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'''Turkey''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Turkey.ogg|ˈ|t|ɜɹ|k|i}}; {{lang-tr|Türkiye}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}), officially the '''Republic of Turkey''' (Turkish: {{Audio|Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg|''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''}}; {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti|pron}}), is a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental]] country in [[Eurasia]], mainly in [[Anatolia]] in [[Western Asia]], with a [[East Thrace|smaller portion]] on the [[Balkans|Balkan peninsula]] in [[Southeast Europe]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zdanowski|first1=Jerzy|title=Middle Eastern Societies in the 20th Century|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|quote="The Republic of Turkey lies on two continents. Approximately 97% of it is in Asia, in the geographical regions known as Asia Minor and the Armenian Upland. The remaining 3% of Turkey is in Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula."|isbn=978-1443869591|page=11}}</ref> Turkey is a [[democracy|democratic]], [[secular state|secular]], [[unitary state|unitary]], [[parliamentary republic]] with a [[Multiculturalism|diverse cultural heritage]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |title=Turkey|publisher=[[The World Factbook]], [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> Turkey is bordered by eight countries: [[Greece]] and [[Bulgaria]] to the northwest; [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] to the northeast; [[Armenia]], the [[Azerbaijan]]i [[exclave]] of [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] and [[Iran]] to the east; [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] to the south. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the [[Aegean Sea]] is to the west, the [[Black Sea]] to the north, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south. The [[Bosphorus]], the [[Sea of Marmara]], and the [[Dardanelles]], which together form the [[Turkish Straits]], divide [[Thrace]] and [[Anatolia]]; they also separate Europe and Asia.<ref name="NatlGeoAtlas">{{cite book|title=National Geographic Atlas of the World|edition=7th|year=1999|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|isbn=0-7922-7528-4}} "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe&nbsp;... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."</ref> [[Ankara]] is the capital while [[Istanbul]] is the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the country's citizens identify themselves as ethnic [[Turkish people|Turks]].<ref name="konda">{{cite web |url=http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf |title=Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006 |publisher=[[KONDA Research and Consultancy]]|date=2006 |accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="cia" /> Other ethnic groups include legally recognised{{efn-ur|name=three|Part I, Section III, Articles 39-45 of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]].<ref name="europarl.europa.eu">{{cite web|last1=Gültekin-Punsmann|first1=Burcu|title=RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN TURKEY: SITUATION OF RELIGIOUS MINORITIES|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2008/389026/EXPO-AFET_NT(2008)389026_EN.pdf|website=europarl.europa.eu|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref>}} ([[Armenians in Turkey|Armenians]], [[Greeks in Turkey|Greeks]], [[Jews in Turkey|Jews]]) and unrecognised ([[Kurds in Turkey|Kurds]], [[Arabs in Turkey|Arabs]], [[Circassians in Turkey|Circassians]], [[Albanians in Turkey|Albanians]], [[Bosniaks in Turkey|Bosniaks]], [[Georgians in Turkey|Georgians]], etc.) minorities.<ref name="konda"/> Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population.<ref name="cia"/>
 
The area of Turkey has been inhabited since the [[Paleolithic]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stiner|first=Mary C.|author2=Kuhn, Steven L. |author3=Güleç, Erksin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236037711_Early_Upper_Paleolithic_shell_beads_at_Ucagizli_Cave_I_Turkey_Technology_and_the_socioeconomic_context_of_ornament_life-histories|title=Early Upper Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I (Turkey): Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=64|issue=5|pages=380–398|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008 |issn=0047-2484|pmid=23481346}}</ref> by various [[Ancient Anatolians|ancient Anatolian civilisations]], as well as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Greeks]], [[Thracians]], [[Phrygians]], [[Urartians]] and [[Armenians]].<ref name="Howard">{{cite book|author=Douglas Arthur Howard|title=The History of Turkey|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=Ay-IkMqrTp4C }} |accessdate=2 April 2013|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30708-9|pages=xiv–xx}}</ref><ref name="SteadmanMcMahon2011">{{cite book|author1=Sharon R. Steadman|author2=Gregory McMahon|title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BC)|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=7ND_CE9If3kC }} |accessdate=23 March 2013|date=15 September 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537614-2|pages=3–11, 37}}</ref><ref name="MET">{{cite journal|last=Casson|first=Lionel|title=The Thracians|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|year=1977|volume=35|issue=1|pages=2–6|doi=10.2307/3258667|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258667.pdf.bannered.pdf}}</ref> After [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest, the area was [[Hellenization|Hellenized]], a process which continued under the [[Roman Empire]] and its transition into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="SteadmanMcMahon2011"/><ref name="FreedmanMyers2000">{{cite book|author1=David Noel Freedman|author2=Allen C. Myers|author3=Astrid Biles Beck|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |page=61 }} |accessdate=24 March 2013|year=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4|page=61}}</ref> The [[Seljuk Turks]] began migrating into the area in the 11th century, starting the process of [[Turkification]], which was accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071.<ref>{{cite book |year=1996 |chapter=Turkish Origins |chapterurl=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/5.htm |editor1-last=Metz |editor1-first=Helen Chapin |title=Turkey: A Country Study |series=Area handbook series |edition=fifth |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] for the [[Federal Research Division|Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress]] |isbn=0-8444-0864-6 |lccn=95049612}}</ref> The [[Sultanate of Rûm|Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm]] ruled Anatolia until the [[Mongol conquest of Anatolia|Mongol invasion]] in 1243, when it disintegrated into small [[Anatolian beyliks|Turkish beyliks]].<ref name=mfk&gl>{{cite book|last1=Mehmet Fuat Köprülü&Gary Leiser|title=The origins of the Ottoman Empire|page=33}}</ref>
 
In the mid-14th century the [[Ottomans]] started uniting Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeast Europe, West Asia and [[North Africa]], becoming a major power in Eurasia and Africa during the [[early modern period]]. The empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign (1520–1566) of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]. It remained powerful and influential for two more centuries, until important setbacks in the 17th and 18th century forced it to cede strategic territories in Europe, signalling the loss of its former military strength and wealth. After the [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état]] which effectively put the country under the control of the [[Three Pashas]] the Ottoman Empire [[Ottoman entry into World War I|decided to join]] the [[Central Powers]] during [[World War I]] that were ultimately defeated by the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]]. During the war, the Ottoman government committed [[Genocides in history#Ottoman Empire|genocides]]{{efn-ur|name=two|the government of Turkey [[Armenian Genocide denial|denies]] that there was an act of ethnic cleansing.}} against its [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian]], [[Assyrian genocide|Assyrian]] and [[Greek genocide|Pontic Greek]] citizens.<ref name=SchallerZimmerer>Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research 10 (1): 7–14. {{doi|10.1080/14623520801950820}}</ref>
 
Following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was [[Partition (politics)|partitioned]] into [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|several new states]].<ref>[[Roderic H. Davison]]; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. Helmreich in ''[[Slavic Review]]'', Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar. 1975), pp. 186–187</ref> The [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1922), initiated by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] and his colleagues against the occupying [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], resulted in the [[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|abolition of monarchy]] in 1922 and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Atatürk as its first president.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44425/Turkey|title=Turkey, Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish War of Independence, 1919–23|accessdate=29 October 2007|year=2007}}</ref> Atatürk enacted [[Atatürk's reforms|numerous reforms]], many of which incorporated various aspects of Western thought, philosophy, and customs into the new form of Turkish government.<ref>S. N. Eisenstadt, "The Kemalist Regime and Modernization: Some Comparative and Analytical Remarks," in J. Landau, ed., Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984, 3–16.</ref>
 
Turkey is a charter member of the [[United Nations|UN]], an early member of [[NATO]], and a founding member of the [[Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] and [[G20|G-20]]. After becoming [[Member states of the Council of Europe|one of the first members]] of the [[Council of Europe]] in 1949, Turkey became an [[Ankara Agreement|associate member]] of the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] in 1963, joined the [[European Union Customs Union|EU Customs Union]] in 1995 and started [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession negotiations]] with the [[European Union]] in 2005.<ref name=TR_EUChrono/> Turkey's growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a [[regional power]]<ref name=giga-hamburg.de1>{{cite web|title=The Political Economy of Regional Power: Turkey|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/wp204_bank-karadag.pdf|website=giga-hamburg.de|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=isanet.org1>{{cite web|title=Theoretical Analysis of Turkey as a Regional Power|url=http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/FLACSO-ISA%20BuenosAires%202014/Archive/3bae0df8-d05d-4837-9811-73216a2a95bf.pdf|website=web.isanet.org|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> while her location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25642612 |jstor=25642612|title=The Political and Strategic Importance of Turkey|journal=Bulletin of International News|volume=16|issue=22|pages=3–11|publisher=[[Royal Institute of International Affairs]]|date=4 November 1939 |deadurl=no |accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-2011-001/LLN-2011-001.pdf|title=Economic and Strategic Role of Turkey|publisher=[[House of Lords]], [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|U.K. Parliament]]|date=13 January 2011}}</ref>
 
==Etymology==
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Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of [[Anatolia]] was heavily settled by [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] and [[Ionians|Ionian]] [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]]. Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists, such as [[Miletus]], [[Ephesus]], [[Smyrna]] (now [[İzmir]]) and [[Byzantium]] (now [[Istanbul]]), the latter founded by [[Greeks|Greek]] colonists from [[Megara]] in 657 BC. The first state that was called [[Armenia]] by neighbouring peoples was the state of the [[Armenians|Armenian]] [[Orontid dynasty]], which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC. In Northwest Turkey, the most significant tribal group in Thrace was the [[Odrysian kingdom|Odyrisians]], founded by [[Teres I]].<ref name="LewisBoardman1994">{{cite book|author1=D. M. Lewis|author2=John Boardman|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=vx251bK988gC |page=462 }} |accessdate=7 April 2013|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-23348-4|page=444}}</ref>
 
All of modern-day Turkey was conquered by the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]] during the 6th century BC.<ref name="A companion to Ancient Macedonia">Joseph Roisman,Ian Worthington. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA345&lpg=PA345&dq=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&source=bl&ots=K7qasgPG1K&sig=lkiajbVuNcHEbI5Lz3MnvIUBG1U&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=sb6RVP2qHoPUaqeGgZgE&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Achaemenid%20Persians%20ruled%20balkans&f=false "A companion to Ancient Macedonia"] John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN 144435163X pp 135–138, p 343</ref> The [[Greco-Persian Wars]] started when the Greek city states on the coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule in 499 BC. The territory of Turkey later fell to [[Alexander the Great]] in 334 BC,<ref name="PersiansInAsiaMinor">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uNLYWJA2?url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM |archivedate=20 November 2010 |title=Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars |author=Hooker, Richard |publisher=Washington State University, Washington, United States |accessdate=22 December 2006 |date=6 June 1999 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> which led to increasing cultural homogeneity and [[Hellenization]] in the area.<ref name="SteadmanMcMahon2011"/>
 
Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic kingdoms]], all of which became part of the [[Roman Republic]] by the mid-1st century BC.<ref name="AlexanderToRome">{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/waa/ht04waa.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214003932/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/waa/ht04waa.htm|archivedate=14 December 2006|title=Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. – 1 A.D. in ''Timeline of Art History.''|author=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|authorlink=Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=21 December 2006|date=October 2000}}</ref> The process of [[Hellenization]] that began with Alexander's conquest accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries of the [[Christian Era]] the local [[Anatolian languages]] and cultures had become extinct, being largely replaced by [[ancient Greek language]] and culture.<ref name="FreedmanMyers2000"/><ref name="Hout2011">{{cite book|author=Theo van den Hout|title=The Elements of Hittite|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=QDJNg5Nyef0C |page=1 }} |accessdate=24 March 2013|date=27 October 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50178-1|page=1}}</ref> From the 1st century BC up to the 3rd century CE, large parts of modern-day Turkey were contested between the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] and neighbouring [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] through the frequent [[Roman-Parthian Wars]].
 
In 324, [[Constantine I]] chose [[Byzantium]] to be the new capital of the [[Roman Empire]], renaming it [[New Rome]]. Following the death of [[Theodosius I]] in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as [[Constantinople]], became the capital of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. This, which would later be branded by historians as the [[Byzantine Empire]], ruled most of the territory of present-day Turkey until the [[Late Middle Ages]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html|title=Constantinople/Istanbul|author=Daniel C. Waugh|publisher=University of Washington, Seattle, Washington|accessdate=26 December 2006|year=2004}}</ref> although the eastern regions remained in firm [[Sasanian]] hands up to the first half of the seventh century. The frequent [[Byzantine-Sassanid Wars]], as part of the centuries long-lasting [[Roman-Persian Wars]], fought between the neighbouring rivalling Byzantines and Sasanians, took place in various parts of present-day Turkey and decided much of the latter's history from the fourth century up to the first half of the seventh century.
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The [[Seljuq dynasty|House of Seljuk]] was a branch of the ''Kınık'' [[Oghuz Turks|Oğuz Turks]] who resided on the periphery of the [[Muslim history#Abbasids - "Islamic Golden Age"|Muslim world]], in the [[Oghuz Yabgu State|Yabgu Khaganate]] of the Oğuz confederacy, to the north of the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea]]s, in the 9th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries|first=Andre|last=Wink|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1990|isbn=90-04-09249-8|page=21}}</ref> In the 10th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into [[Persia]], which became the administrative core of the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Great Seljuk Empire]].<ref name=peter.mackenzie.org>{{cite web|title=THE SELJUK TURKS|url=http://peter.mackenzie.org/history/hist2021.htm|website=peter.mackenzie.org|accessdate=9 August 2014}}</ref>
 
In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into [[medieval Armenia]] and the eastern regions of [[Anatolia]]. In 1071, the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at the [[Battle of Manzikert]], starting the [[Turkification]] process in the area; the [[Turkish language]] and [[Islam]] were introduced to Armenia and Anatolia, gradually spreading throughout the region. The slow transition from a predominantly [[Christian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly [[Muslim]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking one was underway.<ref name="Abazov2009">{{cite book|author=Rafis Abazov|title=Culture and Customs of Turkey|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=kx-hnRY6E94C }} |accessdate=25 March 2013|year=2009|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-34215-8|p=1071}}</ref> Alongside the Turkification of the territory, the [[Persianate society|culturally Persianized]] Seljuks set the basis for a [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian principal culture]] in Anatolia,<ref>Craig S. Davis. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=qDgsAQAAIAAJ&q=seljuks+highly+persianised&dq=seljuks+highly+persianised&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAjgKahUKEwjLgILa343GAhXGDNsKHZyLAG0 "The Middle East For Dummies"] ISBN 0764554832 p 66</ref> which their eventual successors, the Ottomans [[Culture of the Ottoman Empire|would take over]].<ref>Thomas Spencer Baynes. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=MX5GAQAAIAAJ&q=ottomans+highly+persianized+through+seljuks&dq=ottomans+highly+persianized+through+seljuks&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCWoVChMI79bQ8-GNxgIV5yzbCh2NlACT "The Encyclopædia Britannica: Latest Edition. A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature, Volume 23"]. Werner, 1902</ref><ref>Emine Fetvacı.
[https://books.google.nl/books?id=f67qIxJrpTMC&pg=PA18&dq=ottomans+highly+persianized&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBjgKahUKEwjntsSa5I3GAhXpjtsKHcQbAM0#v=onepage&q=ottomans%20highly%20persianized&f=false "Picturing History at the Ottoman Court"] p 18</ref>
 
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Following a decade of [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]] and the [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974]] staged by the [[EOKA B]] paramilitary organisation, which overthrew President [[Makarios III|Makarios]] and installed the pro-[[Enosis]] (union with Greece) [[Nikos Sampson]] as dictator, [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkey invaded Cyprus]] on 20 July 1974 by unilaterally exercising Article IV in the [[Treaty of Guarantee (1960)]], but without restoring the [[status quo ante bellum|status quo ante]] at the end of the military operation.<ref name="Uslu2003">{{cite book|last=Uslu|first=Nasuh|title=The Cyprus question as an issue of Turkish foreign policy and Turkish-American relations, 1959–2003|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=RYHWMKL2-CQC |page=119 }}|accessdate=16 August 2011|year=2003|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-847-6|page=119}}</ref> In 1983 the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], which is recognised only by Turkey, was established.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm|title=Timeline: Cyprus|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 December 2006|date=12 December 2006}}</ref> As of 2017, negotiations for solving the [[Cyprus dispute]] are still ongoing between [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] and [[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]] political leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uncyprustalks.org/|title=UN Cyprus Talks|publisher=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref>
 
In 1984 the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]], a Kurdish separatist group (listed as a [[list of designated terrorist groups|terrorist organization]] by [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], the [[United States]] and the [[European Union]]), began an [[Kurdish rebellions in Turkey|armed insurgency campaign]] against Turkey. The conflict has claimed over 40,000 lives to date.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8352934.stm|title=Turkey's PKK peace plan delayed|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 February 2010|date=10 November 2009}}</ref>
 
Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy in the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability.<ref name="80sLiberalization"/> Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the [[European Union Customs Union|EU Customs Union]] in 1995 and started [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession negotiations]] with the [[European Union]] in 2005.<ref name=TR_EUChrono/>
 
In 2013, [[2013 protests in Turkey|widespread protests]] erupted in many Turkish provinces, sparked by a plan to demolish [[Gezi Park]] but growing into general anti-government dissent.<ref>{{cite news |title=What's driving unrest and protests in Turkey? |author1=Mullen, Jethro |author2=Cullinane, Susannah |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/03/world/europe/turkey-conflict-explainer/?hpt=hp_t1 |newspaper=CNN |date=4 June 2013 |accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref> On 15–16 July 2016, an [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt|unsuccessful coup attempt]] tried to oust the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey rounds up thousands of suspected participants in coup attempt|first1=Erin|last1=Cunningham|first2=Liz|last2=Sly|first3=Zeynep|last3=Karatas|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/after-bloody-night-turkeys-president-declares-coup-attempt-foiled/2016/07/16/9b84151e-4af7-11e6-8dac-0c6e4accc5b1_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=16 July 2016|accessdate=17 July 2016}}</ref>
 
==Administrative divisions==
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{{Main article|Human rights in Turkey}}
{{See also|Racism in Turkey|Torture in Turkey|Media freedom in Turkey}}
[[File:2013 Taksim Gezi Park protests, a view from Taksim Gezi Park on 4th June 2013 3.JPG|thumb|250px|A view from the [[Gezi Park protests]] a view from [[Taksim]], [[Istanbul]] on 4th June 2013.]]
 
[[Human rights in Turkey]] have been the subject of some controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998 and 2008 the [[European Court of Human Rights]] made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly regarding the right to life, and freedom from torture. Other issues, such as Kurdish rights, women's rights, LGBT rights, and press freedom, have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/en/pressroom/content/20101025IPR90072|title=Human rights in Turkey: still a long way to go to meet accession criteria|publisher=European Parliament Human Rights committee|date=26 October 2010|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref>
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{{Main article|Judicial system of Turkey|Law enforcement in Turkey}}
 
{{double image|right|Justinian I bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg|125|Suleiman bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg|125|Bas-relieves of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Justinian I|Justinian the Great]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] emperor [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives. They made enduring contributions to the world's judicial systems that are still in effect today.||}}
 
[[Judicial system of Turkey|Turkey's judicial system]] has been wholly integrated with the [[Law in Europe|system of continental Europe]]. For instance, the [[Turkish civil code (1926)|Turkish Civil Code]] has been modified by incorporating elements mainly of the [[Swiss Civil Code]] and [[Swiss Code of Obligations|Code of Obligations]], and the [[Law of Germany|German Commercial Code]]. The Administrative Code bears similarities with its [[Law of France|French counterpart]], and the Penal Code with its [[Italian law codes|Italian counterpart]].<ref name=mymerhaba.com>{{cite web|title=Turkish Legal System|url=http://www.mymerhaba.com/Turkish-Legal-System-in-Turkey-213.html|website=mymerhaba.com/|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref>
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===Languages===
{{main article|Languages of Turkey}}
[[File:Mother language in 1965 Turkey census - Turkish.png|thumb|200ğx|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] speakers according to the [[Demographics of Turkey#1965 census|official census of 1965]].<ref>Ahmet Buran & Berna Yüksel Çak, [http://www.kitapyurdu.com/kitap/turkiyede-diller-ve-etnik-gruplar/269680.html ''Türkiye'de Diller ve Etnik Gruplar''], Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara, 2012, p. 318. ISBN 6055413545.</ref>]]
The country's official language is [[Turkish language|Turkish]], which is spoken by 85.54 percent of the population as [[mother tongue]].<ref name=milliyet-languages>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/03/22/guncel/agun.html |title=Türkiye'nin yüzde 85'i 'anadilim Türkçe' diyor|publisher=Milliyet.com.tr|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> 11.97 percent of the population speaks the [[Kurmanji]] dialect of [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] as mother tongue.<ref name="milliyet-languages"/> [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Zaza language|Zaza]] are the mother tongues of 2.39 percent of the population, and several other languages are the mother tongues of smaller parts of the population.<ref name="milliyet-languages"/> [[Endangered language|Endangered]] [[Languages of Turkey|languages in Turkey]] include [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Adyghe language|Adyge]], [[Cappadocian Greek]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[Hértevin]], [[Homshetsma]], [[Kabard-Cherkes]], [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino (Judesmo)]], [[Laz language|Laz]], [[Mlahso]], [[Pontic Greek]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Suret]], [[Turoyo]], [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]], and [[Western Armenian]].<ref name="www.unesco.org index">{{cite web|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=9 August 2014}}</ref>
 
===Religion===
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Turkey is a [[secular state]] with no official [[state religion]]; the [[Turkish Constitution]] provides for [[freedom of religion]] and conscience.<ref>{{cite web|author=Axel Tschentscher|url=http://servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu00000_.html|title=International Constitutional Law: Turkey Constitution|publisher=Servat.unibe.ch|accessdate=1 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsfk.de/downloads/prif78.pdf |format=PDF |title=Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society |publisher=[[Peace Research Institute Frankfurt]] |accessdate=19 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028211305/http://www.hsfk.de/downloads/prif78.pdf |archivedate=28 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> The role of religion has been a controversial debate over the years since the formation of Islamist parties.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Steunebrink|first1=Gerrit|last2=van der Zweerde|first2=Evert|title=Civil Society, Religion, and the Nation: Modernization in Intercultural Context : Russia, Japan, Turkey|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=KSbiKEhsxT0C |page=175 }} |accessdate=5 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-1665-1|pages=175–184}}</ref> For many decades, the wearing of the [[hijab]] was [[Headscarf controversy in Turkey|banned]] in schools and government buildings because it was viewed as a symbol of [[political Islam]]. However, the ban was lifted from universities in 2011, from government buildings in 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/world/europe/turkey-lifts-ban-on-head-scarves-in-state-offices.html?_r=0|title=Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves in State Offices|publisher=NY Times|date=8 October 2013|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> from schools in 2014,<ref name=news24.com>{{cite web|title=Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools|url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923|website=news24.com/|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref> and from the [[Turkish Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39053064|title=Turkey reverses female army officers' headscarf ban|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=22 February 2017}}</ref> The government of Tayyip Erdoğan and the Justice and Development Party (AKP) pursue the explicit policy agenda of Islamization of education to "raise a devout generation" against secular resistance,<ref>{{cite web|author=Sukru Kucuksahin|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/06/turkey-high-schools-student-stand-up-against-islamism.html|title=Turkish students up in arms over Islamization of education|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=20 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Zülfikar Doğan|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/06/turkey-education-erdogan-devout-generation-plan.html|title=Erdogan pens education plan for Turkey's 'devout generation'|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=29 June 2016}}</ref> in the process causing lost jobs and school for many non-religious citizens of Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sibel Hurtas|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkey-post-putsch-crackdown-transform-education.html|title=Turkey’s 'devout generation' project means lost jobs, schools for many|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=13 October 2016}}</ref>
 
====Islam====
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According to a 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] poll 94% of Turks believed in God while only 1% did not. This indicates that 5% of the population are [[agnosticism|agnostic]] with another 1% being explicitly [[atheism|atheist]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkish-atheist-organisation-launches-petition-calling-for-babies-to-no-longer-be-automatically-a6727866.html|title=Independent|date=9 November 2015|website=Turkish atheist organisation launches petition calling for babies to no longer be automatically registered as Muslim.|publisher=The Independent|access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> However, according to another poll by KONDA the percentage of atheism is 2.9%.<ref name="human.nl">{{cite web|title=Being an Atheist in Turkey|url=http://www.human.nl/among-nonbelievers/read-more/being-an-atheist-in-turkey.html|author=Ekin Karaca|website=www.human.nl|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2016}}</ref> ''Atheism Association of Turkey'', the first official atheist organisation in Balkans, Caucasus and Middle East, was founded in 2014.<ref name="blogs.lse.ac.uk1">{{cite web|title=Beyond the Straight Path: Obstacles and Progress for Atheism in Turkey|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2015/11/24/beyond-the-straight-path-obstacles-and-progress-for-atheism-in-turkey/|website=blogs.lse.ac.uk|accessdate=2 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="turkishatheist.net1">{{cite web|title=The first Atheist Association in Turkey is founded|url=http://turkishatheist.net/?p=40|website=turkishatheist.net|accessdate=2 April 2017}}</ref>
 
Recent polls suggest that 4,5 millions of people were irreligious in 2013. The same data also suggests that 85% of all irreligious people are younger than 35.<ref>{{cite news|title= Atheists raising their voice in Turkey amid polarized reactions|publisher= [[Hürriyet Daily News|Daily News]] |date= |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/atheists-raising-their-voice-in-turkey-amid-polarized-reactions.aspx?PageID=238&NID=87604&NewsCatID=339|accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref>
 
===Education===
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[[Turkish carpet|Carpet weaving]] represents a traditional art, dating back to pre-Islamic times. During its long history, the art and craft of the woven carpet has integrated different cultural traditions. Traces of Byzantine design can be detected, [[Turkic peoples]] migrating from Central Asia, as well as Armenian people, Caucasian and Kurdic tribes either living in, or migrating to Anatolia, brought with them their traditional designs. The arrival of Islam and the development of the [[Islamic art]] also influenced Turkish carpet design. The history of its designs, motifs and ornaments thus reflects the political and ethnic history and diversity of the area of Asia minor. However, scientific attempts were unsuccessful, as yet, to attribute a particular design to a specific ethnic, regional, or even nomadic versus village tradition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brueggemann |first1=Werner |last2=Boehmer |first2=Harald |title=Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien = Carpets of the Peasants and Nomads in Anatolia |date=1982 |publisher=Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten |location=Munich|isbn=3-921 811-20-1 |pages=34–39 |edition=1st}}</ref>
 
[[Turkish miniature]] is an art form, which can be linked to the Persian miniature tradition, as well as strong Chinese artistic influences. The words taswir or nakish were used to define the art of miniature painting in Ottoman Turkish. The studios the artists worked in were called Nakkashanes.<ref name="miniature1">{{cite book|last1=Barry|first1=Michael|title=Figurative art in medieval Islam and the riddle of Bihzâd of Herât (1465–1535)|isbn=2080304216|pages=27|url=https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Figurative_art_in_medieval_Islam_and_the.html?id=vBIVAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> The miniatures were usually not signed, perhaps because of the rejection of individualism, but also because the works were not created entirely by one person; the head painter designed the composition of the scene, and his apprentices drew the contours (which were called tahrir) with black or colored ink and then painted the miniature without creating an illusion of third dimension. The head painter, and much more often the scribe of the text, were indeed named and depicted in some of the manuscripts. The understanding of perspective was different from that of the nearby European Renaissance painting tradition, and the scene depicted often included different time periods and spaces in one picture. They followed closely the context of the book they were included in, resembling more illustrations rather than standalone works of art.<ref name="turkishculture.org2">{{cite web|title=TURKISH MINIATURES|url=http://www.turkishculture.org/traditional-arts/miniatures-563.htm|website=www.turkishculture.org|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref>
 
The earliest examples of [[Turkish paper marbling]] are thought to be a copy of the Hâlnâme by the poet Arifî. The text of this manuscript was rendered in a delicate cut paper découpage calligraphy by Mehmed bin Gazanfer and completed in 1540, and features many marbled and decorative paper borders. One early master by the name of Şebek is mentioned posthumously in the earliest Ottoman text on the art known as the Tertib-i Risâle-i Ebrî, which is dated based on internal evidence to after 1615. Several recipes in the text are accredited to this master. Another famous 18th-century master by the name of Hatip Mehmed Efendi (died 1773) is accredited with developing motifs and perhaps early floral designs, although evidence from India appears to contradict some of these claims. Despite this, marbled motifs are commonly referred to as "Hatip" designs in Turkey today.<ref name="turkishculture.org3">{{cite web|title=THE TURKISH ART OF MARBLING (EBRU)|url=http://www.turkishculture.org/traditional-arts/marbling-113.htm|website=turkishculture.org|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref>
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[[File:IOM Ikıncı Abdulhamit Donemi.jpg|thumb|150px|Characters of [[Karagöz and Hacivat]].]]
 
The origin of [[Turkish theatre]] dates back thousands of years to ancient pagan rituals. The dances, music and songs performed during the rituals of the inhabitants of Anatolia millennia ago are the elements from which the first shows originated. These rituals later became theatrical shows. In the 10th century, a blend of traditions occurred between the Seljuk Turks and those of the inhabitants of Anatolia. The interaction between the various tribal societies paved the way for new plays. After the Tanzimat (Reformation) period, characters in Turkish theatre were modernized and plays were performed on European-style stages with the actors wearing European costumes. Following the declaration of the second Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, theatrical activities increased and social problems began to be reflected in the theatre as well as in historical plays. A theatrical conservatoire, Darülbedayi-i Osmani, was established in Istanbul in 1914. During the years of chaos and war, the Darülbedayi-i Osmani continued its activities and attracted the younger generation. Turkish playwrights emerged. Some wrote on romantic subjects, others were interested in social problems and still others dealt with nationalistic themes. There were even those who wrote musicals. In time, Turkish ladies began to appear on stage and this was indeed a revolution of the time, since female roles had only been played by actresses who were members of Turkey’s ethnic minorities. Today, theatre acts are performed by numerous private theatre companies and subsidized companies such as the [[Turkish State Theatres]].<ref name="turkishculture.org4">{{cite web|title=TRADITIONAL THEATRE|url=http://www.turkishculture.org/performing-arts/theatre-36.htm|website=turkishculture.org|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref>
 
===Music and dance===
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[[File:Turkish Baglama - bağlama (3141802804).jpg|thumb|100px|left|''[[Bağlama]]'', a traditional stringed musical instrument.]]
 
[[Music of Turkey]] includes mainly [[Turkic culture|Turkic]] elements as well as partial influences ranging from [[Music of Central Asia|Central Asian folk music]], [[Arabic music]], [[Greek music]], [[Ottoman music]], [[Persian traditional music|Persian music]] and [[Music of Southeastern Europe|Balkan music]], as well as references to more modern European and [[Music of the United States|American]] [[popular music]]. The roots of traditional music in Turkey span across centuries to a time when the [[Seljuk Turks]] migrated to [[Anatolia]] and [[Persia]] in the 11th century and contains elements of both Turkic and pre-Turkic influences. Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the emergence in the early 1930s drive for [[Westernization]].<ref name="soundsofanatolia">{{cite book|author=Stokes, Martin|title=Sounds of Anatolia|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2000|isbn=1-85828-636-0}}, pp 396–410.</ref>
 
With the assimilation of immigrants from various regions the diversity of musical genres and musical instrumentation also expanded. Turkey has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of [[Music of Greece|Greek]], [[Music of Armenia|Armenian]], [[Music of Albania|Albanian]], [[Music of Poland|Polish]] and [[Jewish]] communities, among others.<ref name="lesartsturcs">{{cite web|url=http://www.lesartsturcs.com/|title=History of music in Turkey|work=Les Arts Turcs |date=May 1, 1999}}</ref>
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