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{{short description|United States naval jack (1975–1976, 2002–2019)}}
{{Infobox flag
|NamePrefix = Jack of&nbsp;
|Name = United States of America
|Image = Naval jack of the United States (2002–2019).svg
|Imagetext = The "First Navy Jack", currently flown only by the oldest [[USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)|warship]] in the U.S. Navy.
|Caption=First U.S. Navy Jack (traditional)
|Nickname = The First Navy Jack
|Proportion = 2:1
|Symbol={{FIAV|normal}}
|Adoption = October 13, 1975 (as U.S. naval jack)<br />{{nowrap|August 18, 1980 (for oldest U.S. warships)}}<br />September 11, 2002 (as U.S. naval jack)
|Relinquished=December 31, 1976 (as U.S. naval jack)<br />June 4, 2019 (as U.S. naval jack)
|Design =  13 horizontal stripes of alternating red and white, charged with a rattlesnake and inscribed on the lowest white stripe: "{{sic|DON|T}} TREAD ON ME".
}}
The '''First Navy Jack''' was the [[Jack of the United States|naval jack]] of the United States from 1975 to 1976 and again from 2002 to 2019. It was authorized by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] and was flown from the [[jackstaff]] of commissioned vessels of the U.S. Navy while moored pierside or at anchor. Since then, it is used only as a naval jack by the oldest active warship in the U.S. Navy.{{efn|[[USS Constitution]], technically in active service, is excluded.}} The design is traditionally regarded as that of the first U.S. naval [[Jack (flag)|jack]], flown soon after independence, but this is not supported by the historical record.

The First Navy Jack was replaced as the U.S. naval jack by the U.S. [[Jack of the United States|Union Jack]] (consisting of white stars on a blue field, not to be confused with the [[flag of the United Kingdom]], also commonly called "the Union Jack") on June 4, 2019, by order of the [[Chief of Naval Operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2239000/navy-returns-to-flying-union-jack/|title=Navy Returns to Flying Union Jack|last=Affairs|first=This story was written by Chief of Naval Operations Public|website=www.navy.mil|language=en|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/2014/09/12/the-colors-of-a-navy-and-nation/|title=The Colors of a Navy and Nation|website=The Sextant|access-date=2019-03-05|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226143442/http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/2014/09/12/the-colors-of-a-navy-and-nation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.stripes.com/news/navy-returning]{{dead link|date=June 2019}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:US Naval Jack 13 stripes.svg|upright|thumb|{{FIAV|historical}} Historically probable [[Ensign of the United States#Civilian ensigns|first naval jack]].]]
[[File:Naval jack of the United States (1975–1976).png|upright|thumb|{{FIAV|variant}} Variant featuring all-gold rattlesnake; typically seen during the 1970s.]]
In late 1775, as the first ships of the [[Continental Navy]] readied in the [[Delaware River]], Commodore [[Esek Hopkins]] issued an instruction directing his vessels to fly a "striped" jack and [[Naval ensign|ensign]].  The exact design of these flags is unknown. But, since about 1880, this jack has traditionally been depicted as consisting of thirteen red and white stripes charged with an uncoiled [[rattlesnake]] and the motto "[[Don't tread on me|Dont Tread on Me]]" {{sic}}; this design appeared in a color plate in Admiral [[George Henry Preble]]'s influential ''History of the Flag of the United States''.  Recent scholarship, however, has demonstrated that this design never existed but "was a 19th-century mistake based on an erroneous 1776 engraving".<ref>Ansoff, Peter. (2004). "The First Navy Jack."  ''Raven: A Journal of Vexillology, 11'', {{ISSN|1071-0043}}, {{LCCN|94642220}}.</ref>

In 1778, [[John Adams]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]] wrote a letter to the Ambassador of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], thanking him for allowing entry of revolutionary ships into Sicilian ports. The letter describes the new flag of the colonies according to the [[Flag of the United States#First flag|1777 Flag Resolution]], but also describes a flag of "South Carolina, a rattlesnake, in the middle of the thirteen stripes."<ref>''The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States,'' Volume 2
Available [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(dc002578))]</ref>

The rattlesnake had long been a symbol in the colonies of resistance and defiance to [[the Crown]]. The phrase ''"[[Don't Tread on Me]]"'' may have been coined during the [[American Revolutionary War]], a variant perhaps of an earlier image. A snake severed in segments and labelled with the names of the colonies and the legend "[[Join, or Die]]", had first been published in [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s ''[[Pennsylvania Gazette]]'' in 1754, as a [[political cartoon]] reflecting on the [[Albany Congress]].

The rattlesnake (specifically, the [[Timber Rattlesnake]]) is especially significant and symbolic to the [[American Revolution]]. The rattle has thirteen layers, signifying the original [[Thirteen Colonies]]. Additionally, the snake does not strike until provoked, a characteristic expressed by the phrase "[[Don't tread on me]]" (see [[Gadsden flag]]).

Typically the flag's rattlesnake is depicted with red scales on its back,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navy.mil/view_image.asp?id=2636|title=Navy.mil - View Image|website=www.navy.mil|access-date=Jun 6, 2019}}</ref> but some have depicted the snake as all-gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/06/04/why-the-union-jack-is-back-and-here-to-stay/|title=Why the Union Jack is back and here to stay|first=Mark D.|last=Faram|date=Jun 5, 2019|website=Navy Times|access-date=Jun 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navyhistory.org/2015/08/legati-ad-defendendam-libertatem-uss-john-warner-commissioned/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602173212/https://www.navyhistory.org/2015/08/legati-ad-defendendam-libertatem-uss-john-warner-commissioned/|archive-date=2019-06-02|title=Legati ad Defendendam Libertatem - USS John Warner Commissioned &#124; Naval Historical Foundation|date=Jun 2, 2019|access-date=Jun 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/navy-returning-to-traditional-blue-and-white-flag-after-17-years-of-flying-first-navy-jack-1.569720|title=Navy returning to traditional blue-and-white flag after 17 years of flying First Navy Jack|website=Stars and Stripes|access-date=Jun 6, 2019}}</ref>

==Modern use==
===Shipboard===
[[File:Raising the First Naval Jack.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Raising of the "Navy Jack" for the first time at morning colors, on September 11, 2002, aboard the [[guided missile cruiser]] {{USS|Thomas S. Gates||2}} in honor of those killed in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]].]]

Modern use of the flag is usually traced to 1976, when the United States celebrated its [[United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial]]. All commissioned naval vessels were directed to fly the First Navy Jack for that [[calendar year]] while moored or anchored, and their commanding officers were authorized to retain and fly it thereafter.

The flag that had been used before, and afterward was the standard, was the fifty-star [[Jack of the United States|Union Jack]]. In 1980, [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[Edward Hidalgo]] directed that the warship or fleet auxiliary (e.g. a vessel designated as a "United States Ship" or "USS") with the longest active status shall display the First Navy Jack until decommissioned or transferred to inactive service.<ref name="USNHC">{{cite web |url= http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq122-1.htm |title= The U.S. Navy's First Jack |access-date= 2006-10-01 |url-status= dead |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121004082423/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq122-1.htm |archive-date= 2012-10-04 }}</ref>

The status of the flag was changed on May 31, 2002. Navy Secretary [[Gordon R. England|Gordon England]] issued [[s:SECNAV Instruction 10520.6|SECNAV Instruction 10520.6]], directing all warships and auxiliaries of the U.S. Navy to fly the First Naval Jack as a "temporary substitution" for the [[Jack of the United States]] "during the [[War on Terrorism|Global War on Terrorism]]".<ref name="USNHC"/> The idea was based on a [[September 11 attacks|post-9/11]] suggestion from retired Captain Brayton Harris, who in 1975 and 1976 had been Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy for the bicentennial. Most vessels made the symbolic switch on September 11, 2002 during the first anniversary of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|terrorist attacks]]. Not all US vessels flew the flag while moored or at anchor. Those that did not included commissioned vessels of the [[U.S. Coast Guard]] designated as "United States Coast Guard Cutter" ("USCGC"), USCG patrol boats, vessels of the [[National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration]], and predominantly civilian-crewed vessels of the U.S. Navy's [[Military Sealift Command]].

On February 21, 2019, the [[Chief of Naval Operations]], Admiral [[John M. Richardson (admiral)|John Richardson]], announced the blue Union Jack would be returned to nearly all commissioned warships of the U.S. Navy. He restored the 1980 practice of reserving the First Navy Jack to the longest active status warship. This order disregards the {{USS|Constitution}}, which technically is the oldest in the Navy but is used only for ceremonial purposes, and the {{Ship|USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}}, which was captured by [[North Korea]] in 1968 and is currently a museum ship though is still commissioned in the U.S. Navy.<ref name="military">{{cite web|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/02/21/navy-ships-will-again-fly-union-jack-us-enters-great-power-competition.html|title=Navy Ships Will Again Fly the Union Jack as US Enters Great Power Competition|last=Harkins|first=Gina|date=February 21, 2019|website=Military.com|language=en|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> The honor of "oldest ship" in the Fleet{{efn|In modern times (post-1980 in this case).}} was conferred on the following U.S. Navy vessels:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ship name
! Type
! Commission date
! Decommission date
! Years as oldest
! Age{{efn|This column reflects the ship's age at the given decommissioning date}}
! class="unsortable"| Homeport
! Fate
|-
| {{USS|Dixie|AD-14}}
| [[Destroyer tender]]
| align="center" | April 25, 1940
| align="center" | June 15, 1982
| align="center" | 1981–1982
| align="center" | {{nts|42}}
| [[Subic Bay]], [[Philippines]]
| align="center" | Scrapped
|-
| {{USS|Prairie|AD-15}}
| Destroyer tender
| align="center" | August 5, 1940
| align="center" | March 26, 1993
| align="center" | 1982–1993
| align="center" | {{nts|52}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | Scrapped
|-
| {{USS|Orion|AS-18}}
| [[Submarine tender]]
| align="center" | September 30, 1943
| align="center" | September 3, 1993
| align="center" | 1993
| align="center" | {{nts|50}}
| [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], Rhode Island
| align="center" | Scrapped
|-
| {{USS|Sierra|AD-18}}
| Destroyer tender
| align="center" | March 20, 1944
| align="center" | October 15, 1993
| align="center" | 1993
| align="center" | {{nts|49}}
| [[Charleston, South Carolina]]
| align="center" | Scrapped
|-
| {{USS|Jason|AR-8}}
| [[Repair ship]]
| align="center" | June 19, 1944
| align="center" | June 24, 1995{{efn|USS ''Jason'' was the last remaining U.S. naval commissioned ship to serve in [[World War II]].}}
| align="center" | 1993-1995
| align="center" | {{nts|51}}
| [[Pearl Harbor]], Hawaii<br>[[San Diego]], California
| align="center" | Scrapped
|-
| {{USS|Mauna Kea|AE-22}}
| [[Ammunition ship]]
| align="center" | March 30, 1957
| align="center" | June 30, 1995
| align="center" | 1995
| align="center" | {{nts|38}}
| [[Concord, California|Concord]], California
| align="center" | Sunk as target
|-
| {{USS|Independence|CV-62}}
| [[Aircraft carrier]]
| align="center" | January 10, 1959
| align="center" | September 30, 1998
| align="center" | 1995–1998
| align="center" | {{nts|39}}
| [[Naval Station Norfolk]], Virginia<br>[[Naval Air Station North Island|San Diego]], California<br>[[United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka|Yokosuka]], [[Japan]]
| align="center" | Scrapped
|-
| {{USS|Kitty Hawk|CV-63}}
| Aircraft carrier
| align="center" | April 29, 1961
| align="center" | May 12, 2009
| align="center" | 1998–2009
| align="center" | {{nts|48}}
| [[Puget Sound Naval Shipyard|Bremerton]], Washington
| align="center" | Undergoing scrapping
|-
| {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65}}
| Aircraft carrier
| align="center" | November 25, 1961
| align="center" | December 1, 2012
| align="center" | 2009–2012
| align="center" | {{nts|51}}
| [[Naval Station Norfolk]], Virginia
| align="center" | Awaiting scrapping
|-
| {{USS|Denver|LPD-9}}
| [[Amphibious transport dock]]
| align="center" | October 26, 1968
| align="center" | August 14, 2014
| align="center" | 2012–2014
| align="center" | {{nts|45}}
| [[Sasebo, Nagasaki|Sasebo]], Japan
| align="center" | Sunk as target 
|-
| {{USS|Blue Ridge|LCC-19}}
| [[Amphibious command ship]]
| align="center" | November 14, 1970
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 2014–present
| align="center" | 53
| [[United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka|Yokosuka]], Japan
| align="center" | Active
|}

===Other U.S. Navy uses===
Since September 11, 2002, U.S. Navy installations and facilities ashore have been allowed but not required to fly the First Navy Jack from multi-halyard gaff-rigged flagpoles when the [[United States ensign]] is also flown.

The First Navy Jack has also been authorized for wear as a patch by sailors and naval officers on flight suits and certain versions of the [[Navy Working Uniform]] (NWU), including sailors and naval officers wearing the [[Army Combat Uniform]] (ACU) while [[Individual augmentee|assigned to and serving with Army units]], at the discretion of the local Army commander.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/ia/Documents/NAV10116.txt|title=SPECIAL UNIFORM SITUATIONS FOR NAVY PERSONNEL ASSIGNED TO AND SERVING WITH AN ARMY UNIT|author=office of the [[Chief of Naval Operations]]|publisher=[[VADM MARK FERGUSON]]|access-date=2013-07-31|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517114333/http://www.public.navy.mil/ia/Documents/NAV10116.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg102/Pages/DeployedUSSSampsonFC2earnsawardinAfghanistan.aspx|title=Deployed USS Sampson FC2 earns award in Afghanistan|author=David Tomiyama|publisher=Provincial Reconstruction Team Khost Public Affairs|access-date=2012-02-06}}</ref>  For the NWU and ACU, the patch is typically worn on the opposite sleeve as the U.S. flag.

This First Navy Jack, along with the [[Serapis flag]], is also featured on the crest of the {{Sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|0}} guided missile destroyer {{USS|John Paul Jones|DDG-53|6}}.<ref>See the patch and description on the official website at [http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg53/Pages/ourShip.aspx http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg53/Pages/ourShip.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615171936/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg53/Pages/ourShip.aspx |date=2011-06-15 }}</ref>

During the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–14)|War in Afghanistan]], U.S. Navy sailors and officers assigned to the [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) were authorized to wear the First Navy Jack on their [[MultiCam]]-patterned [[Army Combat Uniform]] (ACU) on the right sleeve, below the U.S. flag.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaf.nato.int/images/stories/File/CSM%20Hill%20Docs/us%20national%20standards%20hq%20isaf%2018%20jul%2012.pdf|title=US National Standards, HQ, International Security Assistance Force|author=US National Support Element|publisher=Headquarters, [[International Security Assistance Force]]|access-date=2013-07-31|archive-date=2013-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221174903/http://www.isaf.nato.int/images/stories/File/CSM%20Hill%20Docs/us%20national%20standards%20hq%20isaf%2018%20jul%2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Non-military uses==
Like other [[Gadsden flag|snake flags]], the First Navy Jack has been used by non-Navy people in protest or commemoration. For example, opponents to a [[smoking ban]] in [[Franklin, Indiana]], flew Navy Jacks outside their homes and businesses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theindychannel.com/news/9070060/detail.html |title=Red, White, Rattlesnake – Opponents Fight Smoking Ban – Indiana News Story – WRTV Indianapolis |publisher=Theindychannel.com |date=2006-04-28 |access-date=2011-05-30 |archive-date=2012-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223141236/http://www.theindychannel.com/news/9070060/detail.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A First Navy Jack flag was also placed at a makeshift memorial on [[Boylston Street]] after the [[Boston Marathon bombing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sarahfit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Boylston-Street-Marathon-Memorial.jpg |format=JPG |title=Boylston Street Marathon Memorial |publisher=Sarahfit.com |access-date=2015-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/media.wbur.org/wordpress/11/files/2013/04/0417_boylston-memorial.jpg |format=JPG |title=Boylston Memorial |publisher=S3.amazonnaws.com |access-date=2015-08-11}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ensign of the United States]]
* [[Bibliography of early United States naval history]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|SECNAV Instruction 10520.6}}
{{commons category}}
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121004082423/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq122-1.htm |title=US Naval Historical Center's First Jack article  |date=2012-10-04}}
* [http://www.navyjack.info/history.html CDR Michel T. Poirier, "A Brief History of the U.S. Navy Jack", in ''Undersea Warfare'']
{{US Navy navbox}}

[[Category:Continental Navy]]
[[Category:Flags of the American Revolution|Navy Jack]]
[[Category:Military flags of the United States]]
[[Category:Naval flags]]
[[Category:United States Navy traditions]]
[[Category:Jacks (flags)]]
[[Category:Snakes in art]]
[[Category:Flags displaying animals]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19) (edit)
USS Constitution (edit)
USS Denver (LPD-9) (edit)
USS Dixie (AD-14) (edit)
USS Enterprise (CVN-65) (edit)
USS Independence (CV-62) (edit)
USS Jason (AR-8) (edit)
USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53) (edit)
USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) (edit)
USS Mauna Kea (AE-22) (edit)
USS Orion (AS-18) (edit)
USS Prairie (AD-15) (edit)
USS Pueblo (AGER-2) (edit)
USS Sierra (AD-18) (edit)
USS Thomas S. Gates (edit)
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Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Sclass (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ship (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sic (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Small (view source) (protected)
Template:Template link (view source) (protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Tl (view source) (protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Two pixel space (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:USS (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:US Navy navbox (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wikisource (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Zero width joiner (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Error (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:LCCN (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Number table sorting (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sortkey (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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