The Canadian ASTRO-H Metrology System|publisher=Saint Mary's University}}</ref>

<ref name="csa-partner">{{cite web|url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/astro-h.asp|title=Canada Partners on Japanese X-ray Space Observatory|date=3 August 2011|publisher=Canadian Space Agency}}</ref>

<ref name="sron">{{cite web|url=http://www.sron.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2622&Itemid=2312|title=SRON – ASTRO-H|publisher=Netherlands Institute for Space Research|date=2010|access-date=31 March 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="unige">{{cite web|url=http://hitomi.unige.ch/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=480|title=European Science Support Centre for Hitomi|publisher=University of Geneva|access-date=31 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312043239/http://hitomi.unige.ch/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=480|archive-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="spaceflightnow_11Feb16">{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/02/11/launch-of-japanese-x-ray-observatory-postponed/|title=Launch of Japanese X-ray observatory postponed|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=11 February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="JAXA">{{cite web|url=http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2016/03/20160327_hitomi.html|title=Communication failure of X-ray Astronomy Satellite "Hitomi" (ASTRO-H)|publisher=JAXA|date=27 March 2016|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="jsoc_twitter">{{cite tweet|number=714103414225960960|title=JSpOC ID'd 2 breakups...|user=18SPCS|author=Joint Space Operations Center|date=27 March 2016|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="NatGeo_27Mar16">{{cite news|url=http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/27/japan-loses-contact-with-newest-space-telescope/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328015312/http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/27/japan-loses-contact-with-newest-space-telescope/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|title=Japan Loses Contact With Newest Space Telescope |publisher=National Geographic|series=No Place Like Home|first=Nadia|last=Drake|author-link=Nadia Drake|date=27 March 2016|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="spnews20160329">{{cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/u-s-air-force-no-evidence-malfunctioning-japanese-satellite-was-hit-by-debris/|title=U.S. Air Force: No evidence malfunctioning Japanese satellite was hit by debris|publisher=SpaceNews|first=Mike|last=Gruss|date=29 March 2016|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="spnews20160330">{{cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/jaxa-believes-still-possible-to-recover-hitomi/|title=JAXA believes still possible to recover Hitomi|publisher=SpaceNews|first=Jeff|last=Foust |date=30 March 2016|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="abc_27Mar16">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/japan-trouble-reaching-innovative-space-satellite-37965004|title=Japan: Trouble Reaching Innovative New Space Satellite|publisher=ABC News|agency=The Associated Press|date=27 March 2016|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="gizmodo20160330">{{cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/japan-s-lost-black-hole-satellite-just-reappeared-and-n-1768036648|title=Japan's Lost Black Hole Satellite Just Reappeared and Nobody Knows What Happened to It|publisher=Gizmodo|first1=Ria|last1=Misra|first2=Jennifer|last2=Ouellette|date=30 March 2016|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="jptimes20160402">{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/04/02/national/science-health/debris-appeared-hitomi-failed-keep-position-jaxa-says/|title=Debris appeared after Hitomi failed to keep position, JAXA says|newspaper=The Japan Times|agency=Jiji Press|date=2 April 2016|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="jspoc20160401">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/JointSpaceOps/status/715925669494923266|title=10 pieces from Astro-H break-up...|publisher=Joint Space Operations Center|work=Twitter.com|date=1 April 2016|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="sf101-20160402">{{cite news|url=http://spaceflight101.com/h-iia-astro-h/new-orbital-data-observations-dim-hopes-for-japanese-hitomi-spacecraft/|title=New Orbital Data and Observations Dim Hopes for Japanese Hitomi Spacecraft|publisher=Spaceflight101.com|date=2 April 2016|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="kyodo20160622">{{cite news|url=http://this.kiji.is/118033651242680328|title=衛星「ひとみ2」打ち上げへ 20年代前半目標に再挑戦|language=ja|agency=Kyodo News|date=22 June 2016|access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916021749/http://this.kiji.is/118033651242680328|archive-date=2016-09-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="JAXA20160714">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2016/07/files/20160714_hitomi_01_j.pdf|title=Ｘ線天文衛星ASTRO‐H「ひとみ」の後継機の検討について|publisher=JAXA|language=ja|date=14 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|ASTRO-H}}
* [http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/astro_h/ ''Hitomi'' website] by JAXA
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150131173445/http://astro-h.isas.jaxa.jp/en/ ''Hitomi'' website] by JAXA's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
* [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/hitomi/ ''Hitomi'' website] by NASA

{{Japanese space program}}
{{Space observatories}}
{{Explorer program}}
{{Orbital launches in 2016}}

[[Category:Space telescopes]]
[[Category:Satellites of Japan]]
[[Category:X-ray telescopes]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 in Japan]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by H-II rockets]]
[[Category:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth]]

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