Crystal River State Archaeological Site is a 61-acre (250,000 m2) Florida State Park located on the Crystal River and within the Crystal River Preserve State Park. The park is located two miles (3 km) northwest of the city of Crystal River, on Museum Point off U.S. 19/98.
Crystal River Indian Mounds | |
 Temple mound | |
   | |
| Location | Crystal River, Florida |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 28°54′33.3″N 82°37′42.81″W / 28.909250°N 82.6285583°W |
| Area | 61 acres (250,000 m2) |
| Visitation | 21,000 |
| NRHP reference No. | 70000178[1] |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 29, 1970 |
| Designated NHL | June 21, 1990[2] |
Under the title of Crystal River Indian Mounds, it is also a U.S. National Historic Landmark (designated as such on June 21, 1990).
History
editThe park contains a six-mound complex, occupied from the Deptford period through Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture and up to the Late Fort Walton period.[3] This timespan makes it one of the longest continually occupied sites in Florida, believed to have been occupied for 1,600 years. Native Americans traveled long distances to the complex to bury their dead and to engage in trading activities. An estimated 7,500 people may have visited the complex annually when it was occupied. The complex contains burial mounds, temple/platform mounds, a plaza area, and a midden. The earliest burials at the site are believed to be located in the conical mound and date back to about 250 BC. Many of the people buried in this mound had copper tools and ornaments buried with them. The copper artifacts came from the Ohio River area through a trade network developed by the Hopewell culture that existed at the time. There seemed to be indirect trading between the people who lived here and the Hopewell culture. People that were buried later did not have this type of artifacts buried with them and some burials do not contain artifacts. This tells us that over the 2,000 years that ancient people used the site, burial practices and ceremonies changed. It also tells us that trading with the northern portions of North America changed. The shell and sand ring also contains burials some of which were placed between layers of shells while others were not. It is not clear why this occurred or whether it was related to status or just a change in the burial customs. The platform was constructed as burials filled in the gap between the ring and the cone. It is estimated that about 1,200 to 1,500 people are buried in this complex.[4]
Over a period of approximately 1,900 years, beginning about 500 BC, the Native Americans at the Crystal River Site threw away great quantities of materials that would form the middens that adorn the site. This "midden material" contained various kinds of woodland animal bones, fish bones, turtle shells, broken pottery, broken hand tools and arrowheads. By the time of abandonment, the midden area had reached 1,300 feet (400 m) in length, 100 feet (30 m) in width, 7 feet (2 m) in depth, and was formed into a crescent shape.[4] Two large platform mounds are believed to have been used primarily for ceremonial purposes. A 1⁄2 mile (800 m) paved loop trail passes by each mound, with signs interpreting the mounds. A 55 step observation deck atop the park's largest mound, Temple Mound, provides a panoramic view of the area. The park contains coastal marsh and is part of the Great Florida Birding Trail.[citation needed]
The park is also home to a limestone slab, possibly a "stele", on which is a crudely carved human face and torso.[5] This is odd because the slab is one that is not found on other mound sites except in locations such as the Caribbean, South America, and Central America. At this particular site there were at least four of these large stones placed by the inhabitants in their ancient time. This carving shows that the person represented possessed long hair in a plume over the left shoulder. There has been debate as to how strongly this inscribed stone slab was influenced by the monumental stelae of Mesoamerica.[6] Although there may be some evidence for contact between the Huastec Culture of the Mexican Gulf Coast and the American Southeast,[7] those claims which suggest the most direct connections are probably unfounded. The slab is today housed on the site within a metal cage.[8]
Roberts Island
editA complex of mounds and middens on Roberts Island, 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) downstream on the Crystal River from the park, was added to the park in 1996. The Roberts Island complex succeeded the Crystal River site as a ceremonial center in the 9th and 10th centuries.[9][10]
Recreational activities
editActivities include salt and fresh water fishing, picnicing, bird watching and a boat tour of Crystal River. Amenities include a small picnic area. The visitor center/museum features an open captioned video about the tribes that once lived in the area, and houses a collection of artifacts from the site, including arrowheads, pottery, jewelry, stone and bone tools. A centerpiece diorama dominates the interior of the museum, depicting a scale model of the site as it may have looked centuries before its abandonment.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "National Register of Historical Places - Florida (FL), Citrus County". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. February 25, 2007. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2006.
- ^ Crystal River Site Archived 2009-05-02 at the Wayback Machine at National Historic Landmarks Program Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Williams H. Sears (1962). "Hopewellian affiliations of certain sites on the Gulf Coast of Florida". American Antiquity. 28 (1): 5–18. doi:10.2307/278073. JSTOR 278073. S2CID 162379707.
- ^ a b Crystal River State parks Archived 2009-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-8130-1273-5.
- ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1999). Famous Florida Sites: Mount Royal and Crystal River. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8130-1694-8.
- ^ Bullen, Ripley P. (1966). "Stelae at the Crystal River Site, Florida". American Antiquity, 31(6):865
- ^ Snow, Dean R. (2010). Archaeology of Native North America. New York, New York: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-615686-4.
- ^ Florida DEP (October 27, 2008). "Crystal River Archaeological State Park Unit Management Plan" (PDF). Florida Department of Environmental Protection. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
- ^ van Hoose, Natalie (May 14, 2020). "During tough times, ancient tourists sought solace in Florida oyster feasts". Florida Museum. Archived from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
Further reading
edit- Thomas J. Pluckhahn, Victor D. Thompson. New Histories of Village Life at Crystal River. Florida Museum of Natural History: Ripley P. Bullen Series. Gainesville University of Florida Press, 2018. ISBN 978-1-68340-035-6.
