Port and starboard

Port and starboard are nautical terms for watercraft, aircraft and spacecraft, referring respectively to the left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow (front).

Vessels with bilateral symmetry have left and right halves which are mirror images of each other. One asymmetric feature is where access to a boat, ship, or aircraft is at the side; it is usually only on the port side (hence the name).

Side

Port side and starboard side respectively refer to the left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow. The port and starboard sides of the vessel always refer to the same portion of the vessel's structure, and do not depend on the position of someone aboard the vessel.

The port side is the side to the left of an observer aboard the vessel and facing the bow, towards the direction the vessel is heading when underway in the forward direction. The starboard side is to the right of such an observer.^[1]

This convention allows orders and information to be communicated unambiguously, without needing to know which way any particular crew member is facing.^[2]^[3]

Etymology

Image from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a longship with a steering oar on the starboard side.^[4]

Oncoming boat indicating its port (red) and starboard (green) sides

The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord, meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship on the right hand side of the ship, because more people are right-handed.^[2] The "steer-board" etymology is shared by the German Steuerbord, Dutch stuurboord and Swedish styrbord, which gave rise to the French tribord, Italian tribordo,^[a] Catalan estribord, Portuguese estibordo, Spanish estribor and Estonian tüürpoord.

Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at the wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called port.^[6] The Oxford English Dictionary cites port in this usage since 1543.^[7]

Formerly, larboard was often used instead of port. This is from Middle English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load.^[3] Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead.^[8]^[9] The United States Navy followed suit in 1846.^[10] Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers.^[11] In chapter 12 of Life on the Mississippi (1883) Mark Twain writes larboard was used to refer to the left side of the ship (Mississippi River steamboat) in his days on the river – circa 1857–1861.^[12] Lewis Carroll rhymed larboard and starboard in "Fit the Second" of The Hunting of the Snark (1876).^[13]

An Anglo-Saxon record of a voyage by Ohthere of Hålogaland used the word "bæcbord" ("back-board") for the left side of a ship. With the steering rudder on the starboard side the man on the rudder had his back to the bagbord (Nordic for portside) side of the ship. The words for "port side" in other European languages, such as German Backbord, Dutch and Afrikaans bakboord, Swedish babord, Spanish babor, Portuguese bombordo, Italian babordo,^[a] French bâbord and Estonian pakpoord, are derived from the same root.

Importance of standard terms

The navigational treaty convention, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea—for instance, as appears in the UK's Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard)^[14]—sets forth requirements for maritime vessels to avoid collisions, whether by sail or powered, and whether a vessel is overtaking, approaching head-on, or crossing.^[14]^: 11–12 To set forth these navigational rules, the terms starboard and port are essential, and to aid in in situ decision-making, the two sides of each vessel are marked, dusk to dawn, by navigation lights, the vessel's starboard side by green and its port side by red.^[14]^: 15 Aircraft are lit in the same way.

Other nautical uses

Port and starboard are also commonly used when dividing crews; for example with a two watch system the teams supplying the personnel are often named Port and Starboard. This may extend to entire crews, such as the forward-deployed crews of the Royal Navy’s Gulf-based frigate, ^[15] or ballistic missile submarines.

Notes

^ ^a ^b However the proper Italian terms for starboard and port are dritta and sinistra respectively. The offshoots from French tribordo and babordo were largely, and only, used in adventure novels of the nineteenth century translated from French.^[5]

References

^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Why do ships use 'port' and 'starboard' instead of 'left' and 'right?'". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
^ ^a ^b NOS Staff (December 8, 2014). "Why Do Ships use "Port" and "Starboard" Instead of "Left" and "Right?"". NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS) Ocean Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via OceanService.NOAA.gov.
^ ^a ^b RMG Staff (February 2, 2017). "Port and Starboard: Why do Sailors say 'Port' and 'Starboard', for "Left" and "Right?"". Discover: Explore by Theme. Greenwich, England, UK: Royal Museums Greenwich. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via RMG.co.uk.
^ Grape, Wolfgang (1994). The Bayeux Tapestry: Monument to a Norman Triumph. Art and Design Series. Munich, DEU: Prestel. p. 95. ISBN 978-3791313658. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
^ "tribórdo". Vocabolario online Treccani.
^ Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric. "Unlike left and right, port and starboard refer to fixed locations on a vessel". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "port". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Admiralty Circular No. 2, November 22, 1844, cited in Western Courier newspaper (Plymouth) December 11, 1844.
^ Norie, John William; Hobbs, J. S. (1847) [1840]. Sailing directions for the Bay of Biscay, including the coasts of France and Spain, from Ushant to Cape Finisterre (A new ed., rev. and considerably improved ed.). C. Wilson. p. 1. OCLC 41208722. Retrieved February 7, 2010. An order, recently issued by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, states, that in order to prevent mistakes, which frequently occur from the similarity of the words starboard and larboard, in future, the word port is to be substituted for larboard, in all Her Majesty's ships or vessels.
^ George Bancroft (February 18, 1846). "Port and Starboard: General Order, 18 February 1846". General Orders. Washington, DC: US Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via History.Navy.mil.
^ Morton, Harry (January 1, 1983). The Whale's Wake. University of Hawaii Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780824808303. Retrieved March 20, 2020 – via Google Books.
^ Twain, Mark (1883). "Life on the Mississippi » Chapter 12". The Literature Network. ... the steersman at the tiller obeys the order to 'hold her up to starboard;' or, 'let her fall off to larboard; term 'larboard' is never used at sea now, to signify the left hand; but was always used on the river in my time]
^ Carroll, Lewis (1978). Gasson, Roy (ed.). The Illustrated Lewis Carroll. Jupiter Books. p. 231. He was thoughtful and grave - but the orders he gave
Were enough to bewilder a crew.
When he cried "Steer to starboard, but keep her head larboard!"
What on earth was the helmsman to do?
^ ^a ^b ^c MCA Staff (2004) [1996]. The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (PDF). Southampton, ENG: Crown Department of Transport, Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). Retrieved February 2, 2017.
^ https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news/2020/july/23/200723-montrose-starboard-crew-back-in-the-groove-for-gulf-mission ^{[bare URL]}

[ITA-6] However the proper Italian terms for starboard and port are dritta and sinistra respectively. The offshoots from French tribordo and babordo were largely, and only, used in adventure novels of the nineteenth century translated from French.^[5]

[1] US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Why do ships use 'port' and 'starboard' instead of 'left' and 'right?'". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved March 9, 2020.

[noaa-2] NOS Staff (December 8, 2014). "Why Do Ships use "Port" and "Starboard" Instead of "Left" and "Right?"". NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS) Ocean Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via OceanService.NOAA.gov.

[rmg-3] RMG Staff (February 2, 2017). "Port and Starboard: Why do Sailors say 'Port' and 'Starboard', for "Left" and "Right?"". Discover: Explore by Theme. Greenwich, England, UK: Royal Museums Greenwich. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via RMG.co.uk.

[4] Grape, Wolfgang (1994). The Bayeux Tapestry: Monument to a Norman Triumph. Art and Design Series. Munich, DEU: Prestel. p. 95. ISBN 978-3791313658. Retrieved February 2, 2017.

[5] "tribórdo". Vocabolario online Treccani.

[7] Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric. "Unlike left and right, port and starboard refer to fixed locations on a vessel". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[8] "port". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[9] Admiralty Circular No. 2, November 22, 1844, cited in Western Courier newspaper (Plymouth) December 11, 1844.

[Norie1847-10] Norie, John William; Hobbs, J. S. (1847) [1840]. Sailing directions for the Bay of Biscay, including the coasts of France and Spain, from Ushant to Cape Finisterre (A new ed., rev. and considerably improved ed.). C. Wilson. p. 1. OCLC 41208722. Retrieved February 7, 2010. An order, recently issued by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, states, that in order to prevent mistakes, which frequently occur from the similarity of the words starboard and larboard, in future, the word port is to be substituted for larboard, in all Her Majesty's ships or vessels.

[us_navy-11] George Bancroft (February 18, 1846). "Port and Starboard: General Order, 18 February 1846". General Orders. Washington, DC: US Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via History.Navy.mil.

[12] Morton, Harry (January 1, 1983). The Whale's Wake. University of Hawaii Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780824808303. Retrieved March 20, 2020 – via Google Books.

[13] Twain, Mark (1883). "Life on the Mississippi » Chapter 12". The Literature Network. ... the steersman at the tiller obeys the order to 'hold her up to starboard;' or, 'let her fall off to larboard; term 'larboard' is never used at sea now, to signify the left hand; but was always used on the river in my time]

[14] Carroll, Lewis (1978). Gasson, Roy (ed.). The Illustrated Lewis Carroll. Jupiter Books. p. 231. He was thoughtful and grave - but the orders he gave
Were enough to bewilder a crew.
When he cried "Steer to starboard, but keep her head larboard!"
What on earth was the helmsman to do?

[COLREGS_UK-15] MCA Staff (2004) [1996]. The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (PDF). Southampton, ENG: Crown Department of Transport, Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). Retrieved February 2, 2017.

[16] ttps://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news/2020/july/23/200723-montrose-starboard-crew-back-in-the-groove-for-gulf-mission ^{[bare URL]}

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