Chlortetracycline

Chlortetracycline
Clinical data
Trade names	Aureomycin
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Routes of; administration	By mouth, IV, topical
ATC code	A01AB21 (WHO) ; D06AA02 (WHO); J01AA03 (WHO); S01AA02 (WHO); QG51AA08 (WHO); QJ51AA03 (WHO);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	30%
Protein binding	50 to 55%
Metabolism	Gastrointestinal tract, hepatic (75%)
Metabolites	Isochlortetracycline
Elimination half-life	5.6 to 9 hours
Excretion	60% renal and >10% biliary
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aR)-7-Chloro-4-(dimethylamino)-1,6,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-3,12-dioxo-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide;
CAS Number	57-62-5 ;
PubChem CID	54675777;
DrugBank	DB09093 ;
ChemSpider	10469370 ;
UNII	WCK1KIQ23Q;
KEGG	D07689 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL456066 ;
E number	E702 (antibiotics)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID9022811 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.310
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C22H23ClN2O8
Molar mass	478.88 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Specific rotation	[α]D25−275°·cm3·dm−1·g−1 (methane)
Melting point	168 to 169 °C (334 to 336 °F)
Solubility in water	0.5–0.6 mg/mL (20 °C)
	SMILES CN(C)[C@@H]2C(\O)=C(\C(N)=O)C(=O)[C@@]3(O)C(/O)=C4/C(=O)c1c(O)ccc(Cl)c1[C@@](C)(O)[C@H]4C[C@@H]23;
	InChI InChI=1S/C22H23ClN2O8/c1-21(32)7-6-8-15(25(2)3)17(28)13(20(24)31)19(30)22(8,33)18(29)11(7)16(27)12-10(26)5-4-9(23)14(12)21/h4-5,7-8,15,26,28-29,32-33H,6H2,1-3H3,(H2,24,31)/t7-,8-,15-,21-,22-/m0/s1 ; Key:CYDMQBQPVICBEU-XRNKAMNCSA-N ;
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Chlortetracycline (trade name Aureomycin, Lederle Laboratories) is a tetracycline antibiotic, the first tetracycline to be identified. It was discovered in 1945 at Lederle Laboratories under the supervision of scientist Yellapragada Subbarow and Benjamin Minge Duggar. They were helped by Louis T. Wright,^[2] a surgeon who conducted this medication's first human experiments. Duggar identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a soil sample collected from Sanborn Field at the University of Missouri.^[3] The organism was named Streptomyces aureofaciens and the isolated drug, Aureomycin, because of their golden color.^[1]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.^[4]

Medical uses

A combination cream with triamcinolone acetonide is available for the treatment of infected allergic dermatitis in humans.^[5]

In veterinary medicine, chlortetracycline is commonly used to treat conjunctivitis in cats,^[6] dogs and horses. It is also used to treat infected wounds in cattle, sheep and pigs, and respiratory tract infections in calves, pigs and chickens.^[5]

Contraindications

Chlortetracycline for systemic use is contraindicated in animals with severe hepatic or renal impairment. Topical chlortetracycline must not be used on the udder of animals whose milk is intended for human consumption.^[5]

Adverse effects

Like other tetracyclines, chlortetracyclin can inhibit bone and tooth mineralization in growing and unborn animals, and color their teeth yellow or brown. It can also impair liver and kidney function. Allergic reactions are rare.^[5]

Interactions

Chlortetracycline may increase the anticoagulant activities of acenocoumarol. The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when chlortetracycline is combined with acitretin, adapalene, or alitretinoin. Aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide can cause decreases in the absorption of chlortetracycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. The therapeutic efficacy of mecillinam (amdinocillin), amoxicillin, and ampicillin can be decreased when used in combination with chlortetracycline. Chlortetracycline may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of atracurium besilate.^[7]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

References

^ ^a ^b "chlortetracycline | C22H23ClN2O8 - PubChem". Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
^ Posner, Gerald. PHARMA : Greed, Lies, and the Poisoning of America. S.L., Avid Reader Pr, 2021, pp. 47–57.
^ Jukes TH (1985). "Some historical notes on chlortetracycline". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 7 (5): 702–7. doi:10.1093/clinids/7.5.702. PMID 3903946.
^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. 2018.
^ Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2017-03-13. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ "Chlortetracycline - DrugBank". Drugbank.ca. Retrieved 2017-03-13.

[autogenerated1-1] "chlortetracycline | C22H23ClN2O8 - PubChem". Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-13.

[2] Posner, Gerald. PHARMA : Greed, Lies, and the Poisoning of America. S.L., Avid Reader Pr, 2021, pp. 47–57.

[Jukes_1985-3] Jukes TH (1985). "Some historical notes on chlortetracycline". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 7 (5): 702–7. doi:10.1093/clinids/7.5.702. PMID 3903946.

[WHO22nd-4] World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.

[AC-5] Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. 2018.

[Merck-6] Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2017-03-13. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[7] "Chlortetracycline - DrugBank". Drugbank.ca. Retrieved 2017-03-13.

[2]