Chazal or Ḥazal (Hebrew: חז״ל)[a] are the Jewish sages of the Mishnaic and Talmudic eras, spanning from the final 300 years of the Second Temple period until the 7th century, or c. 250 BCE – c. 625 CE. Their authority was mostly in the field of Halakha (Jewish law) and less regarding Jewish theology.[1]

Rabbinical eras; eras of the Halakha

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AcharonimRishonimGeonimSavoraimAmoraimTannaimZugot

Chazal are generally divided according to their era and the main writing done in that era:[2]

Chazal's authority

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Until the end of the Savoraim era, Chazal had the authority to comment on the Torah according to the Talmudical hermeneutics standards required by the Law given to Moses at Sinai,[3] sometimes even expounding a word or phrase outside its plain and ordinary sense. Nowadays in Orthodoxy, this authority is not delegated to the current generation's sages, and thus the Torah can not be commentated on, in matters concerning the halakha ("Jewish Law"), if it contradicts Chazal's commentary.

Until the middle of the Tannaim era, when there was a Sanhedrin (a High Court of Jewish law), Chazal had also the authority to decree restrictions and to enact new religious regulations, in any matter they saw fit, concerning issues that were not included in the written Torah, or were not delivered at Mount Sinai. These rabbinical mitzvot ("commandments") include the holidays of Purim and Hanukkah, the laws of muktzeh ("set-aside items") on Shabbat, the ritual washing of one's hands (netilat yadayim) before eating bread, the construction of eruvim (liminal gateways), and the institution of the current schedule of daily prayer services – shacharit (morning prayer), mincha (afternoon prayer), and ma'ariv (evening prayer).

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ An acronym for חכמינו זכרונם לברכה‎ "Chachameinu Zichronam Livracha", meaning "Our Sages, may their memory be blessed".

References

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  1. ^ "Divinity and Humanity: What the Jewish Sages Thought About the Oral Torah". 18Forty. Retrieved 2024-07-13.
  2. ^ a b "אנציקלופדיה יהודית דעת - תורה שבעל פה - תקופות".
  3. ^ "הלכה למשה מסיני" (Hebrew wikipedia); Halakhah le-Moshe mi-Sinai, Jewish Virtual Library
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  •   The dictionary definition of Chazal at Wiktionary