Brotherly Love: Homosociality and Black Masculinity in Gangsta Rap Music

• Adams, T., & Fuller, D. (2006). The words have changed but the ideology remains the same: misogynistic lyrics in rap music. Journal of Black Studies, 36, 938–957.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Anderson, E. (1990). Streetwise: race, class, and change in an urban community. Chicago University of Chicago Press.

• Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

  Google Scholar 

• Bird, B. (1996). Welcome to the men’s club: homosociality and the maintenance of hegemonic masculinity. Gender and Society, 10, 120–132.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Chang, J. (2005). Can’t stop won’t stop: A history of the hip hop generation. New York: Picador.

  Google Scholar 

• Chang, J. (2006). It’s all one. In J. Chang (Ed.), Total chaos (pp. 198–208). New York: Basic Civitas Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Cole, J., & Guy-Sheftall, B. (2003). Gender talk: The struggle for women’s equality in African American communities. New York: One World.

  Google Scholar 

• Collins, P. H. (2005). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York: Routledge.

  Google Scholar 

• Flood, M. (2008). Men, sex, and homosociality: how bonds between men shape their sexual relations with women. Men and Masculinities, 10, 339–359.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Glassner, B. (2000). Culture of fear. New York: Basic Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday/Anchor Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Hill, M. (2009). Scared straight: hip-hop, outing, and the pedagogy of queerness. The Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 31, 29–54.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kelley, R. (1996). Kickin’ reality, kickin’ ballistics: Gangsta rap and postindustrial Los Angeles. In W. Perkins (Ed.), Droppin’ science: Critical essays on rap music and hip hop culture (pp. 117–158). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Kennedy, R. (2003). Nigger: The strange career of a troublesome word. New York: Vintage Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Kimmel, M. (1994). Masculinity as homophobia: fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity. In H. Brod & M. Kaufman (Eds.), Theorizing masculinities (pp. 119–163). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

  Google Scholar 

• Kitwana, B. (2002). The hip hop generation: Young blacks and the crisis in African American culture. New York: BasicCivitas Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Kubrin, C. (2005a). Gangstas, thugs, and hustlas: identity and the code of the street in rap music. Social Problems, 52, 360–378.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kubrin, C. (2005b). I see death around the corner: nihilism in rap music. Sociological Perspectives, 48, 433–459.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Majors, R., & Billson, J. (1992). Cool pose: The dilemmas of black manhood in America. New York: Lexington Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Massey, D., & Denton, N. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Morgan, J. (1999). When Chickenhead come home to roost: My life as a hip hop feminist. New York: Simon and Schuster.

  Google Scholar 

• Neal, M. (2006). New black man. New York: Routledge.

  Google Scholar 

• Ogbar, J. (2007). Hip hop revolution: The culture and politics of rap. Kansas: The University Press of Kansas.

  Google Scholar 

• Oware, M. (2009). A “man’s woman”?: contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39, 786–802.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Perry, I. (2004). Prophets of the hood: Politics and poetics in hip hop. Durham: Duke University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Pritchard, D., & Bibbs, M. (2007). Sista’ outsider: Queer women of color and hip hop. In G. Pough, E. Richardson, A. Durham, & R. Raimist (Eds.), Home girls make some noise: Hip hop feminism anthology (pp. 19–40). Mira Loma: Parker Publishing, LLC.

  Google Scholar 

• Rose, T. (2008). The hip hop wars: What we talk about when we talk about hip hop—and why it matters. New York: BasicCivitas Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Schutt, R. (2004). Investigating the social world: The process and practice of research. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge.

  Google Scholar 

• Sedgwick, E. (1985). Between men: English literature and male homosocial desire. New York: Columbia University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Sharpley-Whiting, T. (2007). Pimp’s up, ho’s down. New York: New York University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Watkins, S. (2006). Hip hop matters: Politics, popular culture, and the struggle for the soul of a movement. Massachusetts: Beacon Press Books.

  Google Scholar 

• Wilson, W. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Knopf.

  Google Scholar 

Download references