Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme ('Awake, calls the voice to us'),[1] BWV 140, also known as Sleepers Awake, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, regarded as one of his most mature and popular sacred cantatas. He composed the chorale cantata in Leipzig for the 27th Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 25 November 1731.
| Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme | |
|---|---|
BWV 140 | |
| Chorale cantata by J. S. Bach | |
 Autograph manuscript of the obbligato piccolo violino part of the first soprano-bass aria, one of the few surviving instrumental parts written by Bach, from the archives of the Thomaskirche | |
| Other name | Sleepers Awake |
| Occasion | 27th Sunday after Trinity |
| Chorale | "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" by Philipp Nicolai |
| Performed | 25 November 1731: Leipzig |
| Movements | 7 |
| Vocal |
|
| Instrumental |
|
Bach composed this cantata to complete his second annual cycle of chorale cantatas, begun in 1724. The cantata is based on the hymn in three stanzas "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" (1599) by Philipp Nicolai, which covers the prescribed reading for the Sunday, the parable of the Ten Virgins. The text and tune of the three stanzas of the hymn appears unchanged in three of seven movements (1, 4 and 7). An unknown author supplied additional poetry for the inner movements as sequences of recitative and duet, based on the love poetry of the Song of Songs. Bach structured the cantata in seven movements, setting the first stanza as a chorale fantasia, the second stanza in the central movement in the style of a chorale prelude, and the third stanza as a four-part chorale. He set the new texts as dramatic recitatives and love-duets, similar to contemporary opera. Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists (soprano, tenor and bass), a four-part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble consisting of a horn (to reinforce the soprano), two oboes, taille, violino piccolo, strings and basso continuo including bassoon.
Bach used the central movement of the cantata as the basis for the first of his Schübler Chorales, BWV 645. Bach scholar Alfred Dürr notes that the cantata is an expression of Christian mysticism in art, while William G. Whittaker calls it "a cantata without weaknesses, without a dull bar, technically, emotionally and spiritually of the highest order, its sheer perfection and its boundless imagination rouse one's wonder time and time again".[2][3]
History, hymn and text
editBach composed the cantata in Leipzig for the 27th Sunday after Trinity.[4] This Sunday occurs only when Easter is early.[5] The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle to the Thessalonians, be prepared for the day of the Lord (1 Thessalonians 5:1–11), and from the Gospel of Matthew, the parable of the Ten Virgins (Matthew 25:1–13).[6]
Bach composed this cantata to complete his second annual cycle of cantatas of 1724/25, a cycle planned to be of chorale cantatas.[5][7] It is based on Philipp Nicolai's Lutheran hymn in three stanzas, "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme",[4] which is based on the Gospel.[5] Published in Nicolai's FrewdenSpiegel deß ewigen Lebens (Mirror of Joy of the Life Everlasting) in 1599, its text was introduced: "Ein anders von der Stimm zu Mitternacht / vnd von den klugen Jungfrauwen / die jhrem himmlischen Bräutigam begegnen / Matth. 25. / D. Philippus Nicolai." (Another [call] of the voice at midnight and of the wise maidens who meet their celestial Bridegroom / Matthew 25 / D. Philippus Nicolai).[8]
The text of the three stanzas appears unchanged and with the melody in the outer movements and the central movements (1, 4 and 7), while an unknown author supplied poetry for the other movements, twice a sequence of recitative and duet.[9] He refers to the love poetry of the Song of Songs, showing Jesus as the bridegroom of the Soul.[7] According to the Bach scholar Christoph Wolff, the text was already available when Bach composed his cycle of chorale cantatas.[10]
Performance history
editBach performed the cantata in Leipzig's main church Nikolaikirche on 25 November 1731.[4][7] According to Wolff, Bach performed it only this one time, although the 27th Sunday after Trinity occurred one more time during his tenure in Leipzig, in 1742.[5] Bach used the central movement as the basis for the first of his Schübler Chorales, BWV 645.[4][10] The cantata was revived by the Thomanerchor around 1755 under the joint directorship of Barth and Penzel. Both men were born after the premiere of the work.[11]
As the text and its eschatological themes are also associated with Advent, the cantata is commonly performed during that season.
Publication
editThe cantata was published in 1881 as part of the first complete edition of the composer's work, the Bach Gesamtausgabe.
Music
editStructure and scoring
editBach structured the cantata in seven movements. The text and tune of the hymn are kept in the outer choral movements and the central movement, set as two chorale fantasias and a four-part closing chorale, which frame two sequences of recitative and aria.[6] Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists (soprano (S), tenor (T), bass (B)), a four-part choir, (SATB) and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of horn (Co), two oboes (Ob), taille (Ot), violino piccolo (Vp), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo including bassoon.[4][12] The heading of the original parts reads: "Dominica 27. post Trinit. / Wachet auf, rufft uns die Stime / â / 4. Voc. / 1. Violino picolo. / 2. Hautbois. / Taille. / Basson. / 2 Violini. / Viola. / e / Continuo. / di Signore / J.S.Bach."[13] The duration is given as 31 minutes.[6]
In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe.[12] The keys and time signatures are taken from the book on all cantatas by the Bach scholar Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4).[6] The continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.
| No. | Title | Text | Type | Vocal | Winds | Strings | Key | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme |
Nicolai | Chorale fantasia | SATB | Co 2Ob Ot | Vp 2Vl Va | E-flat major | 3/4 |
| 2 | Er kommt |
anon. | Recitative | T | C minor | |||
| 3 | Wann kommst du, mein Heil? |
anon. | Duet | S B | Vp | C minor | 6/8 | |
| 4 | Zion hört die Wächter singen |
Nicolai | Chorale | T | 2Vl Va (unis.) | E-flat major | ||
| 5 | So geh herein zu mir |
anon | Recitative | B | Vp 2Vl Va | |||
| 6 | Mein Freund ist mein! |
anon. | Duet | S B | Ob | B-flat major | ||
| 7 | Gloria sei dir gesungen |
Nicolai | Chorale | SATB | Co 2Ob Ot | Vp 2Vl Va | E-flat major |
Movements
edit1
edit
The first movement, "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" ("Awake", we are called by the voice [of the watchmen]),[6] is a chorale fantasia based on the first verse of the hymn, a common feature of Bach's earlier chorale cantatas.[14] The cantus firmus is sung by the soprano. The orchestra plays independent material mainly based on two motifs: a dotted rhythm and an ascending scale "with syncopated accent shifts".[7] The lower voices add in unusually free polyphonic music images such as the frequent calls "wach auf!" (wake up!) and "wo, wo?" (where, where?),[7] and long melismas in a fugato on "Halleluja".[14]
John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000, notes two instrumental choirs, the strings and the double-reeds (two oboes, taille and bassoon), playing in the style of a French overture double-dotted motifs in triple rhythm. He writes:
From this a rising syncopated figure emerges, taken up later on by the altos as they lead off with their funky 'alleluia' figure and adopted by all the other singers. If anyone in the posh world of classical music ever doubted that JS Bach could also be considered the father of jazz, here is the proof.[3]
2
edit"Er kommt" (He comes),[6] is a recitative for tenor as a narrator[14] who calls the "Töchter Zions" (daughters of Zion).[7]
3
edit
In the following duet, "Wann kommst du, mein Heil?" (When are You coming, my Salvation?),[6] with obbligato violino piccolo, the soprano represents the Soul and the bass is the vox Christi (voice of Jesus). In a slow siciliano, the violino piccolo illustrates "the flickering of lamps 'lit with burning oil'" in arabesques.[3] Gardiner comments: "A rich tradition of similarly sensual musical allegories, including fine examples by Bach's own cousin, Johann Christoph, stands behind this ravishing number."[3]
4
editThe fourth movement, "Zion hört die Wächter singen" (Zion hears the watchmen singing),[6] is based on the second verse of the hymn. It is written in the style of a chorale prelude, with the phrases of the chorale, sung as a cantus firmus by the tenors (or by the tenor soloist), entering intermittently against a famously lyrical melody played in unison by the violins (without the violino piccolo) and the viola, accompanied by the basso continuo.
Bach later transcribed this movement for organ (BWV 645), and it was subsequently published along with five other transcriptions Bach made of his cantata movements as the Schübler Chorales.[6]
5
editThe fifth movement, "So geh herein zu mir" (Then come in to me),[6] is a recitative for bass, accompanied by the strings. It pictures the unity of the bridegroom and the "chosen bride".[6]
6
edit
The sixth movement, "Mein Freund ist mein!" (My Friend is mine!),[1] is another duet for soprano and bass with obbligato oboe. This duet, like the third movement, is a love duet between the soprano Soul and the bass Jesus.[15] Gardiner notes that Bach uses the means of "contemporary operatic love-duets in his use of chains of suspensions and parallel thirds and sixths".[3] Dürr describes it as giving "expression to the joy of the united pair", showing a "relaxed mood" in "artistic intensity".[6]
7
editThe closing chorale, "Gloria sei dir gesungen" (Let Gloria be sung to You),[1] is a four-part setting of the third verse of the hymn. The high pitch of the melody is doubled by a violino piccolo an octave higher, representing the bliss of the "heavenly Jerusalem".[6]
Evaluation
editThe Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann sees the cantata as one of the composer's "most beautiful, most mature and, at the same time, most popular sacred cantatas".[7] Dürr notes that the cantata, especially the duets in a unity of "earthly happiness in love and heavenly bliss", are an expression of Christian mysticism in art.[6] William G. Whittaker wrote: "It is a cantata without weaknesses, without a dull bar, technically, emotionally and spiritually of the highest order, its sheer perfection and its boundless imagination rouse one's wonder time and time again."[2][3]
Recordings
editThe listing is taken from the selection on the Bach Cantatas Website.[16] Choirs singing OVPP (one voice per part) and instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are marked by green background.
| Title | Conductor / Choir / Orchestra | Soloists | Label | Year | Choir type | Instr. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Les Grandes Cantates de J. S. Bach Vol. 4 | Fritz WernerHeinrich-Schütz-Chor HeilbronnPforzheim Chamber Orchestra | Erato | 1959 | |||
| Bach Made in Germany Vol. 2 – Cantatas IV | Kurt ThomasThomanerchorGewandhausorchester | Eterna | 1960 | |||
| J. S. Bach: Cantata No. 140, Cantata No. 57 | Karl RistenpartChorus of the Conservatory of SarrebruckChamber Orchestra of the Saar | Accord | 1962 | |||
| J. S. Bach: Cantatas BWV 140 & BWV 148 | Wolfgang GönnenweinSüddeutscher MadrigalchorConsortium Musicum | EMI | 1967 | |||
| Les Grandes Cantates de J.S. Bach Vol. 24 | Fritz WernerHeinrich-Schütz-Chor HeilbronnPforzheim Chamber Orchestra | Erato | 1970 | |||
| Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme. BWV 140. Magnificat BMV 243 | Karl RichterMünchener Bach-ChorMünchener Bach-Orchester | Deutsche Grammophon | 1979 | |||
| Die Bach Kantate Vol. 6 | Helmuth RillingGächinger KantoreiWürttembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn | Hänssler | 1984 | |||
| J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 35 – BWV 140, 143–146 | Nikolaus HarnoncourtTölzer KnabenchorConcentus Musicus Wien |
|
Teldec | 1984 | Period | |
| J. S. Bach: Cantatas BWV 140 & BWV 51 | Joshua RifkinThe Bach Ensemble |
|
L'Oiseau-Lyre | 1986 | OVPP | Period |
| J. S. Bach: Cantatas (27th Sunday after Trinity) | John Eliot GardinerMonteverdi ChoirEnglish Baroque Soloists | Archiv Produktion | 1990 | Period | ||
| J. Ch. F. Bach / J. S. Bach: Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme | Heinz HennigKnabenchor HannoverBarockorchester L'Arco | Thorofon | 1995 | OVPP | Period | |
| Bach Edition Vol. 15 – Cantatas Vol. 8 | Pieter Jan LeusinkHolland Boys ChoirNetherlands Bach Collegium | Brilliant Classics | 2000 | Period | ||
| J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 21 | Ton KoopmanAmsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir | Antoine Marchand | 2003 | Period | ||
| Bach: Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern – Cantata BWV 1, 48, 78 & 140 | Karl-Friedrich BeringerWindsbacher KnabenchorDeutsche Kammer-Virtuosen Berlin | Sony Music | 2011 | |||
| J.S. Bach: Kantate BWV 140 "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" (Bachkantaten N°6) | Rudolf LutzOrchestra of the J.S. Bach Foundation |
|
J.S. Bach-Stiftung St. Gallen | 2008 | Period | |
| J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 52 – Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, Cantatas · 29 · 112 · 140 | Masaaki SuzukiBach Collegium Japan | BIS | 2011 | Period |
References
edit- ^ a b c Dellal, Pamela. "BWV 140 – Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme". Emmanuel Music. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ a b Whittaker, William Gillies (1978), The Cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach: sacred and secular, Volume I, Oxford University Press, pp. 488–494, ISBN 019315238X
- ^ a b c d e f Gardiner, John Eliot (2010). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 52, 55, 60, 89, 115, 139, 140 & 163 (Media notes). Soli Deo Gloria (at Hyperion Records website). Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Bach Digital 2018.
- ^ a b c d Wolff, Christoph (2000). Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 280. ISBN 0-393-04825-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dürr, Alfred; Jones, Richard D. P. (2006). The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text. Oxford University Press. pp. 648–653. ISBN 0-19-929776-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hofmann, Klaus (2012). "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme / Wake up, the voice calls to us, BWV 140" (PDF). Bach Cantatas Website. p. 5. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ Glover 1990, pp. 117–118.
- ^ Dürr, Alfred (1981). Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. pp. 531–535. ISBN 3-423-04080-7.
- ^ a b Wolff, Christoph. "The late church cantatas from Leipzig, I" (PDF). Bach Cantatas Website. pp. 21–24. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme". Bach Digital. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ a b Bischof, Walter F. "BWV 140 Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme". University of Alberta. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ^ Grob, Jochen (2014). "BWV 140 / BC A 166" (in German). s-line.de. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ a b c Mincham, Julian (2010). "Chapter 55 BWV 140 Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme / Awake! The Watchman's voice commands us". jsbachcantatas.com. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Grout, Donald; Palisca, Claude (200). Norton Anthology of Western Music: Volume 1 – Ancient to Baroque. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 547. ISBN 0-393-97690-4.
- ^ Oron, Aryeh. "Cantata BWV 140 Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme". Bach Cantatas Website. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
Cited sources
edit- Bach Digital (2018). "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme BWV 140; BC A 166 / Chorale cantata (27th Sunday after Trinity)". Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- Glover, Raymond F., ed. (1990). The Hymnal 1982 Companion, Volume 1. Church Publishing. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9780898691436.
Further reading
editExternal links
edit- Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
- Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- Cantata BWV 140 – Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme (Johann Sebastian Bach) ChoralWiki
- BWV 140 Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme: English translation, University of Vermont
- Luke Dahn: Cantata BWV 140, Wachet auf The Bach Choir of Bethlehem